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Terrorismo Y Propaganda En Los Medios De Comunicación. El Final De ETA a Través De La Prensa
UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE PERIODISMO I (ANÁLISIS DEL MENSAJE INFORMATIVO) TESIS DOCTORAL Terrorismo y propaganda en los medios de comunicación. El final de ETA a través de la prensa MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Fernando Hernández Valls DIRECTORES José Manuel Rivas Troitiño María Yolanda Martínez Solana Madrid, 2017 © Fernando Hernández Valls, 2016 TESIS DOCTORAL TERRORISMO Y PROPAGANDA EN LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN El final de ETA a través de la prensa Autor: Fernando Hernández Valls Directores: José Manuel Rivas Troitiño y María Yolanda Martínez Solana FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Periodismo I Madrid, 2016 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE PERIODISMO I (Análisis del Mensaje Informativo) TERRORISMO Y PROPAGANDA EN LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN El final de ETA a través de la prensa Tesis doctoral que presenta Fernando Hernández Valls para la obtención del Grado de Doctor Bajo la dirección de los doctores José Manuel Rivas Troitiño María Yolanda Martínez Solana MADRID 2016 1 Índice Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………6 Abstract en inglés………………………………………………………………………………….8 1. Hipótesis………………………………………………………………………………………10 1.1. Objetivos de la investigación…..………………………….…………….……………7 1.2. Justificación…………………………………………………………………………13 1.3. Metodología y análisis de contenido………………………………………………...14 2. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………….……..17 2.1. ETA y la prensa……………………………………………………………………..20 3. Primera parte. Marco teórico………………………………………………………………….29 3.1. ¿Qué es el terrorismo?.................................................................................................29 3.2. El punto de partida: ETA marca la historia del País Vasco…………………………31 3.3. Pasos para el fin de la violencia. Personajes clave………………………………….36 3.4. El principio del fin de ETA…………………………………………………………41 3.4.1. -
The Case of Eta
Cátedra de Economía del Terrorismo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales DISMANTLING TERRORIST ’S ECONOMICS : THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA* and THOMAS BAUMERT** *Professor at the Universidad Complutense of Madrid. **Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia Documento de Trabajo, nº 11 – Enero, 2012 ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the sources of terrorist financing for the case of the Basque terrorist organization ETA. It takes into account the network of entities that, under the leadership and oversight of ETA, have developed the political, economic, cultural, support and propaganda agenda of their terrorist project. The study focuses in particular on the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010, in order to observe the changes in the financing of terrorism after the outlawing of Batasuna , ETA's political wing. The results show the significant role of public subsidies in finance the terrorist network. It also proves that the outlawing of Batasuna caused a major change in that funding, especially due to the difficulty that since 2002, the ETA related organizations had to confront to obtain subsidies from the Basque Government and other public authorities. Keywords: Financing of terrorism. ETA. Basque Country. Spain. DESARMANDO LA ECONOMÍA DEL TERRORISMO: EL CASO DE ETA RESUMEN Este artículo tiene por objeto el análisis de las fuentes de financiación del terrorismo a partir del caso de la organización terrorista vasca ETA. Para ello se tiene en cuenta la red de entidades que, bajo el liderazgo y la supervisión de ETA, desarrollan las actividades políticas, económicas, culturales, de propaganda y asistenciales en las que se materializa el proyecto terrorista. -
2005 Page 1 of 9 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices
2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Spain Page 1 of 9 Facing the Threat Posed by Iranian Regime | Daily Press Briefing | Other News... Spain Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006 Spain, with a population of approximately 43 million, is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch. The March 2004 national election was free and fair. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces. The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; although there were a few problems in some areas, the law and judiciary provide effective means of addressing individual instances of abuse. The following problems were reported: detainees, foreigners, and illegal immigrants were reportedly abused and mistreated by some members of the security forces lengthy pretrial detention and delays in some trials some societal violence against immigrants domestic violence against women trafficking in women and teenage girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation societal discrimination against Roma The terrorist group Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) continued its campaign of bombings. ETA sympathizers also continued a campaign of street violence and vandalism in the Basque region intended to intimidate politicians, academics, and journalists. Islamist groups linked to those who killed 191 and injured more than one thousand persons in March 2004 remained active. The government continued to investigate and make arrests. RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From: a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life The government or its agents did not commit any politically motivated killings; however, one detainee died while in custody during the year. -
Pathways out of Violence Desecuritization and Legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country Bourne, Angela
Roskilde University Pathways out of violence Desecuritization and legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country Bourne, Angela Published in: Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Bourne, A. (2018). Pathways out of violence: Desecuritization and legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 17(3), 45-66. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain. • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe Vol 17, No 3, 2018, 45-66. Copyright © ECMI 2018 This article is located at: http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/201 8/Bourne.pdf Pathways out of Violence: Desecuritization and Legalization of Bildu and Sortu in the Basque Country Angela Bourne Roskilde University Abstract In this article, I examine political processes leading to the legalization of the Batasuna- successor parties, Bildu and Sortu. -
Comparing the Basque Diaspora
COMPARING THE BASQUE DIASPORA: Ethnonationalism, transnationalism and identity maintenance in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Peru, the United States of America, and Uruguay by Gloria Pilar Totoricagiiena Thesis submitted in partial requirement for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2000 1 UMI Number: U145019 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U145019 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Theses, F 7877 7S/^S| Acknowledgments I would like to gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Professor Brendan O’Leary, whose expertise in ethnonationalism attracted me to the LSE and whose careful comments guided me through the writing of this thesis; advising by Dr. Erik Ringmar at the LSE, and my indebtedness to mentor, Professor Gregory A. Raymond, specialist in international relations and conflict resolution at Boise State University, and his nearly twenty years of inspiration and faith in my academic abilities. Fellowships from the American Association of University Women, Euskal Fundazioa, and Eusko Jaurlaritza contributed to the financial requirements of this international travel. -
ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions. -
Assessing ETA's Strategies of Terrorism
Small Wars & Insurgencies ISSN: 0959-2318 (Print) 1743-9558 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fswi20 End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism Charles W. Mahoney To cite this article: Charles W. Mahoney (2018) End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 29:5-6, 916-940 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519300 Published online: 07 Mar 2019. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fswi20 SMALL WARS & INSURGENCIES 2018, VOL. 29, NOS. 5–6, 916–940 https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519300 End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism Charles W. Mahoney Department of Political Science, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA ABSTRACT In May 2018, the Basque insurgent group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) officially disbanded after a 60-year struggle. This inquiry assesses ETA’s violent cam- paigns using recent conceptual and theoretical advancements from the field of terrorism studies. Three conclusions concerning the group’s strategies of terrorism are advanced. First, ETA regularly targeted civilians to achieve goals other than coercing the Government of Spain; these objectives included out- bidding rival separatist groups and spoiling negotiation processes. Second, ETA’s most rapid period of organizational growth occurred as the result of an aggressive terrorist campaign, demonstrating that civilian targeting can serve as a stimulus to rebel group recruitment. Finally, while terrorism did not advance ETA’s primary political objective of creating an independent Basque state, it did enable the group to assume a leading position within the radical Basque separatist movement, helping extend ETA’s lifespan and making the group an embedded actor within the contentious political processes surround- ing the question of Basque self-determination. -
PREVENTING TERRORISM? CONFLICT RESOLUTION and NATIONALIST VIOLENCE in the BASQUE COUNTRY Ioannis Tellidis a Thesis Submitted
PREVENTING TERRORISM? CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND NATIONALIST VIOLENCE IN THE BASQUE COUNTRY Ioannis Tellidis A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St. Andrews 2008 Full metadata for this item is available in the St Andrews Digital Research Repository at: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/426 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License Preventing Terrorism? Conflict Resolution and Nationalist Violence in the Basque Country Ioannis Tellidis Thesis submitted for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the School of International Relations, UNIVERSITY OF ST. ANDREWS September 2007 i Abstract This study examines the debates on nationalism, terrorism and conflict resolution, and intends to identify, on the one hand, the reasons why and the instances in which nationalist discourses usurp the notions of political violence and present it as a legitimate option for opposing a State, and on the other, whether there exist circumstances where conflict resolution techniques and approaches can be useful in isolating terrorist discourses from the nationalist ones, without necessarily criminalising the latter. The study employs a critical and discourse analysis approach to explaining ethno-nationalist and terrorist phenomena, arguing that a contextualisation of the nationalist and terrorist objects of study is necessary in order to comprehensively analyse the relationship between the two, and the instances where the former gives rise to the latter. The purpose of the study is to develop a theoretical framework for the understanding of nationalism and terrorism as interconnected practices, and looks into ways in which conflict resolution can intervene and prevent the infusion of the two. -
Recordar Para Ser: Martirologio Y Conmemoración En El Nacionalismo Vasco Radical
Recordar para ser: Martirologio y conmemoración en el nacionalismo vasco radical Jesús Casquete Prof. Historia del Pensamiento y de los Movimientos Sociales y Políticos Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea “porque la religión no pasa, en esencia, del reconocimiento de que la vida, la acción, todo cuanto somos y representamos, no tiene origen y explicación en nosotros mismos, sino que está en manos de un poder o poderes desconocidos” Fernando Pessoa, El regreso de los dioses “I Ain´t afraid of your Yahweh I Ain´t afraid of your Allah I Ain´t afraid of your Jesus I´m afraid of what you do In the name of your God” Holly Near 1. Memoria, identidad y calendario Gran parte de lo que recordamos lo hacemos en tanto que miembros de grupos sociales. Esta perspectiva se ha consolidado durante las últimas décadas en los estudios sobre la memoria que, por fin, parecen haberse sacudido las derivas atomistas del yo a favor de una visión –la adjetivación varía; la visión ontológica subyacente apunta en la misma dirección– conversacional, relacional o dialógica del individuo, según la cual las acciones particulares derivan su carácter en tanto que integrantes de conjuntos más amplios. Abrazar una perspectiva social de la memoria no significa negar que los individuos, a partir de su temperamento personal y circunstancias vitales, son los protagonistas y sujetos activos de la memoria. Sin embargo, puesto que se hallan socialmente imbricados y participan de tramas sociales de sentido, dichos individuos se ven poderosamente condicionados por su contexto a la hora de recordar o recrear su pasado personal. -
Pdf (Epimg.Net)>
HispanismeS Revue de la Société des Hispanistes Français 16 | 2020 Langues en contact avec l’espagnol et défis sociétaux Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco Un breve análisis del tiempo presente Radicalisation nationaliste en Catalogne et pacification au Pays basque. Une brève analyse de l'époque actuelle Nationalist radicalisation in Catalonia and pacification in the Basque Country. A brief analysis of the present time Mathieu Petithomme Edición electrónica URL: https://journals.openedition.org/hispanismes/757 DOI: 10.4000/hispanismes.757 ISSN: 2270-0765 Editor Société des Hispanistes Français Referencia electrónica Mathieu Petithomme, «Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco», HispanismeS [En línea], 16 | 2020, Publicado el 01 diciembre 2020, consultado el 31 agosto 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/hispanismes/757 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/hispanismes.757 Este documento fue generado automáticamente el 31 agosto 2021. Les contenus de cette revue sont mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco 1 Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco Un breve análisis del tiempo presente Radicalisation nationaliste en Catalogne et pacification au Pays basque. Une brève analyse de l'époque actuelle Nationalist radicalisation in Catalonia and pacification in the Basque Country. A brief analysis of the present time Mathieu Petithomme Introducción Desde hace más de una década, en el contexto posterior a la crisis económica del 2008, un marco de referencia casi monolítico se ha impuesto en los medios de comunicación y en el espacio público, según el cual estaríamos asistiendo en Europa al auge de los «nacionalismos» y de los «separatismos». -
ETA and the Public, 1959-1987
ETA and the Public McCreanor ETA and the Public, 1959-1987 KYLE McCREANOR1 After an ephemeral moment of autonomy during the Spanish Civil War, the Basque Country was conquered by Spanish Nationalist forces. Under the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco, the Basque people were subject to heavy oppression. The Francoist state sought to eliminate the Basque language and culture as part of a grand vision to create a ‘unified Spain.’ In 1959, a Basque guerrilla resistance movement, Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA: Basque Country and Freedom) was born with a mission to preserve their unique language and culture, and ultimately, to secure an independent Basque state. Their initial strategy was to incite a revolution by symbolic acts of violence against the Franco regime and gain popular support in the Basque Country. This paper explores ETA’s relationship with the public, analyzing the ways in which they cultivated support and disseminated their ideas to the masses. However, what the research finds is that as ETA’s strategy changed, so did their relationship with the public. After Spain’s democratization, ETA abandoned the idea of bringing about a revolution of the masses, and sought only to wage a violent war of attrition against the Spanish state in order to establish a sovereign Basque nation. The Basque Country, or Euskadi, is a region straddling the Northern Pyrenees, falling under the jurisdiction of Spain and France. It is the homeland of the Basque people, an ancient 1 This research paper was made possible by a Directed Reading course in the Department of History, supervised by Professor Matthew Koch. -
İspanya'da 2011 Seçimleri Ve Bask Solunun Yükselişinin Nedenleri
Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi (Journal of Academic Inquiries) Cilt/ Volume:7, Sayı/Number:1 Yıl/Year:2012 İspanya’da 2011 Seçimleri ve Bask Solunun Yükselişinin Nedenleri 2011 Spain Elections and The Reasons of The Rising of Basque Left Ömer Behram Özdemir1 Özet 2011 yılı İspanya’da yerel ve genel seçimlerin yapıldığı yıl olmasının haricinde hükümet değişikliğinin yaşandığı yıl olarak da tarihe geçecektir. Lakin bu seçimler yılının gelecekte İspanya siyasi tarihinde önemli bir yere sahip olacak olmasının sebebi ise Abertzale (Yurtsever) solun tekrar Bask siyasi yaşamında bir aktör haline gelmesi ve genel ve yerel seçimlerde oldukça parlak sonuçlar almasıdır. Bask bölgesinde hükümet koalisyonunu oluşturan merkez partilerin oy kaybı yaşadığı, gelenekçi sağ Bask milliyetçisi PNV’nin ise duraklamaya girdiği 2011 seçimlerinde Abertzale solun çekirdeğinde yer aldığı Bildu ve Amaiur koalisyonlarının yerel ve genel seçimlerde yaşadıkları oy patlaması ve elde ettikleri başarı ETA’nın zayıflatıldığı ve ateşkes ilan ettiği bir dönemde Bask sorununun siyaset mecrasında çözülmekten başka bir çözüm yoluna sahip olmadığını göstermektedir. Bu makalede 2011 seçimlerine kadar yaşanan süreç ve 2011 seçim süreci ele alınarak Bask solunun yükselişinin siyasi ve sosyal sebepleri tartışılacaktır. Anahtar kelimeler: İspanya, Bask, Abertzale, Seçimler, ETA. 1 Arş. Gör., Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü. 89 Ömer Behram Özdemir Abstract In 2011 Spain had a year of elections which changed the government but also changed the Basque politics. Under the Bildu and Amaiur coalitions Abertzale left gained a huge success at both general and local elections. While centralist parties PP and PSE were loosing votes and autonomist-traditionalist PNV was making no headway, with the results which Bildu and Amaiur coalitions got Abertzale left had shown that in this era which ETA is weakened politics is the only solution for the Basque problem.