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Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece Beiträge Zur Altertumskunde

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Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece Beiträge Zur Altertumskunde Alan H. Sommerstein, Isabelle C. Torrance Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Herausgegeben von Michael Erler, Dorothee Gall, Ludwig Koenen und Clemens Zintzen Band 307 Alan H. Sommerstein, Isabelle C. Torrance Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece With contributions by Andrew J. Bayliss, Judith Fletcher, Kyriaki Konstantinidou and Lynn A. Kozak ISBN 978-3-11-020059-1 e-ISBN 978-3-11-022736-9 ISSN 1616-0452 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Druck und Bindung: Hubert & Co. GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ∞ Gedruckt auf säurefreiem Papier Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Preface This volume completes the publication of the project The Oath in Archaic and Classical Greece, based at the University of Nottingham and funded by the Lever- hulme Trust (award no. F.00 114/Z), whose assistance is warmly acknowledged. The main previous publications of the project have been the Nottingham Oath Database (Sommerstein, Bayliss and Torrance 2007) and Oath and State in Ancient Greece, edited by Sommerstein and Bayliss and referred to in this volume as S&B. The authors have in broad terms a common view of the nature and effect of oaths as a cultural phenomenon of ancient Greek society, as will be apparent from this volume, though – as will also be apparent – they inevitably disagree on matters of detail and nuance and on the interpretation of some particular pas- sages and incidents. The several chapters of the volume deal with different aspects of the oath phenomenon, and it thus inevitably often happens that the same passage is dis- cussed from different points of view in more than one chapter. We should draw attention to a peculiarity in the chapter numbering. There are some tall buildings that have no thirteenth floor, and some books in which chapter 14 directly follows chapter 12; this volume, contrariwise, has both a chapter 13 and a chapter 13a. This is because there are several references in S&B to specific numbered chapters of the present volume, and changes in the chapter plan since the publication of S&B would otherwise have rendered some of these references incorrect. The acknowledgements made in the preface to S&B apply equally to this volume, and are gratefully reiterated. But it is particularly appropriate, on the occasion of his retirement from the Department of Classics of the University of Nottingham, that Alan Sommerstein should record explicitly his deep apprecia- tion of all that the University, the Department, the School of Humanities, their academic and administrative staffs, and not least their students, have done to assist and encourage him over all but forty years, and especially over the ten years of the Oath project. The authors are also pleased to acknowledge their gratitude to the Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts at the University of Notre Dame for a small research grant which supported work on § 5.2, and for funding to support the cost of indexing, which was carried out with great efficiency by Dr Joanna Luke. Alan H. Sommerstein (Nottingham), Isabelle C. Torrance (Notre Dame), Andrew J. Bayliss (Birmingham), Judith Fletcher (Waterloo), Kyriaki Konstantinidou (Istanbul), Lynn A. Kozak (Montreal) March 2014 Contents Abbreviations X 1 What is an oath? (A.H. Sommerstein) 1 2 Oath and curse (K. Konstantinidou) 6 2.1 Horkos and Erinyes: oath as a curse 8 2.2 Explicit self-curse and oath-taking 19 2.3 The explicit self-curse in Greek drama 24 2.4 The explicit self-curse in law-court speeches 37 3 Oaths in traditional myth (I.C. Torrance) 48 4 Friendship and enmity, trust and suspicion 60 4.1 Oaths between warriors in epic and tragedy (L.A. Kozak) 60 4.2 Oaths in business (A.H. Sommerstein) 67 5 The language of oaths 76 5.1 How oaths are expressed (A.H. Sommerstein) 76 5.2 The “Sophoclean” oath (I.C. Torrance) 86 5.3 “Of cabbages and kings”: the Eideshort phenomenon (I.C. Torrance) 111 6 Ways to give oaths extra sanctity (I.C. Torrance) 132 6.1 Sanctifying witnesses and significant locations 132 6.2 Oath-sacrifices 138 6.3 Gestures, libations, and unusual sanctifying features 143 6.4 Multiple sanctifying features 149 7 Oaths, gender and status 156 7.1 Women and oaths (J. Fletcher) 156 7.2 Servile swearing (A.J. Bayliss) 179 7.3 The oaths of the gods (I.C. Torrance) 195 8 Oaths and characterization: two Homeric case studies (L.A. Kozak) 213 8.1 Achilles 213 8.2 Odysseus 222 VIII Preface 9 Oratory and rhetoric (A.H. Sommerstein) 230 10 “Artful dodging”, or the sidestepping of oaths (A.J. Bayliss except as stated) 240 10.1 The difficulty of proving an oath false: the case of Euripides’ Cyclops (I.C. Torrance) 240 10.2 The concept of sidestepping 243 10.3 “The art of Autolycus”: extremely careful wording to conceal the truth 256 10.4 The “Thracian pretence” 259 10.5 Capturing the commander 262 10.6 Other careful or dubious interpretation of wording: agreements that end sieges 265 10.7 Substitution 266 10.8 False foundations 270 10.9 Dodging the “blank-cheque” oath 273 10.10 What does this evidence tell us about Greek attitudes to sidestepped oaths? 276 10.11 Conclusions 279 11 The binding power of oaths 281 11.1 Were oaths always totally binding? (A.H. Sommerstein) 281 11.2 The oaths of lovers (A.H. Sommerstein) 287 11.3 The tongue and the mind: responses to Euripides, Hippolytus 612 (I.C. Torrance) 289 12 Responses to perjury 295 12.1 Divine responses (I.C. Torrance) 295 12.2 Human responses (K. Konstantinidou) 303 13 The informal oath (A.H. Sommerstein) 315 13.1 How informal oaths are used 315 Appendix: swearing by Hera 326 13.2 How binding were informal oaths? The case of Aristophanes’ Clouds 331 13a Swearing oaths in the authorial person (I.C. Torrance) 348 13a.1 The orators 348 13a.2 Pindar and other poets 349 Preface IX 13a.3 Xenophon 360 13a.4 Three more authorial oaths in prose texts 367 13a.5 Conclusions 368 14 The Hippocratic Oath (I.C. Torrance) 372 15 The decline of the oath? (A.H. Sommerstein) 381 Bibliography 394 Index locorum 413 Subject index 445 Abbreviations Abbreviations not listed below are as in LSJ (H.G. Liddell / R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon9, rev. H. Stuart Jones [Oxford, 1940] with Revised Supplement ed. P.G.W. Glare [Oxford, 1996]) or OCD4 (S. Hornblower / A.J.S. Spawforth / E. Eidinow (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary4 [Oxford, 2012]), except that some names of ancient authors and works are abbreviated in a fuller form than in these publications. [Apoll.] pseudo-Apollodorus (the mythographer) Ath.Pol. (if cited without author’s name) the Athēnaiōn Politeia ascribed to Aristotle BIWK G. Petzl, Die Beichtinschriften Westkleinasiens (Bonn, 1994) CA Classical Antiquity CID Corpus des inscriptions de Delphes (Paris, 1977‒2002) CP Classical Philology CSCA California Studies in Classical Antiquity DTA R. Wünsch, Defixionum Tabellae Atticae (= IG iii, part 3) (Berlin, 1897) ED M. Segre, Iscrizioni di Cos (Rome, 1993) EMC Échos du Monde Classique / Classical Views h.Dem., h. Herm., etc. Homeric Hymn to Demeter, to Hermes, etc. Horkos A.H. Sommerstein / J. Fletcher (eds.), Horkos: the oath in Greek society (Exeter, 2007) HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology IPArk G. Thür / H. Taeuber, Prozeßrechtliche Inschriften der griechischen Poleis: Arkadien (Vienna, 1994) Lyc. Leocr. Lycurgus [not Lycophron], Against Leocrates Prov. Coisl. Proverbia e codice Coisliniano n. 177, in: T. Gaisford, Paroemiographi Graeci (Oxford, 1836), 121ff. RO P.J. Rhodes / R.G. Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions, 404‒323 B.C. (Oxford, 2003) Σ scholium or scholia S&B A.H. Sommerstein / A.J. Bayliss, Oath and State in Ancient Greece (Berlin, 2013) WD Works and Days (Hesiod) 1 What is an oath? A.H. Sommerstein This book and its partner volume (S&B) are about oaths in archaic and classical Greece, and we should begin by defining our terms. Since we are not particu- larly concerned with drawing a line between the archaic and classical periods, we need only set beginning and end points for an era comprising both. We take the archaic period to begin with the earliest surviving alphabetic Greek texts – which means, in practice, with the major Homeric and Hesiodic poems, these being the oldest texts that contain references to oaths – and the classical period to end with the deaths of Aristotle, Demosthenes and Hypereides in 322 BC. At various points we will be referring to later (and indeed to earlier) evidence, but these are the bounds of the timespan we are actually examining. As to the term “oath” itself, we will use the definition embodied in the palmary formulation of Richard Janko,1 whereby “to take an oath is in effect to invoke powers greater than oneself to uphold the truth of a declaration, by putting a curse upon oneself if it is false”. An oath, then, is an utterance whereby the speaker – the swearer2 – does the following three things simulta- neously. (1) The swearer makes a declaration.
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