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Democratic Reform and the Position of Women in Transitional Economies Edited by Valentine M This is a rekeyed full text file of the volume Democratic Reform and the Position of Women in Transitional Economies Edited by Valentine M. Moghadam Originally published in 1993 by Oxford University Press the book is now out of print and the copyright has reverted to UNU-WIDER. File produced by Macmillan Publishing Solutions, Chennai WIDER Studies in Development Economics embody the output of the research programmes of the World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER), which was established by the United Nations University as its first research and training centre in 1984 and started work in Helsinki in 1985. The principal purpose of the Institute is to help identify and meet the need for policy-oriented socio-economic research on pressing global and development problems, as well as common domestic problems and their interrelationships. Democratic Reform and the Position of Women in Transitional Economies Edited by Valentine M. Moghadam CLARENDON PRESS • OXFORD 1993 Oxford University Press, Walton Street, Oxford 0x2 6DP Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi Kuala Lumpur Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland Madrid and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a trade mark of Oxford University Press Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © The United Nations University 1993 WIDER: World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER)—The United Nations University, Annankatu 42c, 00100 Helsinki, Finland All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. Within the UK, exceptions are allowed in respect of any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms and in other countries should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Democratic reform and the postion of women in transitional economies edited by Valentine M. Moghadam. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Women—Europe, Eastern-Congresses. 2. Women—Former Soviet republics— Congresses. 3. Europe, Eastern-Economic policy—1989——Congresses. 4. Former Soviet republics—Economic policy—Congresses. 5. Europe, Eastern—Politics and government—1989 Congresses. 6. Former Soviet republics—Politics and government—Congresses. I. Moghadam, Valentine M., 1952- HQ1590.7.D46 1994 93–37552 305.42’0947—dc20 ISBN 0–19–828820–4 13579 10 8642 Typeset by J&L Composition Ltd, Filey, North Yorkshire Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddies Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn FOREWORD The subject-matter dealt with in this book explores the implications of political and economic reform in the former state socialist countries with its main focus on gender-related issues. The chapters encapsulate the discussions and findings of a research conference that took place at WIDER in September 1991, organized by the book’s editor, WIDER Senior Researcher Val Moghadam. The questions pursued in those discussions covered a range of issues affecting the socio-economic and political status of women as a result of the ongoing process of reform in the former communist countries. The transition from a centrally planned system to a market-determined economy involves a painful adjustment process, especially in the short and medium terms. Before the reform process began, the centrally planned economies were notable for the relatively favourable position held by women in the matter of employment. Not only is the adjustment process resulting in substantial unemployment among the unskilled and semi-skilled of the working population—with the result that a larger proportion of women in the labour force are being deprived of their earnings in the short run—but highly educated women seem to be losing jobs as well. This book critically reviews the process of economic reform and demo- cratization in country-specific situations and highlights the consequent plight of women and other vulnerable sections of the population. Several chapters address the issue of women, employment, and social policies in Hungary, Bulgaria, East Germany, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Poland, and Russia; while others deal with the question of women and politics. One chapter compares and contrasts economic reform in the former state socialist countries with structural adjustment in developing countries. Now that the process is well under way and is an irreversible fact, can the rigours of its impact be mitigated through remedial measures? Can the provision of a general safety net, to take care of the situation arising out of the transitional unemployment, adequately meet the problems faced by the more vulnerable sections of the labour force and particularly women? What would be the international resource transfer implications of such policies? Will the dismantling of the old quota system guaranteeing a certain propor- tion of political representation to women lead to a decline in female participation in the process of governance in countries like the former Soviet Union? The research reported here seeks to answer these and other related questions in terms of the national, regional, and global contexts. The study of economic reform in the former communist countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union constituted a theme of a comprehensive WIDER-sponsored project on the transformation of centrally VI FOREWORD planned economies. This project focused on three main macroeconomic subject areas: stabilization; restructuring and liberalization of economic activity; and the resolution of external debt problems. By highlighting the social costs involved and their gender dimension, this book will complement the larger project and will contribute to the ongoing debate on policies of economic liberalization and reform. L AL J AYAWARDENA Director of WIDER 1985–93 CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix Introduction: Gender Dynamics of Economic and Political Change: Efficiency, Equality, and Women 1 Valentine M. Moghadam PART I: DEMOCRATIZATION AND WOMEN IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 1. Women and the Politics of Transition in Central and Eastern Europe 29 Sharon L. Wolchik 2. Democratization and Women’s Movements in Central and Eastern Europe: Concepts of Women’s Rights 48 Barbara Einhorn 3. Women in East Germany: From State Socialism to Capitalist Welfare State 75 Marilyn Rueschemeyer 4. The Transition to Democracy in Bulgaria: Challenges and Risks for Women 92 Dobrinka Kostova 5. Educational Attainment, the Status of Women, and the Private School Movement in Poland 110 Ireneusz Bialecki and Barbara Heyns PART II: PERESTROIKA AND WOMEN IN THE SOVIET UNION 6. Gender and Restructuring: The Impact of Perestroika and its Aftermath on Soviet Women 137 Gail Warshofsky Lapidus 7. Changes in Gender Discourses and Policies in the Former Soviet Union 162 Anastasia Posadskaya viii CONTENTS 8. Glasnost and ‘the Woman Question’ in the Mirror of Public Opinion: Attitudes towards Women, Work, and the Family 180 Valentina Bodrova 9. Comparative Study of Women’s Work Satisfaction and Work Commitment: Research Findings from Estonia, Moscow, and Scandinavia 197 Kaisa Kauppinen-Toropainen PART III: ECONOMIC REFORM AND WOMEN’S EMPLOYMENT 10. Women’s Economic Status in the Restructuring of Eastern Europe 217 Monica Fong and Gillian Paull 11. The Changing Economic Status of Women in the Period of Transition to a Market Economy System: The Case of the Czech and Slovak Republics after 1989 248 Liba Paukert 12. Economic Reform and Women: A General Framework with Specific Reference to Hungary 280 Gordon Weil 13. Gender Aspects of Dismantling the Command Economy in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland 302 Maria Ciechocinska 14. Bringing The Third World In: A Comparative Analysis of Gender and Restructuring 327 Valentine M. Moghadam Afterword 353 Lynn Turgeon Index 359 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS IRENEUSZ BIALECKI Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Institute of Sociology, Warsaw. VALENTINA BODROVA Population, Women and Family Programmes, Russian Centre for Public Opinion Research, Moscow. MARIA CIECHOCINSKA Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. BARBARA EINHORN School of European Studies, University of Sussex. MONICA FONG WID Regional Coordinator, World Bank, Washington DC. BARBARA HEYNS Department of Sociology, New York University, and Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Warsaw. KAISA KAUPPINEN-TOROPAINEN Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki. DOBRINKA KOSTOVA Institute of Sociology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia. GAIL LAPIDUS Berkeley-Stanford Program in Soviet Studies, University of California at Berkeley. VALENTINE MOGHADAM Senior Research Fellow, WIDER, Helsinki. LIBA PAUKERT Employment and Development Department, International Labour Office, Geneva. GILLIAN PAULL Department of Economics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. ANASTASIA POSADSKAYA MOSCOW Centre for Gender Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. MARILYN RUESCHEMEYER Department of Sociology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
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