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La Presente Tesi Di Dottorato È Stata Rielaborata E Pubblicata Come Libro Monografico

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La Presente Tesi Di Dottorato È Stata Rielaborata E Pubblicata Come Libro Monografico Nota informativa: la presente tesi di dottorato è stata rielaborata e pubblicata come libro monografico. I dati bibliografici sono i seguenti E. Costa (2018) The Labour Party, Denis Healey and the International Socialist Movement: Rebuilding the Socialist International during the Cold War (1945-1951) (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77347-6. https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783319773469 L’Internazionale Socialista nella Guerra Fredda (1945-1951) Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia Dipartimento di Storia, Culture, Religioni Dottorato di ricerca in Storia, Antropologia, Religioni XXVIII Ciclo Curriculum Storia Contemporanea (M-STO/04) Candidato Ettore Costa 1173792 Relatore Correlatore Giorgio Caredda Umberto Gentiloni Silveri A/A 2014/2015 ii iii Indice Ringraziamenti vii Sigle e abbreviazioni ix Introduzione 3 I) Dall’Internazionale Operaia e Socialista alla Conferenza 37 Socialista Internazionale (1940-1946) 1. Il problema dell’istituzionalizzazione 37 2. La crisi dell’Internazionale Operaia e Socialista 40 3. Le organizzazioni provvisorie nel periodo di guerra 52 4. Il linguaggio e il riconoscimento 64 5. La commissione preparatoria 76 II) Il Dipartimento Internazionale tra rappresentanza e 85 disciplina 1. Leader e segretari internazionali 85 2. Denis Healey alla guida del Dipartimento Internazionale 99 3. Le relazioni fraterne internazionali tra disciplina e dissenso: il 112 Labour Party 4. Le relazioni fraterne internazionali tra disciplina e dissenso: 123 Austria e Italia III) “La Cooperazione, o almeno la reciproca tolleranza”: 133 comunisti e socialisti di sinistra 1. I nuovi socialdemocratici dell’est 133 2. Tra Londra e Lublino 142 3. ”I deputati infedeli” 152 iv 4. La delegazione per l’Unione Sovietica 160 IV) L’Internazionale in miniatura e l’embrione 175 dell’Internazionale (1946-1947) 1. I piani laburisti per l’Internazionale 175 2. I tre blocchi del socialismo europeo: planisti, sinistra e federalisti 187 3. Clacton e Bournemouth 196 4. La creazione del Comisco 203 V) La Cortina di Ferro e la linea dell’ulivo: l’Europa 213 immaginata 1. Est e Ovest: la Cortina di Ferro 213 2. Nord e Sud: la linea dell’Ulivo 228 3. I greci emotivi e la guerra civile 240 VI) “Il piccolo Foreign Office alla Transport House”: Sud 255 Tirolo e Polonia 1. Strumento della politica imperialista? 255 2. Il Sud Tirolo, un caso di diplomazia socialista triangolare 267 3. “Un favore speciale al Partito Socialista Polacco” 281 4. L’inizio della guerra fredda 293 VII) La frattura della convivenza (1947-1948) 299 1. L’ammissione dei tedeschi 299 2. Scissioni e riconoscimento 310 3. La spaccatura 321 VIII) L’offensiva mediterranea 337 1. La ristrutturazione della Conferenza Socialista Internazionale 337 2. La missione del Comisco in Grecia 342 3. L’unificazione del socialismo italiano 369 v 4. Lo scontro Healey-Saragat 378 5. L’intervento in Italia e il dibattito nel Comisco 391 IX) Misurare l’effetto 403 1. Effetti a breve termine, effetti a lungo termine 403 2. Patria e soldi: i limiti dell’intervento socialista 413 3. Il discorso del giardiniere tra storia culturale e storia politica 429 X) Le parole che uniscono: l’identità socialdemocratica e 441 la ricostruzione dell’Internazionale Socialista (1948-1951) 1. Le due vie per il Comisco 441 2. Il martirologio dei socialisti dell’est 457 3. L’ideologia creata in commissione 464 4. La Conferenza di Francoforte e la rifondazione dell’Internazionale 479 Socialista XI) Le parole che dividono: l’analisi linguistica quantitativa 487 applicata al linguaggio del socialismo 1.L’ambiguità del linguaggio e la tensione nascosta 487 XII) Conclusione 521 Bibliografia 533 vi vii Ringraziamenti Desidero ringraziare innanzitutto il mio relatore, il professor Giorgio Caredda, e il mio co-relatore, il professor Umberto Gentiloni Silveri, per avermi guidato fin dall’inizio in questa ricerca. Uno speciale ringraziamento va al professor Andrew Thorpe, dell’Università di Exter, per avermi consigliato e guidato nel periodo che ho speso presso la sua istituzione. Ringrazio anche i professori Giovanni Sabbatucci e Vittorio Vidotto, che hanno supervisionato i progetti di cui questa ricerca è una continuazione. Ringrazio la professoressa Francesca Socrate e il professor Franco Moretti per avermi introdotto alle potenzialità della linguistica dei corpora. Ringrazio la mia istituzione, l’Università degli Studi di Roma – La Sapienza, per avermi concesso il privilegio di passare questi tre anni in una ricerca intensa e appassionata. Ringrazio l’Università di Exeter, per il periodo da Visiting Scholar che mi ha permesso di venire a contatto con un ambiente intellettuale molto stimolante. Ringrazio i miei colleghi, le cui osservazioni e le cui critiche sono state di continuo stimolo per la mia ricerca. Ringrazio i miei colleghi di lungo corso Federico Carlo Simonelli e Margherita Martelli, i colleghi di Exeter, Phil Child e James Parker, con cui ho discusso parti importanti della mia ricerca, Matthew Broad e Tommaso Milani, con cui ho discusso dei nostri comuni interessi nella storia transnazionale. Ne approfitto per ringraziare le università di Reading, Bangor, Exeter, Queen Mary e Leiden, per aver organizzato congressi a cui ho preso parte e mi hanno permesso di confrontare parti della ricerca con un pubblico interessato. Desidero innanzitutto ringraziare tutti gli archivisti che mi hanno aiutato nella ricerca. Voglio ringrazia personalmente Darren Treadwell, del viii Labour History Archive and Study Centre presso il People’s History Museum di Manchester, che mi ha fatto da guida per gli archivi laburisti all’inizio della ricerca. Ringrazio gli archivisti delle molte istituzioni che mi hanno assistito nella ricerca. Per la Francia ringrazio gli archivisti de L’Office Universitaire de la Recherche Socialiste. Per l’Italia ringrazio gli archivisti de L’Archivio Centrale dello Stato, la Fondazione Pietro Nenni, la Fondazione di studi storici Filipp Turati, l’Archives Historiques de l’Unione Europeene, l’Archivio Storico Diplomatico del Ministero degli Affari Ester. Per i Paesi Bassi ringrazio gli archivisti dell’International Institute of Social History nei Paesi Bassi. Per il Regno Unito ringrazio gli archivisti dei National Archives, il Modern Records Centre di Warwick, la London School of Economics, l’University College London. Ringrazio poi l’Electronic Reading Room della CIA per avermi inviato documenti rilasciati con il Freedom of Information Act. ix Sigle e abbreviazioni ACS: Archivio Centrale dello Stato b.: busta o box COMISCO: Committee of the International Socialist Conference, Commissione della Conferenza Socialista Internazionale (1947-1951) DNA: Det norske arbeiderparti, il Partito Laburista Norvegese f.:fascicolo o folder EAM: Fronte di Liberazione Nazionale (Grecia) CGIL: Confederazione generale italiana del lavoro, federazione sindacale sotto influenza comunista e socialista CGT: Confédération générale du travail, Confederazione Generale del Lavoro (Francia), sotto controllo comunista IISH: International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam ILO: International Labour Organization, Organizzazione Internazionale del Lavore IOS: Internazionale Operaia e Socialista; Internationale Ouvrière et Socialiste (1924-1940) KKE: Partito Comunista Greco LHASC: Labour History Archive and Study Centre, People’s History Museum, Mancester LSI: Labour and Socialist International, Internazionale Operaia e Socialista NEC: National Executive Committee, esecutivo del partito laburista britannico OIL: Organizzazione Internazionale del lavoro PCI: Partito Comunista Italiano PPS: Partito Socialista polacco PPR: Partito dei Lavoratori Polacchi, Partito comunista in Polonia post-1943 x PSB: Parti Socialiste belge, Partito Socialista Belga PSI: Partito Socialista Italiano (1892-1943; 1947-1994) PSIUP: Partito Socialista Italiano di Unità Proletaria (1943-1947) PSLI: Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori Italiani (1947-1951) PSOE: Partito Socialista Operaio Spagnolo PSU: Partito Socialista Unitario (1949-1951) PvdA: Partij van de Arbeid, Partito Laburista Olandese SAP: Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti, Partito Socialdemocratico dei Lavoratori di Svezia SFIO: Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière, Partito Socialista Francese (1905-1969) s.f.:sottofascicolo SI: Internazionale Socialista SK-ELD : Partito Socialista Greco SILO: Socialist Information and Liaison Office (1946-1948) SPD : Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, Partito Socialdemocratico di Germania SPÖ: Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, Partito Socialista d’Austria (post 1945) TUC: Trade Union Congress, Federazione sindacale britannica UCL: Univeristy College London, Library Special Collection USI: Unione dei Socialisti Italiani (1948-1949) “Ha sempre scherzato sul fatto che avrebbe saputo dire in qualsiasi lingua, ‘Nel nome del Partito Laburista vi auguro un congresso di successo’ e ‘Ti amo, bella signora’ – ma che doveva fare attenzione a non confonderli”. (Edna Healey, Part of the pattern : memoirs of a wife at Westminster, [Oxford : ISIS, 2007], p.326) 2 3 Introduzione È possibile affermare che il desiderio di far parte di un’associazione mondiale, espressione dell’unità ideologica del movimento e della fratellanza universale, è parte integrante dell’identità socialista. Nonostante i suoi fallimenti siano noti e i suoi successi poco visibili, i socialisti hanno sempre ricostruito un’Internazionale a cui associarsi. Le fasi della storia del movimento operaio sono segnate dall’Internazionale corrispondente: la Prima Internazionale
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