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Studies in Intelligence Nazi Studies in Intelligence (1999) Secret Trying To Warm Up the Cold War A Futile Fling With Sexspionage in Austria (S) Kevin C. Ruffner In his book on sex and espionage, Allen Dulles remarked, "I think it is DECLASSIFIED AND RELEASED BY David Lewis write.s that "sex and spy- worldwide. As long as there is sex, it ing have always been intimately is going to be used." 4 Dulles INTELLIGENCE AGENCY CENTRAL involved. Not only are prostitution refrained from discussing whether the SOURCESMETHODSEXEM PT ION 38211 and espionage two of the oldest pro- CIA used sex as a means of gaining NAZI WAR CR IMES 01 SCLOSORE AC1 fessions, they are also among intelligence, but he did admit that DATE 2007 mankind's most secret and covertly the CIA could not compote with influential activities."' During the the KGB for using sex as a bait for Cold War, the Warsaw Pact countries information. (U) used sex as a key weapon against Western targets. No longer the stuff In 1981, a veteran CIA officer com- of Mara Hari, the Soviet Union's KGB mented on the difficulties of using During the Cold War, and East Germany's Stasi in particu- sexual approaches with Soviet intelli- the Warsaw Pact lar took "sexspionage" to ncw limits. gence officers stationed overseas: The Communists trained male and countries used sex as a female agents, known as "ravens" and From what [little/ we have key weapon against "swallows," respectively, to attract learned around the globe, they are unsuspecting Western politicians, sci- not restrained by a puritan sexual Western targets. entists, intelligence and military ethic only recently dissolving in personnel, and even secretaries. Tak- The Wests efforts at Western society but their firnica- ing advantage of basic human sexual blackmail, vulnerabilities, the Russians and their tions and adulteries are, fir the however, proved allies used these "Romeo" operations most part, confined to the Soviet to extract some of the West's most colony. A man can sleep with a generally halfhearted sensitive secrets.- (U) colleague's wiR much more and unsophisticated. securely than he can have an Western intelligence services were not affair with an outside woman, yet oblivious to the fact that sexual most affairs on the record are with 99 entrapment was a two-edged sword single women. Some overt homo- that could also be used against the sexualt are kept on the payroll for Soviets. The West's efforts at sexual their obvious operational attrac- All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis blackmail, however, proved generally tions.. Being overt, they cannot be expressed in Studies In Intelligence are those of halfhearted and unsophisticated. The blackmailed fir their homosexual- the authors. They do not necessarily reflect official positions or views of the Central Pro fumo affair in Great Britain dur- ity. Sex and money are the main Intelligence Agency or any other US Government ing the early 1960s is the best known handles for the KGB": recruit- entity, past or present. Nothing In the contents should be construed as asserting or implying US attempt of a Western service to use ment offoreigners: Neither is an Government endorsement of an article's factual sexual attraction as a tool to entice a effective weapon against it. 5 (U) staternente and Interpretations. Soviet intelligence officer during the Cold War. The attempt failed, and The CIA, in fact, used sex infre- the ensuing scandal contributed to the quently as an intelligence too1. 6 In Kevin C. Ruffner is on CIA's History downfall of Prime Minister Harold contrast to media speculation and a Staff. MacMillan in 1963. 3 (U) few random cases that came to light during the Congressional investiga- CL BY: 2196985 When asked about sexual entrapment CL REASON: 1.5c tions in the 1970s, the Agency DECL ON: XI by intelligence services in the midst of found sexual entrapment to be DRV FROM: HUM 4-82 the Profumo scandal, former DCI difficult to manage and often Secret 43 Secret Sexspionage counterproductive. REDCAP, an We should know the characteris- trouble for political, criminal, or per- early CIA project aimed at inducing tics, habits, weaknesses, (whether sonal reasons; and the blackmail Soviet defections, demonstrated sex or alcohol), places of resi- approach. Cutouts could be useful some of the problems associated with dence, restaurants they frequent, for each of the four approaches. 1° (5) sexspionage. (S) shops they patronize, names and addresses of their secretaries and Sergei Lvovich Shebalin appeared to mistresses ifany. We should even- be an excellent candidate as a RED- REDCAP tually be in a position to find CAP cutout. The son of an admiral those in real trouble, who of them in the Russian Imperial Navy, Sheba- As US-Soviet relations became are fearfid of being recalled. lin attended schools in Leningrad and increasingly hostile by the late 1940s. Once we spot them, we can joined the Red Army in 1939. By the the United States realized that it approach them and win their time of his capture near Stalingrad in lacked intelligence about Soviet inten- confidence. We must first find 1942, Shebalin had been promoted to tions and capabilities in Europe. 'The out who of them are in mess, captain and commanded a battery of Iron Curtain made it even more chal- whether they be in embassy, con- rocket artillery. Spending only a brief lenging, to obtain information about sulate, or purchasing mission. time in German captivity, Shebalin the Soviets: In 1951. CIA launched Each must be dealt with on his became the adjutant to Andrei Vla- Operation REDCAP, "a systematic own merits, in accordance with sov, a Soviet general who raised the and concentrated program of penetra- his character, temperament, men- Russian Liberation Army (ROA) to fight with the Nazis against the Sovi- tion and defection inducement tal equipment, and background. ets. In this position, Shebalin was operations directed at Soviet official They must be approached indi- closely connected with Vlasov's installations outside the USSR." The vidually by our best trained men efforts to recruit Russians to take up new program, expanding on earlier ad who have all the imagination, arms against Communism. 11 (S) hoc efforts to recruit Soviets, had the personality, ingenuity, and lin- following objectives: guistic ability to contact these men after we have finind out all we • Agent recruitment in place for local possibly can about them. 9 (S) intelligence and counterintelligence coverage. Sergei Lvovich Shebalin • Agent recruitment in place for USSR coverage. I was not easy to approach Soviet • Immediate defection for intelligence officials in the early 1950s. lan- procurement. guage barriers aside, Soviets posted ahrrad distrusted Western motives anu were warned by their own secu- • Agent recruitment for return to the rity services to have no contact with USSR under official cover. Americans, in particular. To over- come these obstacles, the Agency • Immediate defection for employ- used "cutouts" and friendly liaison ment as an agent to be dispatched services as a means of establishing under illegal cover to the USSR. 8 IS) contact with Russians and other Soviet Bloc personnel. The Agency Sergei Lvovich Shebalin, 1954. CIA photo. The program focused on individual used four types of approaches: the (S) Soviets posted outside Soviet terri- "cold" approach; the approach based tory. especially in occupied Austria on information that the target desired In the spring of 1945, Shebalin barely and Germany. .k 1952 paper made to live outside of the USSR; the escaped from the Russians and sought the following observations: approach that the target was in refuge behind American lines.12 44 Secret Secret Sexspionage 6 6 Because of the high concentration of Soviet troops around Vienna, Shebalin avoided forced repatriation GRALLSPICE by the Americans to the Soviet Union the Agency expected where. no doubt, he faced certain that it could readily In January 1952, Headquarters death For his anti-Communist, pro- exploit the citys approved Vienna Operations Base's Nazi activities) ." He moved around proposal to use Shebalin in its RED- southern Germany using various underworld CAP program and gave him the new names and made his living on the connections. operational cryptonym of GRALL- black market.' 4 German and Ameri- SPICE. 2° The Agency backstopped can authorities arrested Shebalin as a Shebalin as a German national work- VCrhite Russian collaborator in 1945 9 ing in Vienna as a representative of a and again in 1946 for using several German firm purchasing surplus US aliases and having different identity preferred to go to Berlin because of Army materiel for resale in Ger- papers. The US Army's Counter his familiarity with the city during many. This cover allowed Shcbalin Intelligence Corps (CIC) also raided the war, was assigned the following to work with local black-marketers in Shebalin's house in Memmingen in targets: some minor money-changing deals •the fall of 1948. 1 ' (S) and to move freely about the city.21 His monthly Agency salary was $200 • Exploration of Vienna black-market plus 1,000 Austrian shillings. He lit June 1951, the Agency recruited channels for REDCAP possibilities. Shebalin as an agent to handle cross- received another 800 Austrian shil- border balloon operations in coopera- lings per month For housing expenses tion with a Russian emigre • Exploration of the Vienna under- as well as extra funds and supplies for organization in Germany. The world for possible REDCAP operational purposes. Shebalin's Agency observed that Shebalin "loves contacts. Russian wife, whom he married in adventure and interesting deals, loves 1947, remained in Germany with their young daughter because the the black market and plays it with • Spade work and contact man for spe- Agency felt that their presence in rare skill," and was "a combination of cific Austrians already in contact with Austria would harm Shebalin's cover.
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