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Program Su Finansirali Program su finansirali: grad Obrovac, Srpsko narodno vijeće iz Zagreba, Zajedničko vijeće opštine Vukovar, Komesarijat za izbeglice i migracije Beograd, Fond za izbegla, prognana i raseljena lica AP Vojvodine, Savjet za nacionalne manjine Republike Hrvatske, Uprava za saradnju s dijasporom i Srbima u regionu. Sadržaj publikacije ne predstavlja odgovornost sponzora i ni u kom slučaju ne odražava njihove stavove. Sto godina srpsko-hrvatskih odnosa (1918-2018), dominantni narativi i kulture sećanja One Hundred Years of Serb-Croat Relations (1918-2018): Dominant Narratives and the Cultures of Remembrance CENTAR ZA ISTORIJU, DEMOKRATIJU I POMIRENJE – NOVI SAD UDRUGA ZA POVIJEST, SURADNJU I POMIRENJE-GOLUBIĆ (OBROVAČKI) NOVI SAD, 2018. SADRŽAJ Darko Gavrilović KREIRANJE ISTORIJE MRŽNJE; DOMINANTNI NARATIVI KAO POTENCIJALNI DISTRIBUTERI MEĐUNACIONANIH TENZIJA IZMEĐU SRBA I HRVATA 7 Aleksandar Stojanović KVISLING ILI SRPSKI HEROJ? LIČNOST I DELO MILANA NEDIĆA U SRPSKIM MEDIJIMA I DISKURSU U VREME TRAJANJA SUDSKOG PROCESA ZA NJEGOVU REHABILITACIJU 21 Vjeran Pavlaković CROATIA’S CONTESTED MEMORYSCAPE 37 Bruno Vignjević SLOJEVI SJEĆANJA: HISTORIOGRAFSKE KONTROVERZE ANTIFAŠISTIČKIH KOMEMORACIJA U BREZOVICI I SRBU 69 Dino Buljat HRVATSKO- SRPSKI ODNOSI U HRVATSKOM (ANTI)RATNOM FILMU- IZGRADNJA KOLEKTIVNOG IDENTITETA FILMSKIM INTERPRETIRANJEM POVIJESTI 79 Filip Škiljan IDENTITET I SJEĆANJE: PRIMJER SRBA U ZAGREBAČKOJ ŽUPANIJI 93 KREIRANJE ISTORIJE MRŽNJE; DOMINANTNI NARATIVI KAO POTENCIJALNI DISTRIBUTERI MEĐUNACIONANIH TENZIJA IZMEĐU SRBA I HRVATA Darko Gavrilović KREIRANJE ISTORIJE MRŽNJE; DOMINANTNI NARATIVI KAO PO- TENCIJALNI DISTRIBUTERI MEĐUNACIONANIH TENZIJA IZMEĐU SRBA I HRVATA Apstrakt Autor će u radu nastojati da predstavi neke od dominantnih narativa kojima se manipuliše u udžbenicima istorije u Hrvatskoj i Srbiji. Namera mu je da ukaže na njihove različitosti i istovetnosti, ali i na moć političkih zloupotreba njima i na nji- hov potencijal u mogućim sukobima u budućnosti. Ključne reči udžbenici istorije, dominantni narativi, istoričari, Srbija, Hrvatska Uvod Užas dvadesetog veka se ogledao u veličini dva svetska rata i sablasnom odjeku njihove razorne moći. Međutim, na Balkanu, dva rata nisu jedini obeležili strahote prošlog veka. Uz njih su se u krvi valjali još Balkanski ratovi, antisemitski progoni, aktivnosti fašističkih organizacija, blokovske podele, genocidi i konačno raspad Jugoslavije sa nizom ratova u trajanju od 1991 do 2001.godine. Činjenica da su bal- kanski 20. vek obeležili ratovi i ekstremne ideologije, raspadi dva carstva i nekoliko propalih država moglo bi da otvori pitanje da li je 20.vek na ovom prostoru trajao u stvari od 1912 do 2001.godine. Uz sve to, Balkan je doživeo brak nacionalizma i destruktivnih ekstremnih ideologija koji je iznedrio iz te svoje veze šizofreni svet mržnje i predrasuda. Na žalost, i danas su neki relikti prošlosti preživeli: političari koji se deklarišu kao borci za jednakost i pravdu nastavili su da građane svojih država tretiraju kao smeće; populističke vlasti zloupotrebljavaju vojske mrtvih iz ratova na prostoru Balkana, koristeći ih za sopstvene parade i promocije pri tome ne mareći za to što time raspaljuju mržnju i ostrašćenost; „sloboda“ i „demokratija“ postali su toliko puta od strane političara prežvakani izrazi da su sada kaša koju samo još „bebeći“ umovi sa slepom verom gutaju obožavajući svoje „vođe“. A te vođe su prošlovekovna zaostavština masovnih stranaka i ideologija koje su iznedrile čitav niz bezgrešnih predvodnika svojih „krda“. Nikada pre 20.veka na Balkanu to- liki milioni nisu imali osećaj da tako aktivno učestvuju u političkim dešavanjima. Razbudili smo genij koji je usavršio oružje stvoreno u 20. veku, otvorili smo oči za nove tipove oružja za masovno uništenje, i analogno tome, uspavali smo savest. 7 KREIRANJE ISTORIJE MRŽNJE; DOMINANTNI NARATIVI KAO POTENCIJALNI DISTRIBUTERI Darko Gavrilović MEĐUNACIONANIH TENZIJA IZMEĐU SRBA I HRVATA Ono što nismo uspavali to je da je novim političkim elitama, jednako kao i onima posledice stereotipizacija u međunarodnim političkim predstavama2. Međutim, u vreme jednopartijskih režima, ostavljena nepodnošljiva lakoća manipulacijama. problem nije bio u etiketiranju već u diskurzivnoj praksi termina. U njenom krilu, „Ne zaboravimo njihove zločine“, „mi smo bili žrtve“, „mi govorimo istinu“ česta ovi terminu su dobili ovakvo značenje i kao takvi su uobličavani na skupovima, su upozorenja koja se čuju na prostoru nekadašnje Jugoslavije i odnose se na ratove, u institucijama, šemama ponašanja, u tipovima prenosa i difuzije, u pedagoškim progone, etnička čišćenja i genocide koji su počinjeni u 20.veku. Ona dolaze sa oblicima koji ih u isto vreme nameću i održavaju. A da bi oni bili kao takvi kreirani svih strana, kako od nacionalnih lidera, političkih stranaka, verskih zajednica tako neophodan je bio čitav niz predradnji podstaknutih od strane regionalnih političkih i od strane javnih ličnosti ili intelektualaca. Poruke se prenose na pripadnike stra- i verskih elita koje su se prenele na medije i obrazovanje. Te predradnje su ukl- naka, vernike, čitaoce, na sve one koje politika taman toliko zanima da ne žele da jučivale sve ono što je trebalo da povezuje prošlost sa budućnošću i da u tom pov- budu aktivno uključeni u nju, i oni ih šalju dalje, ukorenjuju u svakodnevni govor ezivanju se nađe mesto za sadašnjost, ali takvu da samo služi kao transmiter između iz kojeg se sele u emocionalne okidače svih rasprava i razmišljanja o državama u prethodno dvoje, jer njen stvarni izgled brutalno i bolno odaje pravu sliku stanja u kojima živimo i konačno o nama samima. Postepeno kreiranje ovih i sličnih auton- društvima. Da bi se to postiglo kreirani su politički mitovi neophodni za kretanje acionalnih stereotipa o sebi i drugima podrazumeva nepotpisanu dozvolu tim istim mase u željenom pravcu, osim njih i dominantni narativi koji su ukorenjivani od političkim i verskim elitama da zaista zadrže svoje narode u prošlosti, da ih osude škola do političkih govornica i obavezna promena kulture sećanja koja je trebala da na nikad naučene greške i da ostanu večite žrtve, ali ne drugih, već sopstvenih prošlost, kao upotrebljiv i aktivan sadržaj, politički manpuliše u traženom smeru. političkih i verskih vođa. Širenju ovakvog načina razmišljanja pogoduju i međun- Njihova lakša percepcija, a potom i ukorenjivanje u javnosti, vršena je preko arodni politički činioci. medija. Od devedesetih 20.veka, nacionalističke vođe su njima manipulisale da bi Zbog gore navedenog ne treba da čudi zašto na početku 20.veka naziv Balkan dobile podršku za genocidnu politiku i stvaranje etničkih tenzija u regionu. U većoj ne označava samo geografski region, već ima pežorativno značenje kada je reč o meri ratna propaganda je raspaljivala mržnju i sukobe, a mediji kao agenti izgradnje mnogim društveno-političkim problemima koji se ne mogu rešiti ili koje društvo ni mira i poverenja uglavnom su tek dolazili posle krvavih obračuna i uz velike napore ne želi da reši. Tek od devedesetih godina 20.veka, sa izbijanjem ratova na prosto- pokušavali da donesu poverenje i stabilnost3. ru nekadašnje Jugoslavije, u međunarodni rečnik široko ulazi termin „jugoistočna Naročiti značaj imali su određeni medijski događaji vezani za politički upo- Evropa“, a posebno u hrvatskom i slovenačkom političkom rečniku reči Balkan, trebljive epizode iz prošlosti koji su do krajnjih granica manipulisani s namerom balkanizacija, Balkanac, dobijaju negativno značenje. Pojam balkanizacija je ušao da njihove poruke postanu neporecive nacionalne istine. Postupajući na taj način, u rečnik geopolitike i u užem smislu se odnosi na raspad jugoslovenske države, a u balkanske nacionalističke vlade su koncipirale medijske događaje kao kolektivne širem predstavlja proces fragmentacije ili podele nekog regiona ili države u manje akcije sa zadatkom da postanu kohezioni faktor formiranja „zamišljenih zajednica“ regione ili države koje su često neprijateljske ili nekooperativne jedna s drugom1. čija pažnja je trebala da bude usmerena na politički upotrebljive događaje4. U tom Tako se raspad Jugoslavije sa svim tragičnim posledicama, sa mržnjom decenijama smislu, oni su poprimili osobine savremenih javnih rituala jedne vrste moderne dužom od samog trajanja ratova, našao u rečniku geopolitike kao sinonim raspada nacionalne religioznosti, dirkemovski rečeno5 , usvajajući određene teme i slike, većih regiona i država koji za posledicu imaju razvijene i uspešno negovane predra- postali su ciklični izvršitelji osećaja kolektivnog identiteta, ekskluzivne zajednice i sude i stereotipe jednih o drugima. graditelji moralnih uverenja. Periodično, postali su glavni markeri izražavanja sol- Oba termina „Balkan“ i „jugoistočna Evropa“ prihvatili su i međunarodni politič- idarnosti prema ranjivim članovima zajednice, prema zajednički preživljenoj nes- ki faktori. Međutim, i pojedini među njima ih zloupotrebljavaju, daju im pežora- reći ili istorijskim pobedema, pri tome izvršavajući političke želje za buđenjem pat- tivnu komponentu, i to do te mere da bi drugi termin uskoro mogao da dosegne nje, saosećanja ili ponosa. Zbog toga je važno da prilikom izučavanja dominantnih „slavu“ prvog. Očito, etikete koj su se koristile u političkim diskursima za označa- vanje jugoistočnog dela Evrope s vremenom su se menjale, a svaka nova „oznaka“ 2 Vidi kod T. Petrovic, A Long Way Home: Representations of the Western Balkans in Political and bila je neka vrsta eufemizma za prethodni pojam, čiji je cilj bio da otkloni ideološke Media Discourses,
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