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Crusaders and Georgia: a Critical Approach to Georgian Historiography1
David Tinikashvili Ilia State University Ioane Kazaryan Unaffiliated researcher Crusaders and Georgia: A Critical Approach to Georgian Historiography1 Keywords: Georgia, Iberia, Crusades, David the Builder (King of Georgia), Jerusalem, Antioch, Roman Church, Pope I. Introduction In the present article we consider military relations between Latins and Georgians (Iberians) in the period of the Crusades. The research draws on Georgian and non-Georgian medieval sources as well as relevant secondary historical publications and reassesses some of the opinions expressed in the works by Georgian researchers. One of the first mentions of Georgians (Iberians2) in the Medieval Latin sources is a letter of a 12th century Latin clergyman, Ansellus, the Cantor of the Holy Sepulchre, addressed to Gallon the Bishop of Paris [Ansellus 1902: 729-732]. However, the major source of information about the Georgians is Historia Orientalis by Jacques de Vitry, bishop of Acre (†1240) [Jacques de Vitry 2008]. The chronicle was written at the time of the Fifth Crusade. Since then Georgians become widely known to Latin authors, who portrayed them 1 The authors are grateful to Dr Peter Halfter for his helpful comments on the article. 2 In this period “Iberia” and “Georgia” were synonyms [Skylitzae 1973: 339, 74-80; 340]. It should be mentioned that when Emperor Basilius arrived in Georgia, it was not eastern but south-western Georgia, which Skylitzae likewise calls Iberia. Besides, under the reign of David the Builder and King Thamar, Georgia (Saqartvelo) was a single kingdom called by the Latins Iberia in the 12th-13th centuries; e.g. crusader G. De Boys writes: “quodde Hiberia quidam Christiani” (“Christians from Iberia”). -
The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa Translated Below Is a Valuable Source for the History of the Middle East in the 10Th-12Th Centuries
Matthew of Edessa's Chronicle Translated from Classical Armenian by Robert Bedrosian To the memory of Matti Moosa, visionary historian Sources of the Armenian Tradition (Long Branch, N.J., 2017) This translation is in the public domain. It may be copied and distributed freely. Maps: Two collections of maps appear as attachments to this document. Cartographers include: Robert H. Hewsen, B. H. Harut'yunyan, William R. Shepherd, Ramsey Muir, and H. W. Hazard. Translator's Preface Matthew of Edessa's Chronicle Part 1 The following Table of Contents was created for the convenience of readers and is not part of the Armenian text. 952-960 The famine of 952 in Mesopotamia; the Arabs assemble troops in Edessa and capture Samosata in 958; Emperor Romanus of Byzantium seizes Crete in 959. 961-970 The Arabs capture Anazarba and Aleppo in 961; royalty gathers at Ani for a coronation, also in 961; death of Emperor Romanus and the reign of Nicephorus II, Phocas 963-969 beginning in 963; how John Tzimisces became emperor, in 969. 971-980 Events in the Armenian city of Ani in 971 and thereafter; invasion of the Daylamites (Delmunk'); Vasak Pahlawuni's single-combat with a Qipchaq warrior named Seven Wolves; subsequent death of Vasak; the Byzantine general Mleh arrives at Melitene and forces the city to surrender, in 972; Mleh's subsequent defeat near Amida; Mleh's letter to Emperor Tzimisces; Tzimisces takes his troops to the East in 972 and is met by a large, watchful Armenian army; Tzimisces and the Armenian King Ashot make peace and Ashot agrees to provide auxiliaries. -
RO00695 Ad Unicum I-2
87 88 5 Mystické zasnoubení sv. Kateřiny Alexandrijské Anonym – Italský mistr (?) / Dalmácie nebo Itálie (Benátsko, Marka, Umbrie [?]) / druhá čtvrtina 15. století Temperová malba s olejovými lazurami na dřevěné desce (topol), rozměry 49 × 39 cm, tloušťka 1,7–2 cm, jednostranně výtvarně pojednaná, reversní stra- na s fragmentárním hnědým monochromním (konzervačním?) nátěrem. Deska druhotně seříznuta z původního trojúhelníkového vrchního zakončení pro vsazení do obdélného rámu. Malba na sádrovém podkladu s příměsí křídy, zlacení na červeném polimentu. Pod malbou znatelná rytá kresba obrysů postav a černá štětcová podkresba. Ryté svatozáře bez punců. V minulosti patrně nevhodně restaurováno (plošné zeslabení lazur a snad též některé razantnější re- tuše – zvl. patrné ve tvářích andělů). Deska konvexně prohnutá, konzervovaná, patrné pasivované stopy po dřevokazném hmyzu. Na reversu desky dva štítky – první s razítky šumavského hraničního přechodu „Celní úřad Neu-Nagelberg“ a „Strassenzollamt Neu-Nagelberg“, druhý s razítkem „Rožmberk inv. č. 1181“. Na reversu druhotného (barokního [?]) zlaceného rámu dva historické štítky, první s číslem „11.“, druhý s číslem „01687“, a černý nápis s inv. číslem MF „1181“. Restaurování: 1984 Mojmír Hamsík (technologicko-restaurátorský průzkum v NG v Praze) SH Rožmberk, inv. č. RO00695 (dříve RO01181), rejstř. č. MF 51799/33–3942 Provenience: původní provenience neznámá, historická součást vybavení hradu Rožmberk PujMANOVÁ 1986, 63–64, kat. č. 19; DE MARCHI 1986, 75–76; PRIJATELJ 1991,101; PujMANOVÁ/PřIBYL 2008, 297, kat. č. 194 Rožmberská desková malba, je patrně dalším dokladem bo- – uctívaného obrazu, který vznikl v Marce (Regione Marche) haté akviziční činnosti Buquoyů v 19. století.1 Deskový obraz a jehož malíř navazoval na dílo Gentileho da Fabriano. -
A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2014 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Tobias Osterhaug Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Osterhaug, Tobias, "A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E." (2014). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 25. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/25 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Tobias Osterhaug History 499/Honors 402 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Introduction: The first Crusade, a massive and unprecedented undertaking in the western world, differed from the majority of subsequent crusades into the Holy Land in an important way: it contained no royalty and was undertaken with very little direct support from the ruling families of Western Europe. This aspect of the crusade led to the development of sophisticated hierarchies and vassalages among the knights who led the crusade. These relationships culminated in the formation of the Crusader States, Latin outposts in the Levant surrounded by Muslim states, and populated primarily by non-Catholic or non-Christian peoples. Despite the difficulties engendered by this situation, the Crusader States managed to maintain control over the Holy Land for much of the twelfth century, and, to a lesser degree, for several decades after the Fall of Jerusalem in 1187 to Saladin. -
The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson
The Latin Principality of Antioch and Its Relationship with the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1188-1268 Samuel James Wilson A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Nottingham Trent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2016 1 Copyright Statement This work is the intellectual property of the author. You may copy up to 5% of this work for private study, or personal, non-commercial research. Any re-use of the information contained within this document should be fully referenced, quoting the author, title, university, degree level and pagination. Queries or requests for any other use, or if a more substantial copy is required, should be directed to the owner of the Intellectual Property Rights. 2 Abstract The Latin principality of Antioch was founded during the First Crusade (1095-1099), and survived for 170 years until its destruction by the Mamluks in 1268. This thesis offers the first full assessment of the thirteenth century principality of Antioch since the publication of Claude Cahen’s La Syrie du nord à l’époque des croisades et la principauté franque d’Antioche in 1940. It examines the Latin principality from its devastation by Saladin in 1188 until the fall of Antioch eighty years later, with a particular focus on its relationship with the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. This thesis shows how the fate of the two states was closely intertwined for much of this period. The failure of the principality to recover from the major territorial losses it suffered in 1188 can be partly explained by the threat posed by the Cilician Armenians in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. -
Medievalista, 30 | 2021 National Rivalry Among Hospitallers? 2
Medievalista Online 30 | 2021 Número 30 The Case of Bohemia and Austria, 1392-1555 National Rivalry among Hospitallers? The Case of Bohemia and Austria, 1392-1555 Rivalidades nacionais entre Hospitalários? O Caso da Áustria e da Boémia, 1392-1555 Karl Borchardt Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/medievalista/4535 DOI: 10.4000/medievalista.4535 ISSN: 1646-740X Publisher Instituto de Estudos Medievais - FCSH-UNL Electronic reference Karl Borchardt, “National Rivalry among Hospitallers?”, Medievalista [Online], 30 | 2021, Online since 01 July 2021, connection on 24 July 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/medievalista/4535 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/medievalista.4535 This text was automatically generated on 24 July 2021. Mediavalista está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional. National Rivalry among Hospitallers? 1 The Case of Bohemia and Austria, 1392-1555 National Rivalry among Hospitallers? The Case of Bohemia and Austria, 1392-1555 Rivalidades nacionais entre Hospitalários? O Caso da Áustria e da Boémia, 1392-1555 Karl Borchardt EDITOR'S NOTE Data recepção do artigo / Received for publication: 1 de Dezembro de 2020 Data aceitação do artigo / Accepted in revised form: 18 de Março de 2021 1 Introduction 2 Quarrels and tensions among members of “international” military-religious orders during the Middle Ages have often been understood and explained by modern historians as “national” or “proto-national” rivalries. But methodologically two reservations should be made. Firstly, not many documents expressly mention ethnic or linguistic problems. And secondly, nations were not a dominant concept in medieval politics1. In the later Middle Ages, nations existed primarily “abroad”, among merchants and craftsmen from distant regions2 and among students at universities far away from their homes3. -
Cry Havoc Règles Fr 20/07/17 10:50 Page1
ager historique UK_cry havoc règles fr 20/07/17 10:50 Page1 HISTORY & SCENARIOS ager historique UK_cry havoc règles fr 20/07/17 10:50 Page2 © Buxeria & Historic’One éditions - 2017 - v1.0 ager historique UK_cry havoc règles fr 20/07/17 10:50 Page3 SELJUK SULTANATE OF RUM Konya COUNTY OF EDESSA Sis PRINCIPALITY OF ARMENIAN CILICIA Edessa Tarsus Turbessel Harran BYZANTINE EMPIRE Antioch Aleppo PRINCIPALITY OF ANTIOCH Emirate of Shaïzar Isma'ili COUNTY OF GRAND SELJUK TRIPOLI EMPIRE Damascus Acre DAMASCUS F THE MIDDLE EAST KINGDOM IN 1135 TE O OF between the First JERUSALEM and Second Crusades Jerusalem EMIRA N EW S FATIMID 0 150 km CALIPHATE ager historique UK_cry havoc règles fr 20/07/17 10:43 Page1 History The Normans in Northern Syria in the 12th Century 1. Historical background Three Normans distinguished themselVes during the First Crusade: Robert Curthose, Duke of NormandY and eldest son of William the Conqueror 1 Whose actions Were decisiVe at the battle of DorYlea in 1197, Bohemond of Taranto, the eldest son of Robert Guiscard 2, and his nepheW Tancred, Who led one of the assaults upon the Walls of Jerusalem in 1099. Before participating in the crusade, Bohemond had been passed oVer bY his Younger half-brother Roger Borsa as Duke of Puglia and Calabria on the death of his father in 1085. Far from being motiVated bY religious sentiment like GodfreY of Bouillon, the crusade Was for him just another occasion to Wage War against his perennial enemY, BYZantium, and to carVe out his oWn state in the HolY Land. -
Cilician Armenia in the Thirteenth Century.[3] Marco Polo, for Example, Set out on His Journey to China from Ayas in 1271
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (also known as Little Armenia; not to be confused with the Arme- nian Kingdom of Antiquity) was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. It was located on the Gulf of Alexandretta of the Mediterranean Sea in what is today southern Turkey. The kingdom remained independent from around 1078 to 1375. The Kingdom of Cilicia was founded by the Rubenian dynasty, an offshoot of the larger Bagratid family that at various times held the thrones of Armenia and Georgia. Their capital was Sis. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since Armenia was under foreign oc- cupation at the time. King Levon I of Armenia helped cultivate Cilicia's economy and commerce as its interaction with European traders grew. Major cities and castles of the kingdom included the port of Korikos, Lam- pron, Partzerpert, Vahka (modern Feke), Hromkla, Tarsus, Anazarbe, Til Hamdoun, Mamistra (modern Misis: the classical Mopsuestia), Adana and the port of Ayas (Aias) which served as a Western terminal to the East. The Pisans, Genoese and Venetians established colonies in Ayas through treaties with Cilician Armenia in the thirteenth century.[3] Marco Polo, for example, set out on his journey to China from Ayas in 1271. For a short time in the 1st century BCE the powerful kingdom of Armenia was able to conquer a vast region in the Levant, including the area of Cilicia. -
Cilician Armenian Mediation in Crusader-Mongol Politics, C.1250-1350
HAYTON OF KORYKOS AND LA FLOR DES ESTOIRES: CILICIAN ARMENIAN MEDIATION IN CRUSADER-MONGOL POLITICS, C.1250-1350 by Roubina Shnorhokian A thesis submitted to the Department of History In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (January, 2015) Copyright ©Roubina Shnorhokian, 2015 Abstract Hayton’s La Flor des estoires de la terre d’Orient (1307) is typically viewed by scholars as a propagandistic piece of literature, which focuses on promoting the Ilkhanid Mongols as suitable allies for a western crusade. Written at the court of Pope Clement V in Poitiers in 1307, Hayton, a Cilician Armenian prince and diplomat, was well-versed in the diplomatic exchanges between the papacy and the Ilkhanate. This dissertation will explore his complex interests in Avignon, where he served as a political and cultural intermediary, using historical narrative, geography and military expertise to persuade and inform his Latin audience of the advantages of allying with the Mongols and sending aid to Cilician Armenia. This study will pay close attention to the ways in which his worldview as a Cilician Armenian informed his perceptions. By looking at a variety of sources from Armenian, Latin, Eastern Christian, and Arab traditions, this study will show that his knowledge was drawn extensively from his inter-cultural exchanges within the Mongol Empire and Cilician Armenia’s position as a medieval crossroads. The study of his career reflects the range of contacts of the Eurasian world. ii Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the financial support of SSHRC, the Marjorie McLean Oliver Graduate Scholarship, OGS, and Queen’s University. -
The Literary Contribution of Some Important Historians Contemporary to Shams Al-Din Al-Dhahabi
THE LITERARY CONTRIBUTION OF SOME IMPORTANT HISTORIANS CONTEMPORARY TO SHAMS AL-DIN AL-DHAHABI DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY^ ALIGARH, U.P. (INDIA) FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF iWaiter of ^|)iIo«op^p IN ARABIC Under the Supervision of By Dr, Abdul Bari Mrs, Sultana Razia Khanam M.A. (Arabic & Urdu;, B.A. (Hons) (Dae), B.L., Ph.D. (Patna) M.A. (Alig.) DEPARTMENT OF ARABIC, ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH. 1986 J)s ^--1 ^g DS996 r"- ^«- •- Tele : 234 DEPARTMENT Of ARABIC ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH Dated..?*.**^..f.*^^.?^.».?.^ This is to certify that Mr«, ^Itena 'Isiasiw '^b^namhus ^one h#r M.Phil w®tlc uniar By suservlsion an4 h«s eoruDleted h«i» work succ«ssf!illy. This Is aa orlsrlnwl contrlbuties and «ntlr#ly h#r own* ( Pr* AHiuI Bari ) Sttparvlsor The tltl« ©f th» K^Phll m«sert«tloa is "Thf* T,lt«r?ry Contribution ©f 5-ORJ« lwf>ort'»T5t *!l?torl»»n!» Contvanwemrj to ^liras al-Dln CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement ... ... ... i Introduction Ibn al-Tiqtaqa ... ... ... 26 Abu al-Fida ... ... ... 62 Ibn Shakir al-Kutubi ... ... 7 9 Al-SafadI ... ... ... 86 Bibliography ... ... ... 99 I avail myself of this opportunity to express my high sense of gratitude to my learned supervisor and benign guide Dr. ''Abdul Barl, Reader in the Department of Arabic, Aligarh Muslim University, whose affectionate patronage and constant guidance have been an incessant source of information for me in completing this M.Phil. Dissertation entitled, "The Literary Contribution of Some important Historians Contemporary to Shams al-Din al-DhahabI" and whose valuable advice made this work possible to see the light of the day. -
Mary of Hungary and Politics Between 1521 and 1526 13 GEZA PALFFY New Dynasty, New Court, New Political Decision-Making: a Decisive Era in Hungary
Preface Studies: ANDRAS KUBINYI The Court of Queen Mary of Hungary and Politics between 1521 and 1526 13 GEZA PALFFY New Dynasty, New Court, New Political Decision-Making: A Decisive Era in Hungary. The Decades following the Battle of Mohacs 1526 27 ISTVAN FAZEKAS Miklos Olah, Secretary to Queen Mary of Hungary, 1526-1539 41 ZOLTAN CSEPREGI Court Priests in the Entourage of Queen Mary of Hungary 49 VACLAV BUZEK Strangers in Their Own Country. King Louis II (Jagiello) and Mary of Hungary's Stay in Bohemia at the Turn of 1522-1523 63 KURT LOCHER Hans Krell - Court Painter to King Louis II of Hungary and his Consort, Mary of Hungary 69 ARPAD MIKO Illuminated Grants of Arms of King Louis II. Art Historical Questions Linked to a Specific Form of Heraldic Representation in the Hungary of the Late Jagiellon Period 81 KAROLY MAGYAR "Et... introivit ad Hungariam sola geimanica ancilla nomine Maria..." Mary of Hungary and Buda 97 ORSOLYA RETHELYI "...Maria regina... nuda venerat ad Hungariam..." The Queen's Treasures 121 ZUZANNA LUDIKOVA The Fate of Buda's Ecclesiastical Treasuries 129 JACQUELINE KERKHOFF The Court of Mary of Hungary, 1531-1558 137 Catalogue: I The Family 153 II The Royal Palace of Buda, the Home of the Queen 169 III Art at the Court 189 IV Humanism, Reformation and Book Publishing in Buda 205 V Court and Politics 219 VI Mohacs 239 VII The Years After Mohacs 255 VIII Regent of the Low Countries 271 IX Mary of Hungary and Mohacs, Nineteenth Century Portrait Replicas and Historical Painting 281 Bibliography and abbreviations 287 Appendix 306 PPN: 254809227 Titel: Mary of Hungary / the queen and her court 1521 - 1531 ; Budapest History Museum, 30 september 2005 - 9 january 2006, Slovenská Národná Galéria, 2 february - 30 april 2006 ; [Editors: Orsolya Réthelyi ...]. -
GIPE-002427-Contents.Pdf (1.128Mb)
BORN'S ILLUSTRATED LIBRARY. 'HITE'S NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE, with Notes by SIR W,,· J ARDINK Rnll othel's, edited, with large additions, by E. JsssJ!, Eaq. With 40 Aigld.y.:f;"ished Wr.>od E"orn'Di"!l' (CokJu.red, 7" Od.) . IDRON'S CHRISTIAN ICONOGRAPHY, wilA 150 I""'ifol Bnl,.,ing.. In 2 Volo. Vol. I. EDDING ON WINES. New and Ile.ioed Edition, ",itA 20 l'III,lir,,1 ",.. derlt.. 16, ALLEN'S BATTLES OF THE BRITISH NAVY. New Eclition. Eullu'ged by the Author. NNnurcnufin. Portraiu on Steel. S Vola. lE!. ROME IN TtfE N,INETEENTH CENTURY. 1mb Edition. In D Vol." tlnth 34 fin. Steel Engratllng'. and Ilidex. ... AXWELL'S VICTORIES OF WELLINGTON AND THE BRITISH ARMIES ~;th C"grnmltg, 011 Sleel. ' IFE OF WELLINGTON, by .. AI< OLD SOI,DIKn," compiled rrom the malerinls or Mnxwell, lind continued by an eminellt Author, with an Account of the J1'uueral With 18 highly jiIJi"'ed EllgrafJiNfl' OM Sleel. • ARY AND WM, HOWITT'S STORIES OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LIFE, with 20 bearlti/Ill Sleel JJ"ora"i"!1" - - ECHSTEIN'S CAGE alld CHAMBER BIRDS. Including SWXKT'. Warblers. New, Edition, greatly enlarged, n,,,nffOf" Plate. (or Coloured, 7.,6d.) ORWAY AND ITS SCENERY eolllpri.ing PRICK'. Journal. with large Addl tlO". nnd 8 Iload Book. Edited by '1'1108. )'O&JOSUB, Esq. WiI& 22 1II,/I,ali.," 6eautifully BlIgra"efl Oil Sted by lA,ca., ' ••• The Road Dook I. IOld HPa... tely, price II. fiINA: PICTORIAL, DESCRIPTIVE, AND HISTORICAL. willI some account of Ant Rnd tile .BW'Dleac, Siam and Mum.