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Nótári-Handling of Facts SCHENK View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository of the Academy's Library 1 Tamás Nótári Handling of Facts and Forensic Tactics in Cicero’s Defence Speeches Schenk Verlag Passau 2014 2 Table of Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 I. Order of procedure of penal adjudication in Cicero’s age ...................................................... 9 II. Homicide—murder of relatives, poisoning (Pro Roscio Amerino, Pro Cluentio) .............. 14 II. 1. Lawsuit of Sextus Roscius from Ameria ..................................................................... 14 II. 1. 1. Historical background of Pro Roscio Amerino .................................................... 14 II. 1. 2. Statutory regulation of the crime of par(r)idicium .............................................. 16 II. 1. 3. Handling the facts of the case in Pro Roscio Amerino ........................................ 19 II. 2. Lawsuit of Aulus Cluentius Habitus ............................................................................ 28 II. 2. 1. Historical background of Pro Cluentio ............................................................... 29 II. 2. 2. Applicability of lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis in Cluentius’s lawsuit ....... 32 II. 2. 3. The “charge” of iudicium Iunianum and bribe in court of justice ....................... 34 II. 2. 4. Handling the charge of veneficium ...................................................................... 48 II. 2. 5. Rhetorical tactics and double handling of the facts of the case in Pro Cluentio . 51 III. Election bribery (Pro Murena, Pro Plancio) ..................................................................... 59 III. 1. Lawsuit of Lucius Licinius Murena ........................................................................... 59 III. 1. 1. Historical background of Pro Murena ............................................................... 59 III. 1. 2. The order of election of consul es and ambitus – the role of associations .......... 62 III. 1. 3. Contentio dignitatis as rhetorical strategy in Pro Murena ................................. 69 III. 2. Lawsuit of Cnaeus Plancius ....................................................................................... 76 III. 2. 1. Historical background of Pro Plancio ............................................................... 77 III. 2. 2. Contentio dignitatis and patronus’ s auctoritas as rhetorical tactics .................. 78 IV. Crimes of violence (Pro Caelio, Pro Sestio, Pro Milone) ................................................. 90 IV. 1. Lawsuit of Marcus Caelius Rufus .............................................................................. 90 IV. 1. 1. A Bona Dea scandal—beginnings of the fight between Cicero and Clodius .... 90 IV. 1. 2. Historical background of Pro Caelio ................................................................. 94 IV. 1. 3. Ludi Megalenses as theatrical background of the lawsuit .................................. 96 IV. 1. 4. The “improvised” comedy as rhetorical strategy ............................................... 98 IV. 2. Lawsuit of Publius Sestius ....................................................................................... 105 IV. 2. 1. Historical background of Pro Sestio ................................................................ 106 IV. 2. 2. Cum dignitate otium – definition of fundamental political values ................... 110 IV. 2. 3. The basic values defined in Pro Sestio in De re publica ................................. 116 IV. 3. Lawsuit of Titus Annius Milo .................................................................................. 118 IV. 3. 1. Historical background of Pro Milone .............................................................. 119 IV. 3. 2. Lawsuit of Milo – Cicero’s narrative and Asconius’s description ................... 122 IV. 3. 3. Handling of the facts of the case in Pro Milone ............................................... 129 IV. 3. 4. The published version of Pro Milone – reasons for publication ...................... 131 IV. 3. 5. The motif of killing the tyrant as further development of lawful defence ....... 132 V. Caesar as judge and the injured party (Pro Marcello, Pro Ligario, Pro rege Deiotaro) .. 138 V. 1. Marcus Claudius Marcellus’s case ............................................................................ 138 V. 1. 1. Changes in the relation between Cicero and Caesar in the mirror of Corpus Ciceronianum ................................................................................................................. 138 V. 1. 2. The historical background of Pro Marcello and its place in Cicero’s philosophy of the state ...................................................................................................................... 142 V. 1. 3. Rhetorical tactic in Pro Marcello ...................................................................... 145 V. 1. 4. Sapientia Caesaris ............................................................................................. 150 3 V. 1. 5. Clementia and sapientia —alternatives of the Caesar image and Caesar’s self- image .............................................................................................................................. 153 V. 2. “Lawsuit” of Quintus Ligarius .................................................................................. 159 V. 2. 1. Historical background of Pro Ligario ............................................................... 160 V. 2. 2. Procedural issues of the lawsuit ........................................................................ 165 V. 2. 3. Pro Ligario as deprecatio .................................................................................. 167 V. 2. 4. Clementia Caesaris ........................................................................................... 169 V. 2. 5. The issue of legitimacy of Caesar’s power in the mirror of Pro Ligario .......... 171 V. 3. “Lawsuit” of King Diotarus ...................................................................................... 175 V. 3. 1. Historical background and procedural law awkwardnesses of Pro rege Deiotaro ........................................................................................................................................ 176 V. 3. 2. Shaping Caesar’s image as rhetorical tactics in Deiotariana ............................ 178 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 186 Lists of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 187 I. Abbreviations of Antique Sources .................................................................................. 187 II. Bibliographical Abbreviations ....................................................................................... 192 Indices .................................................................................................................................... 205 I. Index of Sources ............................................................................................................. 205 II. Index of Subjects ........................................................................................................... 249 4 Preface Quintilian wrote about Cicero: “…he was born as a gift of providence so that all power of rhetoric could manifest itself in him. Who can teach more profoundly, move deeper than he can; and has anybody ever had more enthralling grace? We might think that he achieves easily what he wrings out by force, and when by his enormous power he drives the judge to a direction contrary to his standpoint, the judge seems to follow him voluntarily rather than to be swept away by him.” 1 The present monograph intends to get closer to understanding the mechanism of operation of this impact by analysing ten pieces of the orator’s life-work more profoundly from legal and rhetorical aspects in terms of the lawyer’s handling of the facts of the case and rhetorical tactics applied by Cicero in these speeches. As they are oral pleadings and statements of the defence—since Cicero undertook to “represent” the charge only once in his career, in the proceedings against C. Verres—we have grouped the ten speeches according to the facts of the case that provide grounds for the charge, and (as a general rule that allows exception) the chronological order. The speeches given in defence of Sextus Roscius from Ameria in 81 2 and in defence of Aulus Cluentius Habitus in 66 were delivered in lawsuits brought by the charge of homicide— par(r)icidium and veneficium . These two speeches were made at the very beginning of Cicero’s career—as he established his reputation as an orator by Pro Roscio Amerino as a twenty-six years old young man—and in the first third of it (preceding consulship in 63); so, the former oratio shows great promise of becoming the master of rhetorical strategy and demonstrates his handling of the facts of the case now constituting an individual system, yet not free from certain exaggerations of a young man, and the latter one reveals the orator’s ingenious tactics, now
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