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Table of Contents INSTITUT D‟ETUDES POLITIQUES D‟AIX-EN-PROVENCE UNIVERSITE PAUL CEZANNE Civil Society and State-Building in Palestine: Past Trends, Current Dilemmas, and Future Challenges Faced by NGOs La société civile et la construction de l‘Etat en Palestine : Tendances passées, dilemmes actuels et défis posés aux ONG THESE Pour l‘obtention du grade de Docteur en Science politique Doctorat Aix-Marseille Université Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Nasser ALI 2013 Sous la direction de Monsieur le Professeur Daniel-Louis SEILER JURY Eberhard KIENLE, directeur de recherche CNRS, PACTE, Institut d‘études Politiques de Grenoble (Rapporteur de la thèse) Stéphanie LATTE ABDALLAH, Chercheure à l‘Institut de recherches et d‘études sur le monde arabe et musulman (IREMAM-CNRS), Aix-en-Provence René OTAYEK, directeur de recherche au CNRS, directeur de l'UMR Les Afriques dans le monde, Sciences Po Bordeaux (Rapporteur de la thèse) Daniel-Louis SEILER, Professeur des Universités, CHERPA, Sciences Po Aix- en-Provence (Directeur de la thèse) i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOLEDGEMENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED Résumé de la thèse CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH 1.3. THE RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH 1.4. THE METHODOLOGY OF THE RESEARCH CHAPTER TWO: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON PALESTINE 2.1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF PALESTINE 2.2. THE BACKGROUND OF THE PALESTINIAN ECONOMY ON THE EVE OF OSLO 2.2.1. The General Background and the Impact of the Israeli Occupation 2.2.2. The Palestinian Economy: Current Dilemmas and Future Challenges 2.2.3. Palestinian Economy and De-development 2.2.4. Cantons, Enclaves and Bantustans 2.2.5. Conclusion 2.3. THE POLITICAL SITUATION OF PALESTINE 2.3.1. Palestine: From the Eve of the Occupation in 1948 to the Road to Oslo 2.3.2. Palestine on the Eve of the Oslo Accords 2.3.3. Camp David and the Second Intifada 2.3.4. The Gaza Attack and the Goldstone Mission 2.3.5. Conclusion 3. CHAPTER THREE : HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ON CIVIL SOCIETY AND NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 3.1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF NGOs 3.1.1. The Concept and Structure of Civil Society ii 3.1.2. Civil Society, NGOs and Their Controversial Role 3.1.3. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) 3.1.4. History of Civil Society and NGOs Worldwide and in Palestine 3.2. HISTORY OF NGOs AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN PALESTINE 3.3. THE ROLE OF NGOs IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES 3.4. NGOs AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 3.5. PALESTINIAN NGOs AND THE PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY 3.5.1. NGOs and the Rule of Law 3.5.2. The PNGO Network and the PNA 3.6. NGO-NGO RELATIONS AND THE DONOR COMMUNITY 3.7. THE HAMAS, CIVIL SOCIETY AND NGOs 4. CHAPTER FOUR: SURVEY OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF NGOs QUESTIONNAIRE‟S OUTCOME 5. CHAPTER FIVE: SURVEY OF THE NGO BENEFICIARIES QUESTIONNAIRE‟S OUTCOME 6. CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Annexes Bibliography and References iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Daniel-Louis SEILER, for his continuous support. Without his help, this work would not have been possible. Special thanks go to all my colleagues and the staff of the CHEPRA for their assistance and support. I owe my deepest thankfulness to my great Mam, my wife Amani, my sisters and brothers, and my daughters Lamis, Ola, and Nora for their encouragement and support throughout the course of the thesis, especially during the last years. It is a pleasure to thank my best friends and comrades in the Palestinian Civil Society and, especially, those who made this thesis possible - Samah, Soheir, Hala, Mohammad, Ashraf, Khalil, Ghassan, Karem and Saad - through their assistance in research and analysis. Lastly, I would like to express my special appreciation to all my friends in France and Palestine who helped me start and finish my Ph.D. research. I dedicate this Ph.D. dissertation to my mother, the comrades and the people of homeland Palestine. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED CESR: Center for Economic and Social Rights, New York CS: Civil Society CSO: Civil Society Organization DFID: British Department for International Development DOP: Declaration of Principles EC: European Commission EMHRN: Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network EU: European Union GDP: Gross Domestic Product GNP: Gross National Product HAMAS: Islamic Resistance Movement in Palestine HDIP: Health, Development, Information and Policy Institute HRW: Human Rights Watch ILO: International Labor Organization INGO: International Nongovernmental Organization Intifada: Palestinian Uprising Against the Israeli Occupation JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency KFW: Development Bank of the Federal Republic and Federal States (Entwicklungsbank) MONGOA: Ministry of Nongovernmental Organizations Affairs or Commission NGO: Non-Governmental Organization NNGO: Northern Non-Governmental Organization PARC: Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committees v PCHR: Palestinian Center for Human Rights PCS: Palestinian Civil Society PCSC: Palestinian Commercial Service Company PFLP: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PHDR: Palestinian Human Development Report PLC: Palestinian Legislative Council PLO: Palestinian Liberation Organization PNA: Palestinian National Authority PNC: Palestinian National Council PNGO: Palestinian Non-Governmental Organization POTs: Palestinian Occupied Territories PVOs: Private Voluntary Organizations SNGO: Southern Non-Governmental Organization UAWC: Union of Agricultural Work Committees UHWC: Union of Health Work Committees UN: United Nations UNLP: Unified National Leadership of Uprising UNRWA: United Nations Relief and Work Agency for Palestinian Refugees UNSCO: United Nations Special Coordinator in the POTs UPMRC: Union of Palestinian Medical Relief Committee USA: United States of America USAID: United States Agency for International Development WBGS: West Bank and Gaza Strip WB: World Bank vi RÉSUMÉ DE LA THÈSE 1 La Palestine est une région située à l‘ouest de la rivière Jordanie et s‘étendant jusqu‘à la Méditerranée, et du sud de l‘Egypte jusqu‘au Liban. Comme l‘évoquaient déjà les anciens Grecs dans leurs écrits, la Palestine faisait partie de l‘Empire romain. Elle a été une région distincte pendant des siècles et, était, en particulier, une province séparée des autres provinces syriennes au 10ème siècle, tout en étant la plus fertile de celles-ci. Vers la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale, la Grande-Bretagne occupa la Palestine. Le 29 novembre 1947, l‘Assemblée générale des Nations Unies approuva une résolution qui en vint à être connue sous le nom de « Plan de partition ». Ce plan instaurait un Etat juif indépendant au prix d‘une division de la Palestine en deux Etats séparés. De 1948 à 1949, l‘armée israélienne occupa une partie plus large de la Palestine que celle qui lui avait été allouée. Au lendemain du conflit militaire qui s‘ensuivit, la bande de Gaza passa sous contrôle égyptien et la Cisjordanie sous contrôle jordanien. Pendant la guerre de juin 1967, Israël occupa la Cisjordanie, la bande de Gaza et certaines parties des pays arabes. L‘Organisation de libération de la Palestine (OLP) et Israël signèrent une Déclaration de principes (DP) le 13 septembre 1993. La DP n‘était pas un accord de paix, mais un simple cadre pour faciliter les accords négociés dans le futur. Aux alentours de mai 1994, le retrait militaire de la bande de Gaza et de Jéricho eut lieu et un transfert rapide de cinq domaines de responsabilité civile (à savoir, l‘éducation, le tourisme, les services sociaux, la santé et la fiscalité) vers l‘Autorité nationale palestinienne (l‘ANP) fut mené. A la fin de l‘année 1996, l‘ANP contrôlait seulement des parties limitées de la Cisjordanie (les 6 principales villes) et environ deux tiers de la bande de Gaza. La Cisjordanie et la bande de Gaza couvrent, ensemble, une superficie de 6000 kilomètres carrés. L‘économie de la Cisjordanie et de la bande de Gaza a depuis cette période été, et est toujours, principalement orientée vers le secteur tertiaire. Une caractéristique frappante de cette économie est sa forte dépendance 2 à l‘égard de l'économie israélienne. Depuis la première Intifada jusqu‘aujourd‘hui, des dizaines de milliards de dollars ont été dépensés dans les territoires palestiniens occupés (TPO) sous forme d‘aide internationale au développement. Pour autant, le processus menant vers un Etat palestinien viable stagne, et ce pour une raison assez évidente : l'occupation impose des restrictions permanentes et si massives sur la vie quotidienne des gens ordinaires dans les territoires palestiniens occupés à travers des politiques de siège, de fermeture, et de blocus. En conséquence, l‘économie palestinienne souffre d‘une récession majeure et les palestiniens se trouvent au milieu d‘une catastrophe humanitaire continue. Vers l‘an 2000, la Palestine s‘était muée en un monde d‘apartheid dans lequel les Palestiniens se retrouvaient regroupés dans des bantoustans et privés du soutien politique international tant requis pour mettre fin à la colonisation israélienne. La stratégie implicite consistait à créer « des réalités sur le terrain » en prévision du statut final, mais le seul résultat tangible fut une mosaïque confuse d‘enclaves et de ghettos isolant les communautés palestiniennes les unes des autres. Le blocus et la fermeture séparant la Cisjordanie de la bande de Gaza et la fermeture plus étendue qui sépare aussi les communautés de Cisjordanie les uns des autres ont exacerbé cet isolement. Avant le processus d‘Oslo, l‘OLP était le défenseur légitime des droits nationaux palestiniens et d'un Etat palestinien. La déclaration de l‘OLP de 1988 a été approuvée par l‘Assemblée générale des Nations Unies et reconnue dans de nombreux accords bilatéraux avec l‘OLP sur la base d‘échanges diplomatiques. Le discours post-Oslo de déclaration d‘un Etat par l‘ANP et son inclusion dans l‘agenda des négociations démontrent à quel point l‘Autorité palestinienne a trahi les droits légaux palestiniens existants.
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