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Balcanica Xxxvii BALCANICA XXXVII BALCANICA XXXVII, Belgrade 2007, 1–340 UDC 930.85(4–12) YU ISSN 0350–7653 SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES BALCANICA XXXVII ANNUAL OF THE INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES Editor-in-Chief DUŠAN T. BATAKOVIĆ Director of the Institute for Balkan Studies Editorial Board FRANCIS CONTE (Paris), DIMITRIJE DJORDJEVIĆ (Santa Barbara), DJORDJE S. KOSTIĆ, LJUBOMIR MAKSIMOVIĆ, DANICA POPOVIĆ, BILJANA SIKIMIĆ, ANTHONY-EMIL TACHIAOS (Thessaloniki), NIKOLA TASIĆ, SVETLANA M. TOLSTAJA (Moscow), GABRIELLA SCHUBERT (Jena) BELGRADE 2007 Publisher Institute for Balkan Studies Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Knez Mihailova /IV www.balkaninstitut.com e-mail: [email protected] The origin of the Institute goes back to the Institut des Études balkaniques founded in Belgrade in as the only of the kind in the Balkans. The initiative came from King Alexander I Kardjordjević, while the Institute’s scholarly profile was created by Ratko Parežanin and Svetozar Spanaćević. The Institute published Revue internationale des Études balkaniques, which assembled most prominent European experts on the Balkans in various disciplines. Its work was banned by the Nazi occupation authorities in . The Institute was not re-established until , under its present-day name and under the auspices of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. It assembled a team of scholars to cover the Balkans from prehistory to the modern age and in a range of different fields of study, such as archaeology, ethnography, anthropology, history, culture, art, literature, law. This multidisciplinary approach remains its long-term orientation. Volume XXXVII of the annual Balcanica is printed with financial support from the Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Serbia CONTENTS ARTICLES ARCHAEOLOGY. CLASSICAL STUDIES Vladimir P. Petrović, Pre-Roman and Roman Dardania: Historical and Geographical Considerations . Sanja Pilipović, Heroic Themes of the Trojan Cycle in Roman Funerary Art: Example of a Relief from Pincum . ANTHROPOLOGY. LINGUISTICS Tanja Petrović, Such Were the Times: Serbian Peasant Women Born in the s and s and the Stories of Their Lives . Iskra Likomanova, “People of My Life” (Picture of Socialization) . MEDIEVAL STUDIES Smilja Marjanović-Dušanić, Patterns of Martyrial Sanctity in the Royal Ideology of Medieval Serbia: Continuity and Change . Boško Bojović, Mont Athos, les princes roumains, Jean Castriot et la Tour albanaise (Arbanaški pirg) dépendance de Chilandar . Mirjana Tatić-Djurić, La Theotokos LYCNIA dans l’art et l’hymnologie HISTORY Ljubinka Trgovčević, The Enlightenment and the Beginnings of Modern Serbian Culture . Miroslav Svirčević, The Establishment of Serbian Local Government in the Counties of Niš, Vranje, Toplica and Pirot Subsequent to the Serbo-Turkish Wars of – . Milan St. Protić, Sources of the Ideology of the Serbian Radical Movement – . Dušan T. Bataković, Nikola Pašić, les radicaux et la « Main noire » : Les défis à la démocratie parlementaire serbe – . Vojislav Pavlović, La France et le programme yougoslave du gouvernement serbe . Ana S. Trbovich, Nation-building under the Austro-Hungarian Sceptre: Croato-Serb Antagonism and Cooperation . Alexis Troude, Les relations franco-serbes au sein de l’Armée d’Orient – . Traian Sandu, Les relations roumano-serbes et la question du Banat durant la Première Guerre mondiale . Saša Mišić, Serbo-Albanian Bank –. Jean-Paul Besse, L’éphémère Eglise orthodoxe croate et son prolongement bosniaque. Milan Ristović, L’insurrection de décembre à Athènes : Intervention britannique et réaction yougoslave (décembre – janvier ) . Gordon N. Bardos, The Balkans’ New Political Dynamics . Abstracts . REVIEWS Georges Castellan: Histoire du peuple serbe, éd. Dušan T. Bataković . Danica Popović: Branislav Todić & Milka Čanak-Medić, Manastir Dečani Aleksandra Davidov-Temerinski: New Jerusalems. The Translation of Sacred Spaces in Christian Culture . Veljko Stanić: Gábor Ágoston, Guns for the Sultan. Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire . Biljana Sikimić: A Small Dialectological Atlas of the Balkan Languages Annemarie Sorescu-Marinković: Development of Ethnic Structure in the Banat –, eds. Thede Kahl & Peter Jordan . Marija Vučković: Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence vs. Divergence, eds. Raymond Detrez & Pieter Plas. Aleksandra Kolaković: John R. Lampe, Balkans into Southeastern Europe: A Century of War and Transition . Miroslav Svirčević: Mark Mazower, The Balkans: From the End of Byzantium to the Present Day . Miroslav Svirčević: Richard J. Crampton, The Balkans since the Second World War . Miroslav Svirčević: Branimir Anzulovic, Heavenly Serbia: From Myth to Genocide . Vladimir P. Petrović Pre-Roman and Roman Dardania Historical and Geographical Considerations The Balkan Peninsula, in the south-east of continental Europe, with its abundant forests and mountains, and, accordingly, with remote and hard- to-reach places, for a long time was believed to be a barely accessible re- gion. However, the region is criss-crossed with valleys, such as those of the Morava, Vardar, Nišava, Timok, Ibar, Toplica and Drim rivers, opening up obvious directions of northward communication. The rivers, as if following a rule, cut narrow gorges in the rocks, connecting spacious and fertile basins. On the rims of the basins, mountain ranges often rich in ores offer a good raw material base for the development of metallurgy as well as impetus for trade. Hospitable fertile zones and other natural resources of the Balkans have attracted human communities from the earliest times. The Dardani, a pre-Roman people, had occupied the central areas of the Balkans from prehistoric times. The focus here being on the antique period of Dardania, the ethnogenesis of the Dardani will not be dealt with. Terminus post quem The central part of the Balkan Peninsula, with the basin of Niš (Roman Naissus) in its midst, is criss-crossed with natural communications the courses of which follow some geological constants both longitudinally and transversally. The most important longi- tudinal courses have been the valleys of the Morava and the Marica rivers, on the one side, and those of the Morava and the Vardar, on the other. The main transversal com- munication was between Scutari, the basin of Kosovo and Metohija and the Morava, as the most convenient natural connection between the interior and the Adriatic coast. A series of depressions, separated by low barriers between the mentioned three areas of this important route, together with the valley of the Drim river, made a clear line of communication. With all the advantages of the configuration taken into account, it be- comes obvious that the transportation of goods and persons have followed the courses outlined above from early prehistoric times, antiquity and the Middle Ages to modern times. On natural communications in the central Balkans, see Cvijić , -. For the area of proto-Dardanian and pre-Dardanian material culture, see Tasić , -. Balcanica XXXVII for this paper will be the time when Greek authors first took interest in the Dardani, an already formed people established in a territory they were to inhabit throughout antiquity. I believe it important at this point to suggest that this paper should be seen as an attempt to shed some light, from sev- eral perspectives, on the complex issue of the Dardani and their society in antiquity, and on their integration into the territorial and social framework of the Roman Empire. Historical developments prior to Dardania’s inclu- sion into the Roman Empire will be looked at, as well as the question of identifying the boundaries and character of the Dardanian areas within the Roman administrative organization. Special attention will be paid to the ways in which the establishment of Roman rule affected the development of Dardanian society, economy, settlement and communications. Meth- odologically, the approach to the subject will be based on different classes of material, from the available literary sources and epigraphic evidence to some valuable results of archaeological research. The earliest reference to the Dardani can be found in Justin, list- ing the tribes forced by Philip II to recognize the supreme power of the Macedonians, as suggested by Fanula Papazoglu. During the wars of the Diadochi, at the time Lysimachus created his empire, from to B.C., the Dardani seem to have evaded Macedonian rule, and very soon they became a constant threat on the northern borders of Macedonia. More im- portant references to the Dardani in the sources date from the times of the great Celtic invasion, B.C., when the Dardanian land was overrun by numerous Celtic tribes on their campaigns aimed at looting the treasuries of Greek temples. The Roman historian Livy gives the following account of these events: A large and mighty crowd of the Gauls, goaded on by the poverty of their land or the desire to plunder, thinking that none of the peoples whose ter- ritories they had to pass could rival their power in arms, led by Brennus, came to Dardania. The Dardanian king, whose name, unfortunately, was not re- corded, offered the Macedonian king Ptolemy Keraunos his , soldiers to counteract the invading Celts. Keraunos declined disdainfully the offer of his barbarian enemy, somewhat underestimating the strength of the Celtic warriors, and he himself died fighting them. It is a well-known fact that the Celts were eventually stopped and defeated
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