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Serbia and the Serbian Rebellion in Croatia (1990-1991)

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Serbia and the Serbian Rebellion in Croatia (1990-1991) Serbia and the Serbian Rebellion in Croatia (1990-1991) By Harry Jack Hayball Thesis submitted to Goldsmiths College, University of London, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 Supervised by Professor Jan Plamper 2 Declaration All the work presented in this thesis is my own. Harry Jack Hayball Declaration 3 Abstract It is often suggested that the Serbian rebellion in Croatia in 1990-91 was orchestrated by Serbia, and, in particular, by its president Slobodan Milošević personally. Despite the popularity of this interpretation, however, the literature on the break-up of Yugoslavia is yet to offer a focused study of Serbia's role in the descent into conflict in Croatia. Many sources that have become available in recent years remain unused. Through a critical and cautious use of such sources, including extensive interviews with participants in the conflict and contemporary documentation, this thesis aims to fill this gap in the literature and to update our knowledge of this important aspect of the bloody disintegration of Yugoslavia. Honing in on Belgrade's relationships with Serb political and military/paramilitary leaders in Croatia, as well as Serbia's direct involvement in and attitude towards the road to war, it concludes that the existing focus on Milošević's Serbia has been misplaced. Serbia's stance towards Croatia was hardline, but Belgrade's influence over the Croatian Serbs was limited and its direct involvement in events minimal. Milošević did not have a grand plan to orchestrate violence in Croatia, and the leaders of the Serbian rebellion in Croatia were fundamentally independent and autonomous actors, who, far from being Milošević's puppets, were often in conflict with him. The interaction between Croat and Serb nationalists within Croatia provides a strong explanation for the descent into conflict there, including its rapid militarisation. A partial exception is provided by the region of Eastern Slavonia, where factors such as the late onset of the rebellion made the region much more amenable to Belgrade's influence, though principally after the war had already begun. The findings of this thesis point to a need for re-assessment of the role of Serbia in the break-up of Yugoslavia. Abstract 4 Acknowledgements For all their advice, help, patience and support over the years, I would like to thank my parents, Mark and Jane, my supervisors, Jan and Jasna, and Christian and Gill. I would also like to thank all my interviewees for their time. Acknowledgements 5 Short Table of Contents Declaration...................................................................................................2 Abstract........................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements......................................................................................4 Short Table of Contents..............................................................................5 Expanded Table of Contents.......................................................................6 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations.........................................................9 Chapter 1: Introduction............................................................................11 Chapter 2: Jovan Rašković, the Serbian Democratic Party and the 'Serbian Question' in Croatia...................................................................42 Chapter 3: The Two Nationalisms Collide..............................................87 Chapter 4: The 'External National Homeland': Serbia and the Descent into War in Croatia..................................................................................158 Chapter 5: The Arming of the Serbs in Croatia...................................218 Chapter 6: Serbia and the Serbian Democratic Party.........................254 Chapter 7: Serbia and the Serbian Rebellion in Krajina: Martić, 'Frenki', 'Captain Dragan' and the 'Parallel Structure'......................295 Chapter 8: Eastern Slavonia...................................................................333 Chapter 9: Conclusions...........................................................................347 Appendices...............................................................................................353 Bibliography.............................................................................................374 Short Table of Contents 6 Expanded Table of Contents Declaration...................................................................................................2 Abstract........................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements......................................................................................4 Short Table of Contents..............................................................................5 Expanded Table of Contents.......................................................................6 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations.........................................................9 Chapter 1: Introduction............................................................................11 1.1. Literature Review.....................................................................................15 1.2. Sources and Methods...............................................................................35 1.3. Thesis Roadmap.......................................................................................39 Chapter 2: Jovan Rašković, the Serbian Democratic Party and the 'Serbian Question' in Croatia...................................................................42 2.1. Jovan Rašković........................................................................................46 2.2. Rašković's Colleagues..............................................................................60 2.3. Rašković’s Dilemmas: Between Secession and Compromise..................70 2.4. Conclusions..............................................................................................85 Chapter 3: The Two Nationalisms Collide..............................................87 3.1. A New 'Historical Agreement'?................................................................88 3.2. Collision...................................................................................................92 3.3. Background to the 'Balvan Revolution'..................................................105 3.4. 17 August 1990: The 'Balvan Revolution'..............................................113 3.5. Militarisation Entrenched.......................................................................125 Expanded Table of Contents 7 3.6. Negotiations Over the Security Situation...............................................134 3.7. Milan Babić: From Rebel to Witness.....................................................146 3.8. Polarisation Entrenched..........................................................................152 3.9. Conclusions............................................................................................156 Chapter 4: The 'External National Homeland': Serbia and the Descent into War in Croatia..................................................................................158 4.1. Serbian Policy Towards Croatia, 1989-90..............................................159 4.2. Serbian Strategy Towards Croatia, 1990-91...........................................176 4.3. The Role of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA)....................................193 4.4. Belgrade's 'Advice' to the Serbs in Croatia.............................................201 4.5. Conclusions............................................................................................216 Chapter 5: The Arming of the Serbs in Croatia...................................218 5.1. 'Frankie and Badger Go To War'.............................................................220 5.2. The Arming of the Krajina Serbs (Autumn-Winter 1990)......................225 5.3. The Shift to Arming (Spring 1991).........................................................233 5.4. The Arming of the Croatian Serbs (Spring-Autumn 1991).....................239 5.5. Moderates, Extremists and Militarisation...............................................248 5.6. Conclusions............................................................................................252 Chapter 6: Serbia and the Serbian Democratic Party.........................254 6.1. 'SDS' and 'SKH' Serbs............................................................................255 6.2. The First Serbian Unrest in Croatia and the Formation of the SDS........258 6.3. Rašković and Belgrade...........................................................................263 6.4. Babić and Belgrade................................................................................271 6.5. Serbia and the Sidelining of Rašković....................................................286 Expanded Table of Contents 8 6.6. Conclusions............................................................................................294 Chapter 7: Serbia and the Serbian Rebellion in Krajina: Martić, 'Frenki', 'Captain Dragan' and the 'Parallel Structure'......................295 7.1. Milan Martić: Belgrade's Man in Knin?.................................................297 7.2. Golubić, 'Frenki' and 'Captain Dragan'...................................................316 7.3. Conclusions............................................................................................332
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