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Herpetologists' League Herpetologists' League Phylogeographic Patterns in Kinosternon subrubrum and K. baurii Based on Mitochondrial DNA Restriction Analyses Author(s): DeEtte Walker, Paul E. Moler, Kurt A. Buhlmann, John C. Avise Source: Herpetologica, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 174-184 Published by: Herpetologists' League Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3893425 Accessed: 25/11/2008 13:21 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=herpetologists. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Herpetologists' League is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Herpetologica. http://www.jstor.org 174 HERPETOLOGICA [Vol. 54, No. 2 trial Vertebrates in the Neotropical Realm. Dr. W SHERBROOKE, W C. 1975. Reproductive cycle of a Junk, The Hague, The Netherlands. tropical lizard, Neusticurus ecpleopus Cope. in PARKER, H. W 1935. The lizards of Trinidad. Trop. Peru. Biotropica 7:194-207. Agric. 12:65-70. SILVA, J. M. C. 1995. Avian inventory of the cerrado PETERS, J. A., AND R. DONOSO-BARROS. 1986. Cat- region, South America: implications for biological alogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part II, Liz- conservation. Bird Cons. Int. 5:291-304. ards and Amphisbaenians (Revised ed.). Smithson- VANZOLINI, P. E. 1961. Bachia: especies brasileirase ian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. conceito generico (Sauria, Teiidae). Pap. Av. Dep. PINTO, M. N. 1994. Cerrado: Ocu- CaracterizaVao, Zool., S. Paulo 14:193-209. pa,Vo e Perspectivas (2nd ed.). Editora Universi- . 1966. dade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brasil. Sobre o segundo exemplar de Bachia PROJETO RADAMBRASIL. 1982a. Folha SD. 21 Cu- bresslaui (Sauria, Teiidae). Pap. Av. Zool., S. Paulo iaba; Geologia, Geomorfologia, Pedologia, Vegeta- 19: 189-192. Vao e Uso Potencial da Terra. Minist6rio das Minas VITT, L. J. 1982. Sexual dimorphism and reproduc- e Energia, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. tion in the microteiid lizard, Gymnophthalmus . 1982b. Folha SF. 21 Campo Grande; Geo- multiscutatus. J. Herpetol. 16:325-329. logia, Geomorfologia, Pedologia, VegetaVyo e Uso Potencial da Terra. Ministerio das Minas e Energia, Accepted: 29 June 1997 Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Associate Editor: Daniel Formanowicz, Jr. Herpetologica,54(2), 1998, 174-184 ? 1998 by The Herpetologists' League, Inc. PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN KINOSTERNON SUBRUBRUM AND K. BAURII BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA RESTRICTION ANALYSES DEETTE WALKER,' PAUL E. MOLER,2 KURT A. BUHLMANN,3 AND JOHN C. AVISE' 'Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA 2Wildlife Research Laboratory, Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, 4005 South Main Street, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA 3Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, SC 29801, USA ABSTRACT: We used restriction assays of mitochondrial (mt) DNA to estimate phylogeographic variation in two sister taxa of muid turtles in the southeastern United States. Extensive mtDNA variation characterized Kinosternon subrubrum and, to a lesser degree, K. baurii. Each of 26 mtDNA haplotypes from the 83 assayed specimens was localized spatially. Collectively, these mtDNA haplotypes demarcated four major matrilineal assemblages, each with a well defined re- gional distribution: a western group (A) in Missouri and Louisiana, a central group (B) throughout the Gulf coastal states, an eastern group (C) along the Atlantic coastal states north of Florida, and a southern group (D) in peninsular Florida. All assayed samples of K. baurii belonged to the mtDNA C assemblage. The two species in Florida are thus highly distinct in mtDNA genotype, but they exhibit minimal mtDNA divergence along the Atlantic coastal states. These findings raise questions concerning the evolutionary history and taxonomy of these two recognized species. MtDNA phy- logeographic patterns in the baurii/subrubrum complex are remarkably similar to those reported previously for two other southeastern kinosternids, Sternotherus minor and S. odoratus. Key words: Mud turtles; Phylogeography; Gene flow; Population struicture; Southeastern United States; Kinosternon. MUD turtles (Kinosternon) are semi- Ernst et al., 1994), a habit that may influ- aquatic organisms typically associated with ence patterns of inter-drainage gene flow slow-moving, often ephemeral waters such (Gibbons, 1983) and geographic popula- as shallow bayous, swamps, and ditches. tion structure. Sixteen species of mud tur- These turtles commonly are observed tra- tles are recognized in North, Central, and versing land (Ernst and Barbour, 1989; South America (Ernst et al., 1994), two of June 1998] HERPETOLOGICA 175 ***K. b auriit K. s. hippocrepis K. s. subrubrum K. s. steindachneri FIG. 1.-Map of the southeastern United States showing collection sites for mud turtle specimens (black dots, K. subrubrum; stars, K. baurii). The described range of K. baurii is to the east and south of the heavy line (i.e., the Atlantic coastal plain and all of peninsular Florida). which (Kinosternon subrubrum and K. er basin. The Florida mud turtle, K. s. baurii) occur in the southeastern United steindachneri, is confined to the Florida States. peninsula. The Mississippi mud turtle, K. Three subspecies of K. subrubrum cur- s. hippocrepsis, inhabits primarily western rently are recognized (Conant and Collins, Mississippi, Louisiana, and portions of Ar- 1991; Ernst et al., 1994: Fig. 1). The east- kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Intergrada- ern mud turtle, K. s. subrubrum, occurs tion is reported between these subspecies along the Atlantic coast from Long Island, where their ranges adjoin or overlap New York to northern Florida and west (Ernst et al., 1974; Iverson, 1977). The into the lower and central Mississippi Riv- striped mud turtle, K. baurii, occurs along 176 HERPETOLOGICA [Vol. 54, No. 2 the Atlantic coast from southern Virginia TABLE 1.-MtDNA haplotypes observed in Kinoster- to the Florida Keys (Ernst et al., 1994; non subrubrum and K baurii. Letters from left to right in the descriptions represent digestion profiles Lamb and Lovich, 1990; Mitchell, 1994). for the restriction enzymes BanI, Bcll, BglI, BglII, Most southern specimens of K. baurii DraII, EcoRI, Hindll, HindIII, KpnI, NciI, NsiI, display pronounced stripes on the cara- PvuII, StuI, and XbaI. pace and head, but these stripes ebb in Haplotype No. of northern specimens, which causes identi- code individuals Description fication difficulties with K. s. subrubrum, K subrl 3 CCCDCCCCCCCCCD a subspecies lacking such markings (Lamb, K subr2 3 CBCDCCCCCCCCCD 1983a,b; Lamb and Lovich, 1990). Prior K subr3 6 CBCDCCCCCDCCCC phylogenetic analyses based on allozymes K subr4 1 BBCDDCCCBDCCCC K subr5 1 CBCDCCCFCDCCCC (Seidel et al., 1986), karyology (Sites et al., K subr6 3 CBCDCCCCCCBCCC 1979), and morphology (Iverson, 1991) K subr7 2 CBCDBCCCCDCCCC suggested that K. baurii and K. subrubrum K subr8 1 CBCDBCCCCDCCDC are closely related sister taxa within the Ki- K subr9 9 BACCFCABBBEDCC nosternidae, but these studies were not K subrlO 2 AACCFCABBBEDCB K subrll 1 BACCFCBBBBEDCC designed to assess geographic variability K subrl2 3 BACCFCABBBEECC within either species. Here we examine K subrl3 1 DACDECGACAFCBC mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation within K subrl4 1 DACDECGADCFCCC and between geographic populations of K. K subrl5 1 DACDECDACCFCCC K subrl6 2 DACEECDACBFCCC baurii and K. subrubrum. K subrl7 2 BACBFCABBFEDCC K subrl8 5 BACCFCABBFEDCC MATERIALS AND METHODS K subrl9 16 CEDCEBEECCHCFC K subr20 1 BACGFCABBBEDCB Samples and Laboratory Procedures K baur2l 4 CBCDCCCCCCCACC We collected 64 specimens of K. subru- K baur22 1 CBCDCCCCCCCCCC brum from 32 locales and 19 specimens of K baur23 10 CBCDCCFCCCCBCC K. baurii from 11 locales (Fig. 1, Appendix K baur24 1 CBCDCCFECCCBCC K baur25 2 CBCDCCICCCCBCC I). The specimens of K. baurii from Florida K baur26 1 CACDCCFCCCCBCC were easily distinguished morphologically from K. subrubrum because they displayed the characteristic stripes on the carapace and head. Specimens of K. baurii from At- gested by 14 restriction enzymes (Table 1) lantic coast drainages had head stripes; following recommendations of the manu- their identification to species by Joseph facturer (Boehringer Mannheim). Frag- Mitchell was based on these morphological ments were radioactively end-labeled us- criteria. In addition, morphological species ing Klenow and 32P-labeled nucleotides, assignments were confirmed by application size-separated by electrophoresis through of the discriminant function analyses de- 1.2-1.5% agarose gels, and visualized by fined in Lamb (1983b),
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