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In a Concluding Discussion at the Conference on Radio Broadcasting

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In a Concluding Discussion at the Conference on Radio Broadcasting FINAL REPORT ON MEDIA STUDIES: SERBIA (1950s to present) EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Ljubljana. National coordinator: Igor Z. Zagar, Educational Research Institute, Ljubljana & University of Primorska, Koper Researcher: Andrej Pinter, Science and Research Center Koper, University of Primorska Project report prepared for EMEDIATE, WP2: “deliverable” D4. Project title: EMEDIATE: Media and Ethics of a European Public Sphere from the Treaty of Rome to the ‘War on Terror’. EU Sixth Framework Program, Specific Targeted Research Project, Priority 7: Citizens and Governance in a Knowledge-Based Society. Project no. CIT2-CT-2004-506027. EMEDIATE Report on Media Research – SERBIA FINAL REPORT ON MEDIA STUDIES: SERBIA (1950s to present) EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Ljubljana. National coordinator: Igor Z. Zagar, Educational Research Institute, Ljubljana & University of Primorska, Koper Researcher: Andrej Pinter, Science and Research Center Koper, University of Primorska CONTENTS 1. General introduction to the report .................................................. 5 2. The Serbian media landscape ........................................................ 7 2.1 Information sources on Media in the Socialist Yugoslavia .............. 7 2.2 Media landscapes in the socialist Yugoslavia (1950s to 1990) .......10 2.2.1 Press in the socialist Serbia ................................................10 2.2.2 Radio in the socialist Serbia................................................16 2.2.3 Television in the socialist Serbia..........................................20 2.3 Serbian media landscapes during the disintegration of Yugoslavia (1989 to 1991)............................................................................22 2.3.1 Serbian press (1989-1991) ................................................22 2.3.2 Serbian radio (1989-1991).................................................25 2.3.3 Serbian television (1989-1991)...........................................26 2.4 Present day media landscapes in Serbia (1992 to 2005) ..............26 2.4.1 Serbian press (1992 until present) ......................................27 2.4.2 Serbian radio (1992 until present) ......................................27 2.4.3 Serbian television (1992 until present) ................................29 2 EMEDIATE Report on Media Research – SERBIA 2.4.4 Word wide web in Serbia ...................................................32 3. Media studies on Serbian media (1950s to present).........................34 3.1 CEE Period 1..........................................................................34 Excursus on a study by Arnim (1968) ..........................................34 Excursus on a conference proceedings on radio (Sijan 1968)...........36 3.2 CEE Period 2..........................................................................38 Excursus on a report by Plavsic and Mavric (1990) ........................38 3.3 CEE Period 3..........................................................................39 3.4 EMEDIATE event 1 – October 1956 in Budapest..........................41 3.5 EMEDIATE event 2 – Building of Berlin Wall ...............................41 3.6 EMEDIATE event 3 – 1968 in Paris and Prague ...........................41 3.7 EMEDIATE event 4 – Fall of the Berlin Wall; reunification of Germany; international refugee crisis .............................................41 3.8 EMEDIATE event 5 – Second Gulf War.......................................41 4. “European values” in Serbian media studies ...................................42 4.1 Respect (and disrespect) of ethnic identity.................................42 “Media wars” before warfare or ethnic “homogenization” ................43 Us and “the other” during the Balkan wars in 1990s.......................45 Ethnicity and Europe .................................................................50 4.2 Pluralism...............................................................................51 Political pluralism of the Serbian media in the early socialism ..........51 Political pluralism of the Serbian media towards the end of the socialist era..............................................................................52 Pluralism of ethnic expression.....................................................52 Pluralism after the disintegration of Yugoslavia .............................55 4.3 Objectivity of media ...............................................................56 Objectivity of news after the break with Cominform .......................56 Objectivity and the disintegration of socialism...............................57 Objectivity, political pluralism, and the public................................59 5. Concluding comment...................................................................61 References: ...................................................................................63 Appendix 1 ....................................................................................70 Serbian media and media studies before 1950s ...............................70 Appendix 2 ....................................................................................79 3 EMEDIATE Report on Media Research – SERBIA Socialist conceptions of journalism, mass media, and public opinion ...79 Appendix 3 ....................................................................................89 Legal regulation of mass media in the socialist Yugoslavia ..............89 Journalists in socialism ..............................................................97 Foreign correspondents ........................................................... 106 Appendix 4 .................................................................................. 108 Comparative data on media landscapes in the socialist Yugoslavia .... 108 Appendix 5 .................................................................................. 112 Bibliography of the Serbian media studies (1950s to present)* ........ 112 Period 1 ................................................................................... 112 Period 2 ................................................................................... 115 Period 3 ................................................................................... 116 Appendix 6 .................................................................................. 120 Selective annotated bibliography ................................................. 120 4 EMEDIATE Report on Media Research – SERBIA FINAL REPORT ON MEDIA STUDIES: SERBIA (1950s to present) 1. General introduction to the report EMEDIATE project is aimed to investigate the way media, ethics and values overlap in the creation of a genuine European public sphere. It is assumed that debates in public (media) offer appropriate information on concerns of the emergent transnational space of politics, culture and society. It is also assumed that these overlaps between media, ethics, and values emerge differently (with different effects, with different histories, and with different social or political connotations) in parts of Europe. One part of this international project – specifically, the work-package W2 within which the present report was prepared – was deliberately devoted to the analysis of media studies within different countries of Europe in order to provide a view on media from media and mass communication scholars which has been developing since 1950s until the present day. Media studies were analyzed in order to find out how notions of Europe, European Union, European values and so forth were discussed, negotiated and represented by the media in respective countries. The present report focuses on one country specified by the consortium agreement: Serbia. This is a country which lies in the heart of the Balkan Peninsula at the South East of European continent. The country has had a turbulent history and still finds itself in a politically complex situation in the present time. Throughout most of the period covered in this report Serbia was a federal socialist republic of Yugoslavia; from after WW2 until 1990s. After the disintegration of the former federation, Serbian people found themselves thrown into a bloody warfare which spread in the territories of three former Yugoslav republics and one former autonomous region (i.e. Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Kosovo). For some time in the 1990s, also covered in this report, Serbia has been exposed to various international sanctions (diplomatic, political, and economic) and also to other restrictions. These sanctions were imposed on Serbia by the international community because, it is now clear beyond reasonable doubt, its political and military leadership continuously propagated ethnic tensions in the 1990s and also before; and because these tensions led to the use of violence. During the 1990s, Serbia was thus by the will of its leadership as well as by the popular support, involved in the use of armed forces in attempts to resolve political and ethnic conflicts. Complexity of its history and politics should also account for the specific features of media studies in Serbia. 5 EMEDIATE Report on Media Research – SERBIA Serbia is presently a constitutive part of the federal state Serbia and Montenegro and has recently expressed intentions to join the European Union. It is perhaps important to mention that other former republics of the socialist Yugoslavia (Croatia, Macedonia) also commenced these formal procedures and are thus, like Serbia, becoming foci of interest for the present day
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