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Terrorismo Y Propaganda En Los Medios De Comunicación. El Final De ETA a Través De La Prensa

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Terrorismo Y Propaganda En Los Medios De Comunicación. El Final De ETA a Través De La Prensa UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE PERIODISMO I (ANÁLISIS DEL MENSAJE INFORMATIVO) TESIS DOCTORAL Terrorismo y propaganda en los medios de comunicación. El final de ETA a través de la prensa MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Fernando Hernández Valls DIRECTORES José Manuel Rivas Troitiño María Yolanda Martínez Solana Madrid, 2017 © Fernando Hernández Valls, 2016 TESIS DOCTORAL TERRORISMO Y PROPAGANDA EN LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN El final de ETA a través de la prensa Autor: Fernando Hernández Valls Directores: José Manuel Rivas Troitiño y María Yolanda Martínez Solana FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN Departamento de Periodismo I Madrid, 2016 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN DEPARTAMENTO DE PERIODISMO I (Análisis del Mensaje Informativo) TERRORISMO Y PROPAGANDA EN LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN El final de ETA a través de la prensa Tesis doctoral que presenta Fernando Hernández Valls para la obtención del Grado de Doctor Bajo la dirección de los doctores José Manuel Rivas Troitiño María Yolanda Martínez Solana MADRID 2016 1 Índice Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………6 Abstract en inglés………………………………………………………………………………….8 1. Hipótesis………………………………………………………………………………………10 1.1. Objetivos de la investigación…..………………………….…………….……………7 1.2. Justificación…………………………………………………………………………13 1.3. Metodología y análisis de contenido………………………………………………...14 2. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………….……..17 2.1. ETA y la prensa……………………………………………………………………..20 3. Primera parte. Marco teórico………………………………………………………………….29 3.1. ¿Qué es el terrorismo?.................................................................................................29 3.2. El punto de partida: ETA marca la historia del País Vasco…………………………31 3.3. Pasos para el fin de la violencia. Personajes clave………………………………….36 3.4. El principio del fin de ETA…………………………………………………………41 3.4.1. Deducciones de una investigación previa…………………………………50 3.4.2. Petición al tribunal………………………………………………………...51 4. ETA comienza su final y la prensa lo refleja …………………………………………………52 4.1 El diario Gara………………………………………………………………………...53 4.2. Los comunicados de ETA: una forma de presión…………………………………...54 4.3. Análisis de los comunicados de ETA……………………………………………….55 4.3.1. Análisis cuantitativo de los comunicados de ETA………………………..55 4.3.2. Análisis cualitativo de los términos empleados por ETA…………………56 4.4. Análisis del tratamiento periodístico de los comunicados de ETA…………………82 2 4.4.1. Análisis cuantitativo……………………………………………………….83 4.4.1.1. El País……………………………………………………………84 4.4.1.2. El Mundo………………………………………………………...90 4.4.1.3. ABC……………………………………………………………...96 4.4.1.4. La Vanguardia………………………………………………….102 4.4.1.5. El Correo……………………………………………………….110 4.4.1.6. Cuadros comparativos de los cinco diarios analizados………...114 4.4.2. Análisis cualitativo…………………………………….…………………117 4.4.2.1. El País…………………………………………………………..117 4.4.2.2. El Mundo……………………………………………………….133 4.4.2.3. ABC…………………………………………………………….146 4.4.2.4. La Vanguardia………………………………………………….161 4.4.2.5. El Correo……………………………………………………….173 4.4.2.6. Otros datos. Análisis de contenido de los artículos publicados..184 5. La batalla por la opinión pública y los terroristas……………………………………………188 5.1. Las operaciones psicológicas a lo largo de la historia……………………………..188 5.2. El procedimiento. Objetivos y audiencia…………………………………………..190 5.3. El procedimiento. Los medios……………………………………………………..194 5.4. Operaciones psicológicas actuales. Escenarios…………………………………….195 5.5. Campaña: captación de nuevos miembros e instauración del terror……………….198 5.6. Campaña de sometimiento de territorios ocupados………………………………..200 5.7. Las técnicas utilizadas por ETA……………………………………………………201 3 6. El terrorismo y sus armas informativas……………………………………………………...205 6.1. La relación de los terroristas y los medios de comunicación………………………206 6.2. El miedo y los medios de comunicación…………………………………….……..210 6.3. El terrorismo es una información política………………………………………….212 6.4. Historia de ETA y los medios de comunicación……………………………….…..215 6.4.1. ETA, en búsqueda de la publicidad: el ‘aparato de propaganda’………...219 6.4.2. La estrategia……………………………………………………………...222 6.4.3. La propaganda implícita en los actos terroristas…………………………223 6.4.4. La función amplificadora de los medios informativos…………………...226 6.4.5. Las maniobras de ETA con los medios de comunicación………………..227 6.4.6. Errores más comunes a la hora de informar sobre un hecho terrorista…..228 6.4.7. Medidas para evitar errores en la información sobre terrorismo…….…..233 6.5. Teorías sobre el tratamiento informativo del fenómeno terrorista…………………243 6.5.1. El silencio informativo…………………………………………………...243 6.5.2. La información neutral…………………………………………………...247 6.5.3. La información desde el punto de vista de las víctimas………………….250 6.5.4. Periodismo de calidad……………………………………………………253 6.5.5. Teoría de la información policial………………………………………...256 6.5.6. Teoría de la información como mercancía……………………………….258 6.6. Terroristas y propaganda en redes sociales. El caso del Estado Islámico………….259 6.6.1. Cómo actuar ante la propaganda del Estado Islámico…………………...263 7. El lenguaje terrorista: la batalla propagandística…………………………………………….267 7.1. El lenguaje bélico a lo largo de la historia…………………………………………268 4 7.2. El lenguaje del terrorismo. La retórica del terror y su intento de manipular a los medios de comunicación………………………………………………………………..270 7.3. El lenguaje propagandístico empleado por ETA…………………………………..274 7.4. El lenguaje de los medios de comunicación…………………….…………………277 7.4.1. Diccionario de términos eufemísticos……………………………………278 7.4.2. Los apodos y alias de los terroristas. El uso de los términos miméticos en los medios de comunicación……………………………………………………282 7.4.3. Lenguaje violento en los medios de comunicación………………………284 7.4.4. ¿Cómo combatir la propaganda terrorista? ¿Cuál es la solución?.............290 8. La violencia como noticia. Las teorías de Calleja…………………………………………...293 8.1. Terroristas y propaganda…………………………………………………………...294 8.2. Terrorismo, medios de comunicación y ética periodística…………………………295 8.3. ETA, contra de la libertad de prensa……………………………………………….298 9. El Código Deontológico de la Profesión Periodística……………………………………….301 10. Documento de RTVE sobre normas informativas en noticias sobre terrorismo…………...304 11. Normas para informar sobre terrorismo…………………………………………………….309 11.1. Directivos de prensa hacen autocrítica……………………………………………311 12. Conclusiones y deducciones………………………………………………………………..317 13. Bibliografía…………………………………………………………………………………324 14. Referencias periodísticas y otros recursos…………………………………………….……334 15. Anexo I. Cuándo y cómo comenzó a gestarse la paz……….………….…………………...337 16. Anexo II. Manual del CNI sobre ETA…………………………………………………...…340 5 Abstract Introducción El 20 de octubre de 2011, ETA anunció el final de los atentados tras más de cincuenta años de existencia y más de mil víctimas mortales y heridos. La noticia generó un profundo debate sobre si el discurso de la banda terrorista sigue presente o ha desaparecido de los medios de comunicación, una discusión que todavía hoy sigue presente. ETA ha dejado de matar pero, ¿por qué no se disuelve? Y es que tan importante como acabar con la violencia es evitar, para los demócratas, que el discurso de los terroristas sea el que prevalezca. Los violentos están intentando escribir la historia, su propio relato de lo sucedido, y para ello intenta contar con la complicidad (involuntaria e inconsciente, se supone) de los medios de comunicación y de los periodistas. Metodología Se han analizado de manera cualitativa y cuantitativa los comunicados de ETA comprendidos entre el año 2006 a 2013. También se han desglosado las informaciones relativas a estos pronunciamientos aparecidas en cinco de los principales diarios de España: El País, El Mundo, ABC, La Vanguardia y El Correo. Se han escogido los tres de mayor difusión, el de referencia en Cataluña y el más leído en el País Vasco. Se han cruzado los datos para conocer el comportamiento de estos periódicos ante la publicación de un comunicado de los terroristas. También se ha repasado abundante documentación sobre terrorismo y propaganda, para concluir cuáles serían las medidas a aplicar por los profesionales de la información para apagar con hacer publicidad a la propaganda etarra. También se ha tenido acceso a un documento exclusivo, que se publica en el Anexo II: el manual que se entrega a los agentes del Centro Nacional de Inteligencia cuando realizan el curso de acceso. Se publican aquellas partes relativas a la propaganda etarra. Resultados Algunos diarios, que en sus principios editoriales, se muestran radicalmente contrarios a las tesis de ETA, han realizado una manifiestamente mejorable. Algunos han dado credibilidad y cobertura a las tesis de ETA sin ningún reparo, convirtiéndose en cómplices de la estrategia propagandística de los terroristas. Es conocido que el terrorismo necesita a la propaganda para 6 sobrevivir y algunos diarios españoles han contribuido en los últimos años a mantener activa la propaganda etarra. Conclusiones Hacer frente a la propaganda terrorista no es fácil. De hecho, incluso los mayores expertos en información terrorista cometen el error de dar voz a los asesinos. La presente investigación ha tratado de demostrar que los profesionales del terrorismo debemos prestar máxima atención a la hora de informar porque, aunque ETA ya no asesine, intenta imponer su propio relato
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