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The Yugoslav National Army Role in the Aggression Against the Republic of Croatia from 1990 to 1992
The Yugoslav National Army Role in the Aggression Against the Republic of Croatia from 1990 to 1992 Davor Marijan ABSTRACT The essay analyses the role of the Yugoslav National Army (JNA) in the war waged against Croatia from 1990 to 1992. The author draws atten - tion to the fact that from the end of the 1980s, the JNA was an active party to the Serbian expansionist aspirations that gripped Yugoslavia after Titos death. The Armys role is chronicled from the point of Croatias democratisation in 1990 to its retreat in the spring of 1992, after having only partially executed the tasks that Serbian expansionist policy had dele- gated. Following the death of Josip Broz Tito in 1980, the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) entered the crisis-ridden 1980s. This decade was marked by incidents in Kosovo in 1981 and 1989, chronic economic crisis, and a rise in Serbian expan- sionist nationalism directed towards the federal state, which had been defined and formally adopted with the enactment of the 1974 Constitution. The Yugoslav National Armys involvement served to show that Serbian expansionist ideas had deeply affect- ed even that institution, in which Serbs dominated1, and which had *All afore-mentioned documents, unless otherwise specified, can be found in the pos- session of the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia. 1. Am omni-present characteristic of the Yugoslav National Army during the entire course of its existence is the uneven structure of national representation in its com- missioned officers corps, particularly among generals and higher ranking officer personnel. Prior to the war, Croatians in percentages comprised 12.6% of the Army population, which when compared with their representation in SFRYs population 143 NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE FUTURE 3-4 (2) 2001, pp. -
Croatia and “Ethnic Cleansing”
Croatia and “Ethnic Cleansing” Croatia and “Ethnic Cleansing” Akiko Shimizu Introduction There is a computer set up in the permanent Holocaust exhibition in London’s Imperial War Museum, in which, along with Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses and the mentally disabled, “hundreds of thousands” of Serbian residents of the “Independent State of Croatia” (NDH) are listed as victims of genocide. However, in the permanent exhibition dealing with genocide, the massacre of the Serbs earns no mention. It appears that the museum accepts the massacres as fact, but their displays are seemingly set up so as to attract little attention. As this style of exhibition demonstrates, while there are not many who do not know of Auschwitz, there are very few who know of “Jasenovac”. “Jasenovac” is the name for a system of incarceration chambers and concentration camps which existed in the “Independent State of Croatia”. After World War II, it was estimated that between 600,000 and 700,000 people died in this, the largest of the incarceration facilities in Croatia. In the 1990s too, the “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, a major German daily newspaper, gave an estimate of 500,000, while the Holocaust Studies Centre in Washington’s Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that “at least 250,000” Serbians were killed by the “Croatian authorities” between 1941 and 1943. 1) However, the Republic of Croatia, which gained its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, has not acknowledged this massacre. In April 1991 (the fiftieth anniversary of Germany’s invasion of Yugoslavia), Tudjman, who became later the first President of Croatia, declared the number of victims to be 30,000. -
Dostavili La@Ne Spiskove
U BAWOJ LUCI OTVOREN DESETI SAJAM AUTOMOBILA PRAZNIK ZA O^I I DU[U Bawa Luka Godina LXIV www.glassrpske.com 14. i 15. oktobar 2006. Broj 11.116, cijena 0,8 KM Strana 21. DOSTAVILIUNIVERZITETI U SRPSKOJ POKU[ALI LA@NE DA PREVARE SPISKOVE REPUBLI^KU VLADU Potra`ivawa bawolu~kog Univerziteta ve}a za 180 hiqada maraka od stvarnih... Oba univerziteta u Srpskoj nemaju ta~nu FOND Sindikat obrazovawa, nauke i evidenciju zaposlenih profesora i administrativnog osobqa, kulture Republike Srpske zatra- naglasio Anton Kasipovi} `io je od Ministarstva prosvjete i kulture da se u republi~kom bu- NA platnim spiskovima pojedi- {a obaveza da za period od januara Me|utim, ni{ta ne mo`emo preduze- xetu za sqede}u godinu planira no- nih fakulteta bawolu~kog Univer- do juna ove godine Univerzitetu u ti dok ne do|emo do ta~ne evidenci- vac za Fond za usavr{avawe i {ko- ziteta, koji su dostavqeni Vladi Re- Bawoj Luci isplatimo milion i 200 je zaposlenih profesora i admini- lovawe doma}ih kadrova. publike Srpske, odnosno republi~- hiqada maraka. Naknadnom provje- strativnog osobqa na oba univerzi- Na ovaj na~in bila bi napu{te- kom Ministarstvu prosvjete i kul- rom platnih spiskova do{li smo do teta - istakao je ministar Kasipovi}. na praksa dovo|ewa profesora sa ture, bilo je i nepostoje}ih qudi! S iznosa od milion i 20 hiqada mara- Republi~ki ministar prosvjete i strane, koji su do sada dr`ali pre- druge strane, Univerzitet u Isto~- ka. Potra`ivawa su, dakle, bila ve- kulture je rekao da sindikat mora davawa na univerzitetima u Bawoj nom Sarajevu nije ni dostavio svoj }a za ~itavih 180 hiqada maraka - jasno da precizira koje su realne Luci i Isto~nom Sarajevu. -
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, senior editor Gary B. Cohen, editor Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies A Scholars’ Initiative Edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert United States Institute of Peace Press Washington, D.C. D Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2009 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Second revision, May 2010. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars’ Initiative / edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-55753-533-7 1. Yugoslavia--History--1992-2003. 2. Former Yugoslav republics--History. 3. Yugoslavia--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 4. Former Yugoslav republics--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 5. Ethnic conflict-- Yugoslavia--History--20th century. 6. Ethnic conflict--Former Yugoslav republics--History--20th century. 7. Yugoslav War, 1991-1995. 8. Kosovo War, 1998-1999. 9. Kosovo (Republic)--History--1980-2008. I. Ingrao, Charles W. II. Emmert, Thomas Allan, 1945- DR1316.C66 2009 949.703--dc22 2008050130 Contents Introduction Charles Ingrao 1 1. The Dissolution of Yugoslavia Andrew Wachtel and Christopher Bennett 12 2. Kosovo under Autonomy, 1974–1990 Momčilo Pavlović 48 3. Independence and the Fate of Minorities, 1991–1992 Gale Stokes 82 4. Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995 Marie-Janine Calic 114 5. The International Community and the FRY/Belligerents, 1989–1997 Matjaž Klemenčič 152 6. Safe Areas Charles Ingrao 200 7. The War in Croatia, 1991–1995 Mile Bjelajac and Ozren Žunec 230 8. Kosovo under the Milošević Regime Dusan Janjić, with Anna Lalaj and Besnik Pula 272 9. -
Memorial of the Republic of Croatia
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CRIME OF GENOCIDE (CROATIA v. YUGOSLAVIA) MEMORIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA APPENDICES VOLUME 5 1 MARCH 2001 II III Contents Page Appendix 1 Chronology of Events, 1980-2000 1 Appendix 2 Video Tape Transcript 37 Appendix 3 Hate Speech: The Stimulation of Serbian Discontent and Eventual Incitement to Commit Genocide 45 Appendix 4 Testimonies of the Actors (Books and Memoirs) 73 4.1 Veljko Kadijević: “As I see the disintegration – An Army without a State” 4.2 Stipe Mesić: “How Yugoslavia was Brought Down” 4.3 Borisav Jović: “Last Days of the SFRY (Excerpts from a Diary)” Appendix 5a Serb Paramilitary Groups Active in Croatia (1991-95) 119 5b The “21st Volunteer Commando Task Force” of the “RSK Army” 129 Appendix 6 Prison Camps 141 Appendix 7 Damage to Cultural Monuments on Croatian Territory 163 Appendix 8 Personal Continuity, 1991-2001 363 IV APPENDIX 1 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS1 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE CHRONOLOGY BH Bosnia and Herzegovina CSCE Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe CK SKJ Centralni komitet Saveza komunista Jugoslavije (Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia) EC European Community EU European Union FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia HDZ Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (Croatian Democratic Union) HV Hrvatska vojska (Croatian Army) IMF International Monetary Fund JNA Jugoslavenska narodna armija (Yugoslav People’s Army) NAM Non-Aligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation -
Slobodan MILOSEVIC
IT-02-54-T p.370i7 j)3)",j--1>'~,s-Jsf- 2~ ..)I.o(.l~ 7.,'( THE ,INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL· FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA CASE NO.]T·02·54·T THE PROSECUTOR OF.THE TRIBUNAL AGAINST SLOBODANMILOSEVIC SECOND AMENDED INDICTMENT . 'i,.-I";·",; " Tht?,prqs~~tl,tor,pf.'!J1~.: lnt~mational Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, pursuant to lIer authority under Article 18 of the Statute of the,.:Wte.w,!-~ipJ1,".gq¥¥nal,Tribunal for the Fonner. Yugoslavia ("the Statute ofthe Tribunal") charges: . f· SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC" with CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, GRAVE BREACHES OF THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS, anq"VIQLAJ'~QNSi'\OF THE LAWS OR CUSTOMS OF WAR as setforth b~Io~:' .,.....' ." . .'-,~ THE ACCUSED: ",,~,,',,;\:.'.~,::qf~';>i;,<·::·,:~,"(-<\''-::''';)~,f.";{~(,::;,':, '",,:._:',:,,_,~ .;, ,_.~\_,,:-::~,;;;, ~;'<,' 1. .....' SJ,o'bO~MItOSEVI<;",sqn. of~vetoz;fU" ,Milosey~c,.':Vasbom on 2,Q,'f\»g4sti.J94l.iIl" :£>gz~evaq,jQipresfmkda~"Serbia~ ,,'In j964~,h~ ""'",,,,,~. ;;,:":"",,,,::t:.n-"'_'>-:~'.-,_.;,:i!·.\'.·' __ ':"~)';~":""'.'.""'" .,. '.' .. j-....'.' ...••' '" "".,' _'. ' ..• -' .•',.' ." .. , ...... ,., ,,',\ ", "'."'" gI;~~atedfrdm th~~<:l;W F"sulty, of the University of. B,el~ade. and began a career in management and batiking. Until 1978,~eI1eld·the'p()stsOf deputy director and later;g,eqeral< $f~~tOJ;",fit:rehnogits; arrlitjor oil company in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ("SPRY"). 1'llereaft~~fHr p,~~e pr,~§idtWtof'1J.~l?8r,a(ls~kaplcq (B,~l!.~Clf1,ka,~"Q,pe,Of., thelarg~st\bap,lfsm th~. SF?}X, aIJ9~~~e ~~l? ~t~l,:,l?~3,·" . ',_ ,'-':: >: ,:: J:~<, < ,I.:,:" ~::'-:: ',)j~i".') '\,••i "~{'" ';;,/,~,~> :"~: "",~ <,.iJ (;,"<,'."'l,',., \ .. ,/,; 2~ Slobodan MILOSEVIC joined' the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in 1959. In 1984, he beCame Chairman of the City Colllpljttee.of.the.League\of'Commtlnists ·ofBelgiade.In 1986, he was electedthait.Inan of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the IT-02-54-T p.37016 League ofCommunists of Serbia and was re-electedin 1988. -
Kontroverze I Manipulacije [The Jadovno Concentration Camp and the Šaran Pit: Controversies and Manipulations] (Zagreb: Hrvatski Institut Za Povijest, 2017)
Review of Croatian History 13/2017, no. 1, 229 - 275 Vladimir Geiger, Mario Jareb, Davor Kovačić, Jadovno i Šaranova jama: Kontroverze i manipulacije [The Jadovno Concentration Camp and the Šaran Pit: Controversies and Manipulations] (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, 2017) Summary In the aftermath of the Second World War, the destruction and human toll wrought upon the territory of Yugoslavia, including Croatia, was extremely high. According to all indications, in the Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska - NDH) the human loss was particularly high and tragic in the Jewish and Roma communities, as well as for the Serbs. The NDH used racial laws to determine how to deal with the Jews and Roma, while the Serbs were exposed to various forms of discrimination, persecution and violence. Furthermore, some victims of these perse- cutions and restrictive measures were Cro- ats who were declared enemies of the New Order of Europe and violated the interests of this model for the Croatian state. As shown by varied and numerous evidence, the repressive measures and sowing of ter- ror among the enemies and adversaries of the NDH and the German Reich resulted in high levels of human loss, numerous individual and mass murders, forced la- bour and concentration camps. Investiga- tions have revealed different, and for many events and places relevant, indicators, with possible minor deviations, concerning the scale of the systematic repression enacted against Jews, Roma, and Serbs, and also those who were considered to be enemies of the NDH’s “new order”. The question of fatality statistics from World War II in Yugoslavia, including Croatia, became one of the most important political issues in the conflict’s immediate aftermath and has remained so until today. -
February 13, 1992 Volume 4, Issue 4
February 13, 1992 Volume 4, Issue 4 His Excellency Franjo Tudjman President of the Republic of Croatia Radi ev Trg 2 41000 Zagreb Croatia Dear President Tudjman: The U.S. Helsinki Watch Committee is deeply concerned by reports of serious human rights abuses by forces responsible to the Croatian government and by individual extremists in Croatia. Our own investigations of these reports, conducted during a series of fact-finding missions to Croatia in the past year, indicate that many of these reports are well-founded. We call upon you to investigate the abuses enumerated in this letter and to punish those responsible for them. We call upon you to take immediate measures to ensure that such violations of human rights do not occur again. The abuses described in this letter include violations of the laws of war in the current conflict between Croatian and Serbian forces and the Yugoslav army, including the summary execution of civilians and disarmed combatants; the torture and mistreatment of detainees; arbitrary arrests and disappearances; destruction of civilian property and the killing of journalists covering the war. In addition to violations connected with the war, Helsinki Watch has also documented restrictions on freedom of expression and the press and interference with the independence of the judiciary. Finally, we are gravely concerned about the harassment, discrimination and rising violence against Serbs not engaged in the armed conflict in Croatia. Rules of War Violations in Croatia by Croatian Forces Violations of the rules of war are often committed by local police officers and members of the Croatian army1 in areas which are under heavy siege by Serbian forces and the Yugoslav army. -
Goran Hadžić
NOT AN OFFICIAL DOCUMENT CASE INFORMATION SHEET (IT-04-75) GORAN HADŽIĆ GORAN HADŽIĆ Indicted for persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds; extermination; murder; torture; inhumane acts; deportation and forcible transfer; cruel treatment; wanton destruction of villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity; destruction or wilful damage done to institutions dedicated to education and religion; and plunder of public or private property President of the Government of the self-proclaimed Serbian Autonomous District Slavonia, Baranja and Western Srem (SAO SBWS) and subsequently President of the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK). - Still at large Crimes indicted for (examples): Persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds; extermination; murder; torture; inhumane acts; deportation and forcible transfer (crimes against humanity) Murder; torture; cruel treatment; wanton destruction of villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity; destruction or wilful damage done to institutions dedicated to education and religion; and plunder of public or private property (violations of laws or customs of war) From 1 August 1991 until the end of June 1992, Goran Hadžić, acting individually or in concert with other known and unknown members of a joint criminal enterprise, planned, instigated, ordered, committed, or otherwise aided and abetted the planning, preparation, or execution of the persecutions of the Croat and other non-Serb civilian population in the SAO SBWS / RSK. These persecutions were based on political, racial or religious grounds and included the following: • The extermination or murder of hundreds of Croat and other non-Serb civilians, including women and elderly persons, in Dalj, Dalj Planina, Erdut, Erdut Planina, Klisa, Lovas, Grabovac and Vukovar. -
Trajectories of Croatian Jesuit Historiography Brnardic, Teodora Shek
From Acceptance to Animosity: Trajectories of Croatian Jesuit Historiography Brnardic, Teodora Shek Teodora Shek Brnardić [email protected] Last modified: March 2018 Introduction The emergence of a Croatian historiography of the Society of Jesus took place in the often virulently anti-Jesuit and anti-clerical atmosphere that was prevalent in Croatia in the second half of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. This period represented a historical crisis for the Jesuit order in Croatia, one that provoked controversies that were largely absent in the pre-suppression period, unlike in many other countries where such disputes had existed ever since the sixteenth century. In 1932, Miroslav Vanino, S.J. (1879–1965) launched a scholarly journal entitled Vrela i prinosi: Zbornik za povijest isusovačkog reda u hrvatskim krajevima (Sources and contributions: Collected papers on the history of the Jesuit order in the Croatian lands),1 which marked a turning point in the creation of a Croatian Jesuit historiography. In doing so, Vanino intended to revise the prevailing view of the pre-suppression Jesuits, who were often accused of behaving in an “anti-national” way. This latter view had become widespread among the educated Croatian elite, particularly during the Austro-Hungarian fin-de-siècle. Vanino’s journal accordingly sought to correct this politically biased interpretation of the Jesuits’ role in Croatian history with articles written by both Jesuit and non-Jesuit contributors.2 The journal would provide the foundation for a source-based, critical history of the Society of Jesus in the Croatian lands and of its relations with the Croats. -
Extensions of Remarks
17368 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 27, 1993 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS CAMPAIGN OF POLITICAL REPRES Our concern in this message is with the (a) discussed at a meeting of the Central SION CONTINUES AGAINST CRO quality of freedom and the quality of justice Committee of the ruling CDU party, with ATIAN PARLIAMENT OPPOSITION in Croatia. We note that Paraga has suffered President Tudjman presiding. The Central in the jails of the former Communist Yugo Committee has declared that it "considers LEADER, DOBROSLAV PARAGA slavia. Today in Serbia, Mr. Vuk Draskovic the attacks by some individuals in opposi is being tormented and charged on the iden tion circles, not part of the regular partisan HON. JAMFS A. TRAACANT, JR. tical accusation of trying to overthrow the disputes but rather aggressive attacks not OF OHIO Government by violence, when in fact all of only against President Tudjman and the Cro IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the evidence is that Draskovic has proceeded atian Democratic Union but also against the by normal political means and that it is the foundations of the Croatian State." Tuesday, July 27, 1993 Government of Milosevic that has proceeded (Vecernji list, Zagreb, June 3, 1993) Mr. TRAFICANT. Mr. Speaker, I take this by political violence and illegality. We do (b) characterized by the Committee for In opportunity to update my colleagues on the not want the same thing to happen in Cro ternal Policy and National Security as high situation of Dobroslav Paraga, an opposition atia. ly treasonous and an offense against his par The burden of the evidence thus far indi liamentary oath to uphold the honor and member of the Croatian Parliament, who vis cates that the trial of Paraga is primarily a ited Members of Congress recently to share reputation of Croatia and its Parliament. -
Extensions of Remarks E375 EXTENSIONS of REMARKS
March 16, 1998 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD Ð Extensions of Remarks E375 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS DEMOCRACY IN CROATIA? massacres that local authorities had time to ``I doubt it will ever revive. They killed it to destroy some of the evidence. They also as- get very rich. This dirty money keeps them sert that the tribunal has not provided them in power. All we want is for them to pay for HON. EDOLPHUS TOWNS and their families with promised protection. their crimes.'' OF NEW YORK ``We do not understand what is going on,'' 2 BOSNIAN SERBS SURRENDER TO U.N. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES said Mr. Levar, who first met with tribunal BOSANSKI SAMAC, BOSNIA AND Monday, March 16, 1998 investigators last August in Gospic, 100 miles south of Zagreb. ``We have been brand- HERZEGOVINA, FEB. 14Ð(AP).ÐTwo Bosnian, Mr. TOWNS. Mr. Speaker, I rise to share ed traitors. We live under constant pressure. Serbs surrendered today to the United Na- with my colleagues an informative newspaper The police chief in Gospic and the local army tions war crimes tribunal, the first Serbian article revealing the unfortunate lack of commander are war criminals. What kind of suspects to do so voluntarily. progress towards democratic and human protection can we expect from these men?'' Driving their own cars, with officials from Christian Chartier, the spokesman for the the United States Embassy as passengers, rights in Croatia (documented recently in the tribunal, said in a telephone interview that State Department's Country Report). I also the suspects, Milan Silmic and Miroslav it was not the tribunal's policy to comment Tadic, left for Tuzia, where NATO-led troops want to express my deep sympathy and sup- on its investigations.