Outline Lecture Six—The Cold War and the Arms Race Key Questions: 1) How Did the Cold War Originate? 2) How Did It Evolve

Outline Lecture Six—The Cold War and the Arms Race Key Questions: 1) How did the Cold War originate? 2) How did it evolve and expand in scale? 3) What were its global and domestic repercussions? I) The Origins of the Cold War a) Agreements with Soviets near the end of WWII i) Churchill’s “percentage agreement” with Stalin, Moscow 1944 b) The Race to Berlin i) Problematic location of Berlin in July 1945 (1) Allied miscalculation of the pace of Soviet expansion (2) Rapid Soviet expansion into Central Europe and Balkans ii) Four-power split of Berlin iii) Soviet tightening noose on Berlin (1) Berlin Blockade 1948-1949 (2) Berlin Airlift II) Policy of Containment a) Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech, Fulton Missouri, March 1946 i) Assure peace through “overwhelming sense of security” b) Truman Doctrine March 1947 i) US guarantee of support for all global efforts to resist communism ii) Echoes of Wilsonian self-determination? c) Marshall Plan 1948 i) Build up economies of Western Europe as buttress against Soviet expansion (1) Henry Luce’s “Internationalism of the people, by the people, for the people” ii) America as the “Good Samaritan” of the world d) Creation of the Two-Bloc system i) Creation of NATO 1949 ii) Creation of Warsaw Pact 1955 iii) US position in the world (1) Emerged as dominant economic and military power iv) Soviet position (1) Return of Trotsky’s Internationalism (2) Soviet need for buffer zone as security e) Symbol of Ideological Entrenchment—Berlin Wall 1961 i) Between 1949-1961, 3.5 million East German refugees ii) “Checkpoint Charlie” iii) Kennedy: “Ich bin ein Berliner!” f) Impact of Berlin on the Cold War i) Mays’ argument: (1) All Cold War decisions and confrontations shaped by the U.S. commitment to protect Berlin (2) The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 III) Cold War as Global Meta-narrative a) The Preponderance of Perception i) “What to Do When the Russians Come” 1984 (1) Each side’s perception of threat the other side posed shaped the Cold War ii) Soviet view vs. American view: b) U.S. “Isolationist” argument up to 1950 i) Korean War broke out in June 1950 ii) Signing of the Sino-Soviet Pact c) Fear of the Domino Effect i) “A defeat of free institutions anywhere is a defeat everywhere” NSC-68 ii) Seek victory mainly on the ideological front, not on the battlefield iii) Global repercussions—cold or hot? IV) Collateral Casualties of the Cold War around the World a) Within the Soviet Bloc i) Hungary 1956 (1) Imre Nagy—Policy of neutrality ii) Czechoslovakia 1968 (1) Alexander Dubcek—liberalization b) In Asia i) Korea 1950-1953 ii) Vietnam 1946-1954 (French) 1959-1975 (U.S.) c) Western Hemisphere i) Cuba 1959 (1) Fidel Castro and Che Guevara (2) Overthrow of Leon Baptista and his military junta (3) Bay of Pigs 1961and “Operation Mongoose” ii) Chile—Salvador Allende in 1970 (1) In 1973, overthrown by military coup with CIA support iii) Nicaragua—Sandinistas vs. Somoza in 1979 (1) US backed Contras in early 1980s iv) Wrong side of socio-economic reforms or national liberation struggles? V) The Pretext for an Arms Race—Consequences at Home a) Cold War Legacies i) National Security Bureaucracy under Truman (1) Creation of the CIA and the National Security Council in the Cabinet ii) Military-industrial complex iii) Allocate more national resources to arms buildup (1) http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/us_defense_spending_30.html VI) Eisenhower’s Prescient Warnings 1961 a) Already a fear that the arms buildup had gotten out of hand i) Military-industrial complex—too powerful, too fast ii) Is its presence still powerful today? b) Endangering the democratic process i) Potential for foreign and domestic policy to be dictated by defense industry ii) Lack of autonomy in academic communities due to federal funding VII) The Role of the Research University in the Arms Race—A Marriage of Convenience? a) Manhattan Project i) Los Alamos ii) Administered by Univ. of California on behalf of the Army iii) The pivotal role of Ernest Lawrence b) “Unnatural alliance” between a public university and the military? i) Arguments for a mutually beneficial arrangement ii) Problems with this setup? (1) “Special Committees” of UC Regents for oversight c) Intense rivalry for funding and for prestige i) Teller and Livermore in 1950s—second UC-administered radiation lab ii) Demand driving research or vice-versa? iii) Brief interruption of the Test Ban Treaty of 1958 d) Livermore and Los Alamos Today i) Campus protests against UC involvement in 1970s VIII) The Cold War and Domestic Education a) The Public-funded Research University not as “Ivory Tower” i) Not involved merely in “curiosity research” or pure learning b) The Legacy of UCSD i) UCSD campus established in 1961—height of Cold War ii) Heart of public and corporate research iii) Overall 2012 annual budget for UCSD .

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