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Download/142/747 (Zugriff 3.1.2017) Andreas Kramer and Ritchie Robertson (eds.) Pacifist and Anti-Militarist Writing in German, 1889–1928: From Bertha von Suttner to Erich Maria Remarque London German Studies XVI Institute of Modern Languages Research School of Advanced Study · University of London Pacifist and Anti-Militarist Writing in German, 1889–1928: From Bertha von Suttner to Erich Maria Remarque edited by ANDREAS KRAMER and RITCHIE ROBERTSON Dieses Buch erscheint gleichzeitig als Bd. 102 der Reihe Publications of the Institute of Germanic Studies (Institute of Modern Languages Research School of Advanced Study · University of London) ISBN 978-0-85457-268-7 Umschlagabbildung: Bertha von Suttner. Aus Martin Maack, ‚Die Novelle‘. Ein kritisches Lexikon über die bekanntesten Dichter der Gegenwart mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Novellisten (1896). (Wikimedia Commons, gemeinfrei). Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar ISBN 978-0-85457-268-7 ISBN 978-3-86205-622-4 © IUDICIUM Verlag GmbH München 2018 Druck- und Bindearbeiten: ROSCH-BUCH Druckerei GmbH, Scheßlitz Printed in Germany Imprimé en Allemagne www.iudicium.de Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 7 Martin Ceadel Three Degrees of European Opposition to War: Anti-Militarism, Pacifi- cism, and Pacifism in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 14 Edward T. Larkin Alfred Hermann Fried’s Mein Kriegstagebuch: A Pacifist Encounters War 31 Barbara Burns Waging War on War: Bertha von Suttner as Writer and Campaigner 44 Steffen Bruendel Die Ambivalenz des Schreckens. Literarische Positionierungen zum Krieg vor und nach 1914 57 Catherine Smale ‘Auf uns sinken die Toten’: Anti-War Sentiment in Expressionist Women’s Writing from the First World War 77 Anke Gilleir „Lasst die Hand / Vom Schwerte“? Frauen, Gender und Krieg in Deutschland. Stimmen vom Rande 93 Deborah Holmes ‘… die Menschheit verdient ein Massaker ohne Ende’: The Warlike Pacifism of Grete Meisel-Hess 110 Günter Rinke Georg Kaiser und der Pazifismus 123 Lisa Marie Anderson The Meaning of Failure and the Failure of Meaning: Ernst Toller on Pacifist Language and Literature in Interwar Germany 136 Dagmar Heißler „Den Gefallenen des Weltkrieges“ gewidmet. Hans Chlumbergs Drama Wunder um Verdun 149 5 Table of Contents Frank Krause Family Virtues and Social Critique: Andreas Latzko’s Anti-War Prose (1917–1918) 160 Ingo Cornils The Politics of Conscience: Hermann Hesse’s Struggle with Pacifism 172 Malcolm Spencer ‘Eine Liebe ohne Schuhsohlen’: Robert Musil and Pacifism 187 Ritchie Robertson Alfred Döblin as Pacifist and Chauvinist: Die drei Sprünge des Wang-lun and Wartime Propaganda 199 Matthias Hennig Paul Scheerbart: Anti-Militarismus als Kosmo-Politismus 211 Metin Toprak Hans Paasche. Vom Kolonialoffizier zum Antikolonialisten und Pazi- fisten 226 Andreas Kramer Eine pazifistische Internationale. René Schickele und Die weißen Blätter 241 Elisabeth Attlmayr Anti-War Sentiments on Page 2: The Feuilleton of the Arbeiterzeitung and the Great War 254 Thorsten Unger ‚Auf den Weltkrieg muß der Weltfriede folgen.‘ Siegfried Balders Reclam-Tarnschrift Zwei Fragen (1918) 266 Matthias Uecker Photography, Propaganda and Pacifism – Ernst Friedrich’s ‘Krieg dem Kriege’ (1924) 280 Nicholas Martin War in Peace: Pacifist and Anti-War Writing in the Battle for Control of German Great War Memory, 1927–1930 292 Notes on Contributors / Zu den Autoren und Autorinnen 304 6 Introduction INTRODUCTION ‘Es lebte niemand mehr von denen, die den Krieg überstanden hatten, den man den Weltkrieg nannte’, runs the opening sentence of Alfred Döblin’s no- vel Berge Meere und Giganten (1924), which is set in the future.1 We are now in that future. The last British person to have served in the First World War – Florence Green, who joined the Women’s Royal Air Force in September 1918 – died on 4 February 2012; the last surviving soldier of the Central Powers, Franz Künstler, who enlisted in the Austro-Hungarian Army in February 1918, had died already on 27 May 2008.2 From 2014 onwards we have experienced a series of sombre anni- versaries, including the outbreak of the war itself, the sinking of the RMS Lusitania (1915), and the battles of the Somme and Verdun (both 1916). Our temporal distance has the advantage that, in the meantime, historical research has dispelled a number of myths surrounding the war. One of these is the ‘myth of 1914’: the claim that the German people as a whole greeted the outbreak of war in August 1914 with frenzied enthusiasm. Certainly some did. A famous photograph taken by Heinrich Hoffmann, later to become Hitler’s personal photographer, shows a huge crowd demonstrating its patriotism on the Odeonsplatz in Munich on 2 August 1914, the day after Germany declared war on Russia; it includes Hitler himself, his mouth open in a bellicose yell.3 Certainly many intellectuals, writers, and publicists supported the war en- thusiastically, sometimes claiming that the ‘Volk’ was united as never before. The eminent historian Otto von Gierke (1841–1921) wrote in August 1914: ‘Fast ausgelöscht schien zeitweilig das Einzel-Ich. Das erhabene Ich der vater- ländischen Gemeinschaft hatte Alleinbesitz vom Bewußtsein ihrer Glieder er- griffen. Da wurde der Glaube zur Gewißheit: Ich hatte den Volksgeist ange- schaut.’4 Research suggests, however, that the nation was far from unanimous. Public enthusiasm was at its height among the urban middle classes, 1 Alfred Döblin, Berge Meere und Giganten, ed. by Gabriele Sander (Düsseldorf, 2006), p. 13. 2 See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_last_World_War_I_veterans_by_country (ac- cessed 18 September 2017). 3 Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris (London, 1998), p. 89. The photograph, with Hitler circled, is reproduced between pp. 256 and 257. Kershaw does not share the doubts that have sometimes been raised about the photograph’s authenticity. 4 Der Tag (Berlin), 30 August 1914, quoted in Kurt Hübner, Die Wahrheit des Mythos (Munich, 1985), p. 352. 7 Introduction especially among educated youth. In working-class areas, in the smaller towns, and in the countryside the mood was more of foreboding.5 Too little attention has hitherto been paid to those who opposed the war and the culture of militarism which encouraged it. Opposition to war and mil- itarism has a distinguished German pedigree.6 The great landmark is Kant’s essay Zum ewigen Frieden (1795). Kant argues that just as self-interest had indu- ced human beings to join together in peaceful society, so self-interest, or the danger of destruction, will eventually induce states to join together in an in- ternational federation. This federation will be a Völkerbund or league of na- tions, something like the present-day European Union. When Kant published his treatise, early in a phase of European warfare that would last for some twenty-five years, it seemed hopelessly irrelevant. Yet, as Anthony Pagden has recently reminded us, its ideas underlie not only the interwar League of Na- tions but also the flawed but considerably more successful United Nations; Mikhail Gorbachev quoted from Kant’s treatise when accepting the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.7 The essays that follow explore opposition to war and militarism among a wide range of German-language authors in a period roughly defined by two international bestsellers: Bertha von Suttner’s Die Waffen nieder! (1889) and Erich Maria Remarque’s Im Westen nichts Neues (1928). We have not tried to include every writer whose work fits the topic. The conference from which these essays originated had a paper on Arthur Schnitzler which the author wished to publish elsewhere, while a paper on Stefan Zweig was offered but withdrawn.8 Karl Kraus’s monster drama Die letzten Tage der Menschheit (1922) has been the subject of magisterial interpretation by Edward Timms, and he and Fred Bridgham have also recently produced an English-language version – a task one might have thought impossible until they accomplished it.9 Kraus 5 Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 112–13. 6 For an introductory survey, see J. M. Ritchie, ‘Germany – a Peace-Loving Nation? A Paci- fist Tradition in German Literature’, Oxford German Studies, 11 (1980), 76–102. For an excel- lent account of the history of pacifist ideas and activism in Germany, see Karl Holl, Pazi- fismus in Deutschland (Frankfurt a. M., 1988). 7 Anthony Pagden, The Enlightenment and why it still matters (Oxford, 2013), pp. 313–14. Pagden gives a long and helpful analysis of Zum ewigen Frieden, pp. 293–314. For a critical history of international bodies, see Mark Mazower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea (London, 2012). 8 On Schnitzler and the War, see Adrian Clive Roberts, Arthur Schnitzler and Politics (River- side, CA, 1989). On Zweig, see Oliver Matuschek, Stefan Zweig: Drei Leben – Eine Biographie (Frankfurt a. M., 2006), pp. 129–38. 9 See Edward Timms, Karl Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist: Culture and Catastrophe in Habsburg Vienna (New Haven and London, 1986), pp. 371–402; Karl Kraus, The Last Days of Mankind, trans. Fred Bridgham and Edward Timms (New Haven and London, 2015). 8 Introduction has therefore not lacked attention, whereas a number of the authors discussed in this volume, such as Andreas Latzko or Hans Chlumberg, are still far from being household names. As well as drawing attention to
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