How Norms and Pathways Have Developed Phd Th
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
European civil actors for Palestinian rights and a Palestinian globalized movement: How norms and pathways have developed PhD Thesis (Erasmusmundus GEM Joint Doctorate in Political and Social Sciences from Université Libre de Bruxelles _ ULB- & Political Science and Theory from LUISS Guido Carli University, Rome) By Amro SADELDEEN Thesis advisors: Pr. Jihane SFEIR (ULB) Pr. Francesca CORRAO (Luiss) Academic Year 2015-2016 1 2 Contents Abbreviations, p. 5 List of Figures and tables, p. 7 Acknowledgement, p.8 Chapter I: Introduction, p. 9 1. Background and introducing the research, p. 9 2. Introducing the case, puzzle and questions, p. 12 3. Thesis design, p. 19 Chapter II: Theories and Methodologies, p. 22 1. The developed models by Sikkink et al., p. 22 2. Models developed by Tarrow et al., p. 25 3. The question of Agency vs. structure, p. 29 4. Adding the question of culture, p. 33 5. Benefiting from Pierre Bourdieu, p. 34 6. Methodology, p. 39 A. Abductive methodology, p. 39 B. The case; its components and extension, p. 41 C. Mobilizing Bourdieu, TSM theories and limitations, p. 47 Chapter III: Habitus of Palestinian actors, p. 60 1. Historical waves of boycott, p. 61 2. The example of Gabi Baramki, p. 79 3. Politicized social movements and coalition building, p. 83 4. Aspects of the cultural capital in trajectories, p. 102 5. The Habitus in relation to South Africa, p. 112 Chapter IV: Relations in the field of power in Palestine, p. 117 1. The Oslo Agreement Period, p. 118 2. The 1996 and 1998 confrontations, p. 134 3. The second Intifada, p. 145 A. The spread of boycotts in Palestine, p. 145 3 B. The route between Palestine and South Africa, p. 153 C. From the apartheid analogy to the BDS formation, p. 175 Chapter V: The world field of power and cases from Belgium and the UK, p. 220 1. Bourdieu in IR literature, p. 220 2. Boycotts from the Arab into the world field, p. 226 3. Relations in the UK route, p. 248 4. Relations in the Belgian route, p. 273 5. Early boycott campaigns after the BDS, p. 284 Chapter VI: Interactions with European actors at the UN-CEIRPP and WSFs, p. 293 1. The route of civil society at the UN Palestinian Rights Committee, p. 294 2. Relations at the World and European Social Forums, p. 312 3. Contesting rules of the game and doxa, p. 348 Chapter VII: Conclusion, p. 368 1. Pathways, p. 368 2. Norms, p. 375 3. Discussing pathways and norms in the new wave, p. 381 List of interviews, p. 395 Major cited websites, p.397 Bibliography, p. 398 4 Abbreviations Badil: 1 The Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights BDS: Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions BZU: Birzeit University CIHRS: The Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies The European Coordination Committees ECCP: The European Coordination of Committees and Associations for Palestine ESF: European Social Forum EU: The European Union Fateh: The Palestinian National Liberation Movement Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement HR: Human Rights ICJ: The International Court of Justice IR: International Relations Ittijah: Union of Arab Community-Based Associations (Coalition) MEWANDO: Middle East without Wars and Oppression Network (Coalition) Miftah: The Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy Oslo I Agreement: The Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements PA: The Palestinian National Authority PACBI: The Palestinian Academic and Cultural Boycott to Israel The Agricultural Relief PARC: The Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committees PCHR: The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights Al-Mubadarah: The Palestinian National Initiative PLO: The Palestinian Liberation Organization PNGO: The Palestinian NGOs Network (Al-Shabakah) PSC- South Africa: South Africa’s Palestine Solidarity Committee PSC: UK’s Palestine Solidarity Campaign Sangoco: The South African National Non-Governmental Organization Coalition SOAS: The School of Oriental & African Studies, the University of London 1 The Islamic Encyclopaedia’s approach is followed in writing Arabic letters in Latin, unless the name is commonly used in a different way of writing. Arabic words are written in italic. 5 TSM: Transnational social movements The Medical Relief UPMRC: The Union of Palestinian Medical Relief Committees (known later as the Palestine Medical Relief Society) UN: The United Nations The UN Palestinian Rights Committee(CEIRPP): The United Nations Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People UN-GA: The United Nations General Assembly UNISPAL: The United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine UN-SC: The United Nations Security Council The UN Durban conference: The United Nations World Conference against Racism WBGS: The Wset Bank and Gaza Strip WSF: World Social Forum 6 List of figures and tables Figure 1: the “Boomerang pattern” (Keck and Sikkink 1998), p. 14 Figure 2: the “boomerang effect” (Risse and Sikkink 1999), p. 15 Figure 3: “The process of norms socialization” (Risse and Sikkink 1999), p. 23 Figure 4: “Dynamic Multilevel Governance” (Sikkink 2005), p. 24 Table 1: The phases of sanctions in South Africa (Klotz 1995), p. 392 7 Acknowledgement I would like to thank my two advisers Prof. Jihane Sfeir at ULB and Prof. Francesca Corrao at Luiss Guido Carli University for following my research up with insightful comments and feedback, for being patient with me and- for the encouragement. I appreciate their advising. Besides my advisers, I would like to thank Prof. Christian Olsson who similarly provided insightful comments either from the field or in general. I had insightful discussions- with a humanist touch as well- with Professors Lieven De Cauter and Aakash Singh. My professors at the Université Libre de Bruxelles and Luiss Guido Carli University provided an excellent atmosphere to start the PhD study and engage in deep questions of theory and methodology. In addition to the scholarship and research quality, the erasmusmundus GEM PhD School provided not only the necessary scholarship but also an important atmosphere of multi- disciplinarity and pluralsim for PhD students from around the world. Prof. Mario Telo has always highlighted important issues in political science, international and multi-lateral relations. The presense of Frederik Ponjaert and Johan Robberacht from the GEM program has always provided an atmosphere of assurance. I have learned from each PhD colleague and enjoyed being part of this community. Without the continous discussions (and jokes) at the office, kitechen and corners of the Institute of European Studies at ULB or at ‘Gramsci room’ at Luiss University, the PhD experience would be dry. The list of names is long. Yet, one could not escape the bitterness felt due to the early death of our colleague and friend Filip Brkovic. I would also like to thank Prof. Abaher El-Sakka in discussing an early presentation of my research and providing valuable comments. Academics from BirZeit University were generous in openly explaining experiences related to the research. Many thanks go as well to my friends Yassir Munif and Daniel Genberg for the support, informal discussions and helping to edit parts of the thesis. Similarly, I deeply appreciate my friends’ efforts in editing- in a short period- parts of the thesis: Doris Summer, Lyne Jabri, Tanya Khouri, Abir Sasso and Nadine and Nathalie Bekdash. Of course, any language mistake is my responsibility. I like to thank each person from Palestine, Belgium, the UK and elsewhere whom I interviewed in this research for openely sharing experiences and perspectives. I hope that this thesis contributes not only to research on transnational movements in world politics but also to a better shared humanity. My family, in particular my mother, has always been a motivation to wonder.The presence of my partner Joude while doing the PhD is beyond thanking. 8 Chapter I Introduction 1. Background and introducing the research This research is generally related to transnational social movements (TSM) trying to affect international politics concerning the Israeli- Palestinian issue. More Particularly, the research seeks to understand the pathways and norms developed by a Palestinian transnational movement, which is active in Europe among other regions (South Africa, North & South Americas and India). The research also explores how the national sphere, the European polity, world politics, and transnational dynamics interact with the movement during the emergence of its norms and pathway(s). In diverse global initiatives for Palestine, non-state actors try to influence international politics. In International Relations (IR) theories, the state-centric conceptualization- such as the realist (and neo-realist)- has been challenged by diverse schools (i.e. by liberal and constructivist schools) in its concentration on states. The early hypothesis of the research suggested that the movement that the research focuses on shows signs of following a line of constructivist framework proposed by Keck and Sikkink (1998) in relation to transnational advocacy networks, where local non-state actors seek transnational and international pressure on Israel. At the same time, as firstly hypothesized, the movement is a Palestinian movement that has multiple pathways, which have made the model suggested by Keck and Sikkink open-ended for investigation with critical assessment and the search for appropriate theories to help understanding the emergence of a new Palestinian transnational movement. In fact, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)