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The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black

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The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871 Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939 Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy J. L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century A. W. Purdue The Second World War Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918 Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 David Sturdy Louis XIV Hunt Tooley The Western Front Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 James D. White Lenin Patrick Williams Philip II European History in Perspective Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71694-6 hardcover ISBN 978-0-333-69336-0 paperhack (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in the case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Palgrave Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Attributes of Empire PAULA SUTTER FICHTNER © Paula Sutter Fichtner 2003 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-0-333-73727-9 hardback ISBN 978-0-333-73728-6 ISBN 978-1-137-10642-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-10642-1 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fichtner, Paula S. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490-1848 : attributes of empire / Paula Sutter Fichtner. p. cm. – (European history in perspective) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-333-73727-9 – ISBN 978-0-333-73728-6 (pbk.) 1. Habsburg, House of. 2. Austria–History–1519-1740. 3. Austria–History–1740-1789. 4. Austria–History–1789-1900. 5. Austria–History–1867-1918. 6. Nationalism–Austria. 7. Austria–Ethnic relations. 8. Holy Roman Empire–History. I. Title. II. European history in perspective (Palgrave (Firm)) DB36.3.H3F53 2003 943.6¢03–dc21 2002044804 10987654321 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 For Fritz Fellner Contents Acknowledgements x A Note on Style xi Map 1: East central Europe, c.1570 xii Map 2: East central Europe, c.1721 xiv Map 3: East central Europe, c.1815 xvi Some Introductory Considerations xviii Habsburg Family Tree xxiv Chapter 1: The Pattern of Empire 1 From Petty Princes to European Rulers 1 Dynastic Marriage: Its Uses and Limitations 3 Attempting an Empire 7 Ferdinand I and the Construction of Habsburg Central Europe 11 Administering an Empire 18 Religious Divisions 21 Catholics Rearm 24 Conflict in the House of Habsburg 26 Chapter 2: An Empire Takes Hold 31 The Habsburgs, Ferdinand of Styria, and the Counter-Reformation 31 Crisis, Conflict, and Dynastic Opportunity 34 vii viii CONTENTS The Terms of a Modus Vivendi 36 The Thirty Years War, Europe, and the Habsburg Borders 39 Reconquering Hungary 44 Subduing the Hungarians 53 Sealing a Hegemony 55 Chapter 3: Creating a State 59 A Dynasty at Risk 59 The Unlikely Empress 63 New Threats From Abroad 64 Worrisome Frontiers, 1763–80 66 Survival Through Reform, 1740–80 67 The Limits of Collaboration, 1780–90 80 Traces of the Future 86 Chapter 4: Holding the Center 89 Rescuing the Habsburg Monarchy from Within 89 An Old Empire and a New 95 One Dynasty, One People 102 The Dynasty Reasserts Itself 106 Chapter 5: Revolution: Text and Subtext 113 Some Steps Toward Recovery 113 Accumulating Grievances, 1815–48 116 Revolutions and Counter-Revolution 128 Chapter 6: From One to Many 139 Hints of Former Connections 139 A Culture Accessible to All 140 Accommodation to Diversity: Education, Language, and Dynastic Interest 147 From Vernacular to Particular: The Austrian Example 149 From National Language to National Culture: Italy 158 From National Language to National Culture: Hungary 161 From National Language to National Culture: Bohemia 163 The One Now Many 166 CONTENTS ix A Summary Afterword 167 Notes 171 Bibliography 194 Index 211 Acknowledgements I am grateful for the opportunity to thank the several people whose patient reading of this manuscript reminded me once again how much scholarship is a collegial enterprise. The insightful suggestions of Katie Arens, Karin MacHardy, Miriam Levy, Peter Judson, and Gabor Vermes improved the book in countless ways. As always, Edward Fichtner was gen- erous in both scholarly and technical advice and supremely tolerant of an often-distressed author. Whatever flaws the book has are my respon- sibility and mine alone. The author and publishers also wish to thank the following for per- mission to use copyright material: University of Washington Press, for the three maps from Historical Atlas of East Central Europe by Paul Robert Magocsi, © 1993. Reprinted by permission of the University of Washington Press. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first opportunity. x A Note on Style Dates of important figures in the history of the Habsburg empire appear after the first mention of their names. In the case of cities, countries, and other geographic locations, contemporary names are used, often fol- lowed by earlier designations that still appear in some of the literature. Commonly recognized English spellings – Vienna, Tyrol, Bavaria, for example – have been preferred to their German equivalents. xi COURLAND Map 1: Eastcentral Europe,c.1570 LIVONIA W BALTIC e s M t a DENMARK SEA e r n n i U D v S Smolensk C Nema n O Vilnius V Kaliningrad Y I (Wilno) P TT (Königsberg) O STE Gdansk` M E R DUCHY A LITHUANIA NI Hamburg A ROYAL OF Minsk - IA Bremen N PRUSSIA PRUSSIA Hrodna MECKLENBURG A R E (Grodno) M Elbe O P GREAT POLAND D Weser BRANDENBURG n ie a p n Berlin e s MAZOVIA r e Magdeburg D Poznan` Warta Pripet L Warsaw POLAND U Chernihiv S V i A s Leipzig Oder t T u l I a SAXONY A Wroclaw (Breslau) Fulda (Elect.) S SAXONY I Dresden L W (Duchy) E e S s t VOLHYNIA Kiev I e A r n (Kijów) B Bamberg u Prague LITTLE POLAND g BAYREUTH UKRAINE M Cracow Würzburg o r BOHEMIA a L'viv v GALICIA UPPER V a (Lwów) PALATINATE l t Brno a (Brünn) MORAVIA v a Z b Danube r HABSBURG ^ u c S Augsburg h o BAVARIA Y ut R Kosice he G A rn N (Kassa) Dniester Bu Munich Vienna Bratislava U g V H ' (Pozsony) l O L p e R AUSTRIA A I A Y R Salzburg Eger L O B Inn R E Siret R SALZBURG Prut S Buda Tisza JEDISAN T TYROL Y EMPIRE Debrecen R Iasiç I A Bendery SWITZ. CARINTHIA Cluj (Kolozsvár) MOLDAVIA Dr ava Bilhorod VENICE HUNGARY TRANSYLVANIA (Akkerman) CARNIOLA Zagreb Mohács BUDZHAK Venice IA Brasovç E T A (Brassó) O R R Sava C T PARMA Belgrade MODENA Ravenna S IZVORNIK WALACHIA I DIRE LUCCA Zadar EN Olt L BLACK M Morava (Zara) E I Florence ^ S A SEA BOSNIA L A S FLORENCE Sibernik Ç VIDIN Danube A (Sebenico) H I PAPAL A S Split HERSEK A R STATES D OTTOMAN^ (Spalato) Nis R NIGBOLU I A VULÇITRIN SOFYA T P Dubrovnik I Sofia N I R E C (Ragusa) Z (Sofya) M ISKENDERYE E M IR Kotor R KUSTENDIL a r i t s a Ç I Rome S (Cattaro) Budva N E Plovdiv A Vardar (Filibe) Edirne E Durrës OHRI N VIZE R Naples (Dirac) I Istanbul NAPLES ELBASAN D (Spain) E GELIBOLU Salonika Vlorë FILORINA - Iznik (Avlonya) (Selanik) AVLONYA Sakarya TYRRHENIAN SEA IONIAN ISLANDS YANYA EMPIRE TIRHALA (Venice) LI AEGEAN E - I MIDILLI L R A EGRIBOZ Palermo IONIAN K SEA Athens SEA Izmir SICILY (Spain) (Ateni) International boundaries MORA Boundaries of principalities, duchies and vassal states Provincial boundaries Sanjak boundaries, c.
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