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The Case of Eta
Cátedra de Economía del Terrorismo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales DISMANTLING TERRORIST ’S ECONOMICS : THE CASE OF ETA MIKEL BUESA* and THOMAS BAUMERT** *Professor at the Universidad Complutense of Madrid. **Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia Documento de Trabajo, nº 11 – Enero, 2012 ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the sources of terrorist financing for the case of the Basque terrorist organization ETA. It takes into account the network of entities that, under the leadership and oversight of ETA, have developed the political, economic, cultural, support and propaganda agenda of their terrorist project. The study focuses in particular on the periods 1993-2002 and 2003-2010, in order to observe the changes in the financing of terrorism after the outlawing of Batasuna , ETA's political wing. The results show the significant role of public subsidies in finance the terrorist network. It also proves that the outlawing of Batasuna caused a major change in that funding, especially due to the difficulty that since 2002, the ETA related organizations had to confront to obtain subsidies from the Basque Government and other public authorities. Keywords: Financing of terrorism. ETA. Basque Country. Spain. DESARMANDO LA ECONOMÍA DEL TERRORISMO: EL CASO DE ETA RESUMEN Este artículo tiene por objeto el análisis de las fuentes de financiación del terrorismo a partir del caso de la organización terrorista vasca ETA. Para ello se tiene en cuenta la red de entidades que, bajo el liderazgo y la supervisión de ETA, desarrollan las actividades políticas, económicas, culturales, de propaganda y asistenciales en las que se materializa el proyecto terrorista. -
2005 Page 1 of 9 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices
2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Spain Page 1 of 9 Facing the Threat Posed by Iranian Regime | Daily Press Briefing | Other News... Spain Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006 Spain, with a population of approximately 43 million, is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch. The March 2004 national election was free and fair. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces. The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; although there were a few problems in some areas, the law and judiciary provide effective means of addressing individual instances of abuse. The following problems were reported: detainees, foreigners, and illegal immigrants were reportedly abused and mistreated by some members of the security forces lengthy pretrial detention and delays in some trials some societal violence against immigrants domestic violence against women trafficking in women and teenage girls for the purpose of sexual exploitation societal discrimination against Roma The terrorist group Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) continued its campaign of bombings. ETA sympathizers also continued a campaign of street violence and vandalism in the Basque region intended to intimidate politicians, academics, and journalists. Islamist groups linked to those who killed 191 and injured more than one thousand persons in March 2004 remained active. The government continued to investigate and make arrests. RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From: a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life The government or its agents did not commit any politically motivated killings; however, one detainee died while in custody during the year. -
The Basque Experience with the Irish Model
WORKING PAPERS IN CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSN 2053-0129 (Online) From Belfast to Bilbao: The Basque Experience with the Irish Model Eileen Paquette Jack, PhD Candidate School of Politics, International Studies and Philosophy, Queen’s University, Belfast [email protected] Institute for the Study of Conflict Transformation and Social Justice CTSJ WP 06-15 April 2015 Page | 1 Abstract This paper examines the izquierda Abertzale (Basque Nationalist Left) experience of the Irish model. Drawing upon conflict transformation scholars, the paper works to determine if the Irish model serves as a tool of conflict transformation. Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the paper argues that it is a tool, and focuses on the specific finding that it is one of many learning tools in the international sphere. It suggests that this theme can be generalized and could be found in other case studies. The paper is located within the discipline of peace and conflict studies, but uses a method from psychology. Keywords: Conflict transformation, Basque Country, Irish model, Peace Studies Introduction1 The conflict in the Basque Country remains one of the most intractable conflicts, and until recently was the only conflict within European borders. Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) has waged an open, violent conflict against the Spanish state, with periodic ceasefires and attempts for peace. Despite key differences in contexts, the izquierda Abertzale (‘nationalist left’) has viewed the Irish model – defined in this paper as a process of transformation which encompasses both the Good Friday Agreement (from here on referred to as GFA) and wider peace process in Northern Ireland – with potential. -
Comparing the Basque Diaspora
COMPARING THE BASQUE DIASPORA: Ethnonationalism, transnationalism and identity maintenance in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Peru, the United States of America, and Uruguay by Gloria Pilar Totoricagiiena Thesis submitted in partial requirement for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2000 1 UMI Number: U145019 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U145019 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Theses, F 7877 7S/^S| Acknowledgments I would like to gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Professor Brendan O’Leary, whose expertise in ethnonationalism attracted me to the LSE and whose careful comments guided me through the writing of this thesis; advising by Dr. Erik Ringmar at the LSE, and my indebtedness to mentor, Professor Gregory A. Raymond, specialist in international relations and conflict resolution at Boise State University, and his nearly twenty years of inspiration and faith in my academic abilities. Fellowships from the American Association of University Women, Euskal Fundazioa, and Eusko Jaurlaritza contributed to the financial requirements of this international travel. -
Assessing ETA's Strategies of Terrorism
Small Wars & Insurgencies ISSN: 0959-2318 (Print) 1743-9558 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fswi20 End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism Charles W. Mahoney To cite this article: Charles W. Mahoney (2018) End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism, Small Wars & Insurgencies, 29:5-6, 916-940 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519300 Published online: 07 Mar 2019. Submit your article to this journal View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fswi20 SMALL WARS & INSURGENCIES 2018, VOL. 29, NOS. 5–6, 916–940 https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2018.1519300 End of the cycle: assessing ETA’s strategies of terrorism Charles W. Mahoney Department of Political Science, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA ABSTRACT In May 2018, the Basque insurgent group Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) officially disbanded after a 60-year struggle. This inquiry assesses ETA’s violent cam- paigns using recent conceptual and theoretical advancements from the field of terrorism studies. Three conclusions concerning the group’s strategies of terrorism are advanced. First, ETA regularly targeted civilians to achieve goals other than coercing the Government of Spain; these objectives included out- bidding rival separatist groups and spoiling negotiation processes. Second, ETA’s most rapid period of organizational growth occurred as the result of an aggressive terrorist campaign, demonstrating that civilian targeting can serve as a stimulus to rebel group recruitment. Finally, while terrorism did not advance ETA’s primary political objective of creating an independent Basque state, it did enable the group to assume a leading position within the radical Basque separatist movement, helping extend ETA’s lifespan and making the group an embedded actor within the contentious political processes surround- ing the question of Basque self-determination. -
Recordar Para Ser: Martirologio Y Conmemoración En El Nacionalismo Vasco Radical
Recordar para ser: Martirologio y conmemoración en el nacionalismo vasco radical Jesús Casquete Prof. Historia del Pensamiento y de los Movimientos Sociales y Políticos Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea “porque la religión no pasa, en esencia, del reconocimiento de que la vida, la acción, todo cuanto somos y representamos, no tiene origen y explicación en nosotros mismos, sino que está en manos de un poder o poderes desconocidos” Fernando Pessoa, El regreso de los dioses “I Ain´t afraid of your Yahweh I Ain´t afraid of your Allah I Ain´t afraid of your Jesus I´m afraid of what you do In the name of your God” Holly Near 1. Memoria, identidad y calendario Gran parte de lo que recordamos lo hacemos en tanto que miembros de grupos sociales. Esta perspectiva se ha consolidado durante las últimas décadas en los estudios sobre la memoria que, por fin, parecen haberse sacudido las derivas atomistas del yo a favor de una visión –la adjetivación varía; la visión ontológica subyacente apunta en la misma dirección– conversacional, relacional o dialógica del individuo, según la cual las acciones particulares derivan su carácter en tanto que integrantes de conjuntos más amplios. Abrazar una perspectiva social de la memoria no significa negar que los individuos, a partir de su temperamento personal y circunstancias vitales, son los protagonistas y sujetos activos de la memoria. Sin embargo, puesto que se hallan socialmente imbricados y participan de tramas sociales de sentido, dichos individuos se ven poderosamente condicionados por su contexto a la hora de recordar o recrear su pasado personal. -
Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension
religions Article Catholic Mediation in the Basque Peace Process: Questioning the Transnational Dimension Xabier Itçaina 1,2 1 CNRS—Centre Emile Durkheim, Sciences Po Bordeaux, 11 allée Ausone, 33607 Pessac, France; [email protected] 2 GEZKI, University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain Received: 30 March 2020; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 27 April 2020 Abstract: The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the self-dissolution in 2018 of ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). The role played by some sectors of the Roman Catholic Church in the mediation efforts leading to this positive outcome has long been underestimated, as has the internal pluralism of the Church in this regard. This article specifically examines the transnational dimension of this mediation, including its symbolic aspect. The call to involve the Catholic institution transnationally was not limited to the tangible outcomes of mediation. The mere fact of involving transnational religious and non-religious actors represented a symbolic gain for the parties in the conflict struggling to impose their definitions of peace. Transnational mediation conveyed in itself explicit or implicit comparisons with other ethnonationalist conflicts, a comparison that constituted political resources for or, conversely, unacceptable constraints upon the actors involved. Keywords: Basque conflict; nationalism; Catholic Church; Holy See; transnational mediation; conflict resolution 1. Introduction The Basque conflict was one of the last ethnonationalist violent struggles in Western Europe, until the definitive ceasefire (2011), decommissioning (2017), and self-dissolution (2018) of the armed organization ETA (Euskadi ta Askatasuna, Basque Country and Freedom). -
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HispanismeS Revue de la Société des Hispanistes Français 16 | 2020 Langues en contact avec l’espagnol et défis sociétaux Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco Un breve análisis del tiempo presente Radicalisation nationaliste en Catalogne et pacification au Pays basque. Une brève analyse de l'époque actuelle Nationalist radicalisation in Catalonia and pacification in the Basque Country. A brief analysis of the present time Mathieu Petithomme Edición electrónica URL: https://journals.openedition.org/hispanismes/757 DOI: 10.4000/hispanismes.757 ISSN: 2270-0765 Editor Société des Hispanistes Français Referencia electrónica Mathieu Petithomme, «Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco», HispanismeS [En línea], 16 | 2020, Publicado el 01 diciembre 2020, consultado el 31 agosto 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/hispanismes/757 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/hispanismes.757 Este documento fue generado automáticamente el 31 agosto 2021. Les contenus de cette revue sont mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco 1 Radicalización nacionalista en Cataluña y pacificación en el País Vasco Un breve análisis del tiempo presente Radicalisation nationaliste en Catalogne et pacification au Pays basque. Une brève analyse de l'époque actuelle Nationalist radicalisation in Catalonia and pacification in the Basque Country. A brief analysis of the present time Mathieu Petithomme Introducción Desde hace más de una década, en el contexto posterior a la crisis económica del 2008, un marco de referencia casi monolítico se ha impuesto en los medios de comunicación y en el espacio público, según el cual estaríamos asistiendo en Europa al auge de los «nacionalismos» y de los «separatismos». -
ETA and the Public, 1959-1987
ETA and the Public McCreanor ETA and the Public, 1959-1987 KYLE McCREANOR1 After an ephemeral moment of autonomy during the Spanish Civil War, the Basque Country was conquered by Spanish Nationalist forces. Under the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco, the Basque people were subject to heavy oppression. The Francoist state sought to eliminate the Basque language and culture as part of a grand vision to create a ‘unified Spain.’ In 1959, a Basque guerrilla resistance movement, Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA: Basque Country and Freedom) was born with a mission to preserve their unique language and culture, and ultimately, to secure an independent Basque state. Their initial strategy was to incite a revolution by symbolic acts of violence against the Franco regime and gain popular support in the Basque Country. This paper explores ETA’s relationship with the public, analyzing the ways in which they cultivated support and disseminated their ideas to the masses. However, what the research finds is that as ETA’s strategy changed, so did their relationship with the public. After Spain’s democratization, ETA abandoned the idea of bringing about a revolution of the masses, and sought only to wage a violent war of attrition against the Spanish state in order to establish a sovereign Basque nation. The Basque Country, or Euskadi, is a region straddling the Northern Pyrenees, falling under the jurisdiction of Spain and France. It is the homeland of the Basque people, an ancient 1 This research paper was made possible by a Directed Reading course in the Department of History, supervised by Professor Matthew Koch. -
Kirmen Uribe, Bizitza, Fikzioa
Kirmen Uribe, bizitza, fikzioa 02.Jul - 03.Jul Cod. B01-18 Edition 2018 Activity type Course Date 02.Jul - 03.Jul Location Miramar Palace Languages Basque Academic Validity 20 hours Web http://kirmenuribe.eus/es/ MANAGEMENT Mari Jose Olaziregi Alustiza, UPV/EHU, IRAKASLEA Organising Committee 1 Description Ikastaro honetan Kirmen Uriberen sorkuntza lana izango dugu hizpide, eta bere eskutik barneratuko gara genero eta euskarri desberdinetan argitara eman dituen lanetan. Euskal eremuko eta nazioarteko adituak gonbidatu ditugu, eta bere poesia, narratiba, saio, nahiz ikuskizunen irakurketak eskainiko dizkigute. Oinarrian, bizitzaren eta literaturaren arteko mugak iraultzea maite duen idazlea kausituko dugu, keinu txikien poesiarekin hunkitzen gaituena. Mussche nahiz Elkarrekin esnatzeko ordua bezalako eleberriekin euskal exilioko heroi anonimoekin egingo dugu topo, Bilbao-NY-Bilbao eleberrian bezala, artearen funtzioaz etengabe hausnarketa egiten duen idazketarekin. Ikastaroko beste atal batzuetan, Uriberen literatur lana munduratzeko zubi-lana egin duten itzultzaileei emango diegu hitza. Azkenik, Zaharregia, txikiegia agian ikuskizunaz gozatzera gonbiatuko zaitugu, Uribe, Urdangarin, Rueda eta Mendizabalekin batera. Kirmen Uriberi elkarrizketa ETB ko Gure Kasa programan Objectives - Kirmen Uriberen sorkuntza lana aztertzea. - Kirmen Uriberen literatur ibilbideaz hausnarketa egitea eta bertan azaltzen diren hainbat gairen inguruan solas egitea (bizitza-fikzioa, harremana, euskal exilioa, artearen funtzioa, euskal gizartea...) -Kirmen Uriberen lanen itzulpengintzaz gogoeta egitea. -Kirmen Uriberen sorkuntza lanez gozatzea. Course specific contributors 2 Program 02-07-2018 09:00 - 09:15 Dokumentazio banaketa 09:15 - 09:30 “Kirmen Uribe, bizitza, fikzioa“ Mari Jose Olaziregi Alustiza Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea - Letren Fakultatea 09:30 - 10:00 “Nire bitakora kaiera“ Kirmen Uribe XXX Idazlea 10:00 - 10:45 “Bilbao, New York, Bilbao“ Jon Kortazar Uriarte Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea - Bilboko Irakasleen U.E. -
Tribunal Superior De Justicia Del Pais Vasco Sala De Lo Civil Y Penal
TRIBUNAL SUPERIOR DE JUSTICIA DEL PAIS VASCO SALA DE LO CIVIL Y PENAL EAEko AUZITEGI NAGUSIA ZIBILEKO ETA ZIGOR-ARLOKO SALA BILBAO N.I.G. / IZO: 00.01.1-06/001604 Diligencias previas / Aurretiazko eginbideak 1/06 AUTO MAGISTRADO-INSTRUCTOR ILMO. SR. D. ROBERTO SAIZ FERNÁNDEZ. En BILBAO (BIZKAIA), a veintiocho de junio de dos mil siete. HECHOS PRIMERO.- El día 27 de abril de 2006 se presentó escrito de querella y documentos por la Procuradora de los Tribunales Dña. Lorena Elósegui Ibarnavarro, en representación de la Asociación Social y Cultural Foro Ermua, imputándose al Excmo. Sr. D. Juan José Ibarretxe la autoría de los delitos de prevaricación del art. 404 del Código Penal (en adelante CP), de reunión ilegal del art. 513 CP y de denegación de auxilio para impedir la comisión de un delito del art. 412.3 CP, considerándole, al propio tiempo, cooperador necesario en los delitos de desobediencia del art. 556 CP y de quebrantamiento de medida cautelar del art. 468 CP, cuya autoría imputa, junto con el de reunión ilegal del art. 513 CP, a los otros tres querellados: D. Arnaldo Otegui Mondragón, D. Pernando Barrena y D. Juan José Petrikorena. Mediante Auto, de 6 de junio de 2006, se acordó admitir a trámite la querella por los delitos de desobediencia y quebrantamiento de medida cautelar frente a todos los querellados. Contra dicho Auto se interpuso por la Procuradora Sra. Lorena Elósegui Ibarnavarro recurso de súplica, solicitando se incluyera entre los delitos objeto de instrucción, en relación con el Excmo. Sr. D. Juan José Ibarretxe Markuartu, además de los ya admitidos, el de prevaricación recogido en el art. -
11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo
168 becoming basque reclaiming the flag 169 r e p o o H d r a W 11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo n December 1970, 16 members of the Basque separatist group ETA, the acronym for Basque Homeland and Liberty, were charged with the mur - der of a Spanish police commissioner. The Burgos 16, court-martialed I and found guilty, had little or no access to attorneys. Six of the accused were sentenced to death by firing squad. The case drew global notori - ety, calling attention to the larger issues of independence for the Basque Country and the disregard for civil liberties and human rights under the rule of General Francisco Franco. In Idaho, many Basques protested, urging the commutation of Franco’s sentences. For many Boise Basques, this was the latest chapter in a centuries-old cycle of repression and cultural subjugation. The Basque Country ( Euskal Herria ) today is a region with three lan - guages, two sovereign states and seven provinces. Approximately three mil - lion people make the region their home, most of whom live in Spain, with the remainder in France. Since the Middle Ages, French and Spanish kings agreed to a set of laws ( foruak ) that gave the Basques local control over tax - Ward Hooper’s Basque tribute recalls the Deco prints of the 1920s. 168 becoming basque reclaiming the flag 169 r e p o o H d r a W 11Reclaiming the FLAG by Kyle Eidson with Dave Lachiondo n December 1970, 16 members of the Basque separatist group ETA, the acronym for Basque Homeland and Liberty, were charged with the mur - der of a Spanish police commissioner.