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Backlash in Gender Equality and Women's and Girls' Rights

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Backlash in Gender Equality and Women's and Girls' Rights STUDY Requested by the FEMM committee Backlash in Gender Equality and Women’s and Girls’ Rights WOMEN’S RIGHTS & GENDER EQUALITY Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union PE 604.955– June 2018 EN Backlash in Gender Equality and Women’s and Girls’ Rights STUDY Abstract This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the FEMM Committee, is designed to identify in which fields and by which means the backlash in gender equality and women’s and girls’ rights in six countries (Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia) is occurring. The backlash, which has been happening over the last several years, has decreased the level of protection of women and girls and reduced access to their rights. ABOUT THE PUBLICATION This research paper was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality and commissioned, overseen and published by the Policy Department for Citizen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Policy Departments provide independent expertise, both in-house and externally, to support European Parliament committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny over EU external and internal policies. To contact the Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs or to subscribe to its newsletter please write to: [email protected] RESPONSIBLE RESEARCH ADMINISTRATOR Martina SCHONARD Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] AUTHORS Borbála JUHÁSZ, indipendent expert to EIGE dr. Enikő PAP, legal expert on gender issues, NANE Women's Rights Association National experts: Christiane Ugbor, Sophie Hansal (Austria), Dr. Gabriella Ilonszki (Hungary), Siusi Casaccia (Italy), Zuzana Maďarová (Slovakia), Laura Albu (Romania), Małgorzata Tarasiewicz (Poland). LINGUISTIC VERSION Original: EN Manuscript completed in June 2018 © European Union, 2018 This document is available on the internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/supporting-analyses DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. Backlash in Gender Equality and Women’s and Girls’ Rights CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 6 LIST OF MAPS 7 LIST OF FIGURES 7 BACKGROUND AND AIMS 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 GENERAL INFORMATION 13 COUNTRY PROFILES 19 AUSTRIA 19 1.1. Institutional, legal and policy framework for promoting gender equality and women’s and girls’ rights 19 1.2. Space for civil society – The situation of women’s rights NGOs 20 1.3. Education policy and gender equality 21 1.4. Preventing and combating violence against women; the status of the Istanbul Convention 22 1.5. Sexual and reproductive health and rights 23 1.6. Economic empowerment of women: employment, reconciliation of work and private life; social rights, care 23 1.7. Multiple discrimination and intersectionality 25 1.7.1. The situation of migrant and refugee women 25 HUNGARY 27 2.1. Institutional, legal and policy framework for promoting gender equality and women’s and girls’ rights 27 2.2. Space for civil society – The situation of women’s rights NGOs 29 2.3. Education policy and gender equality 31 2.4. Preventing and combating violence against women; the status of the Istanbul Convention 32 2.5. Sexual and reproductive health and rights 34 2.6. Economic empowerment of women: employment, reconciliation of work and private life; social rights, care 35 2.7. The effects of austerity and poverty 38 2.8. Multiple discrimination and intersectionality 39 2.8.1. The situation of Romani women 39 2.8.2. The situation of migrant and refugee women 40 3 Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ITALY 41 3.1. Institutional, legal and policy framework for promoting gender equality and women’s and girls’ rights 41 3.2. Space for civil society – The situation of women’s rights NGOs 43 3.3. Education policy and gender equality 43 3.4. Preventing and combating violence against women; the status of the Istanbul Convention 45 3.5. Sexual and reproductive health and rights 46 3.6. Economic empowerment of women: employment, reconciliation of work and private life; social rights, care 47 3.7. The effects of austerity and poverty 47 3.8. Multiple discrimination and intersectionality 48 3.8.1. The situation of Romani women 48 3.8.2. The situation of migrant and refugee women 49 POLAND 51 4.1. Institutional, legal and policy framework for promoting gender equality and women’s and girls’ rights 51 4.2. Space for civil society – The situation of women’s rights NGOs 53 4.3. Education policy and gender equality 55 4.4. Preventing and combating violence against women; the status of the Istanbul Convention 56 4.5. Sexual and reproductive health and rights 57 4.6. Economic empowerment of women: employment, reconciliation of work and private life; social rights, care 59 ROMANIA 61 5.1. Institutional, legal and policy framework for promoting gender equality and women’s and girls’ rights 61 5.2. Space for civil society – The situation of women’s rights NGOs 63 5.3. Education policy and gender equality 64 5.4. Preventing and combating violence against women; the status of the Istanbul Convention 65 5.5. Sexual and reproductive health and rights 66 5.6. Economic empowerment of women: employment, reconciliation of work and private life; social rights, care 67 5.7. The effects of austerity and poverty 68 5.8. Multiple discrimination and intersectionality 69 5.8.1. The situation of Romani women 69 4 Backlash in Gender Equality and Women’s and Girls’ Rights SLOVAKIA 71 6.1. Institutional, legal and policy framework for promoting gender equality and women’s and girls’ rights 71 6.2. Space for civil society – The situation of women’s rights NGOs 73 6.3. Education policy and gender equality 73 6.4. Preventing and combating violence against women; the status of the Istanbul Convention 74 6.5. Sexual and reproductive health and rights 76 6.6. Economic empowerment of women: employment, reconciliation of work and private life; social rights, care 77 6.7. Multiple discrimination and intersectionality 78 6.7.1. The situation of Romani women 78 REFERENCES 80 ANNEX 98 5 Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CEDAW United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Committee CEDAW United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Convention against Women CSO Civil society organisation EIGE European Institute for Gender Equality ERDF European Regional Development Funds ESF European Structural Funds EU European Union EU-28 total of the countries of the EU EWL European Women’s Lobby FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights GREVIO Group of Experts on Action against Violence against Women and Domestic Violence GDP Gross Domestic Product ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Istanbul Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against Convention women and domestic violence NGO Non-governmental organisation OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OSCE/ODIHR Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights SRHR Sexual and reproductive health and rights UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UPR Universal Periodic Review V4 /Visegrad 4 Countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia WAVE Women against Violence Europe Network 6 Backlash in Gender Equality and Women’s and Girls’ Rights LIST OF MAPS Map 1 : Percentage of persons who agree that sexual intercourse without consent may be justified in certain situations – EU-28 102 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Gender Equality Index in Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, 2015 12 Figure 2 : Gender Inequality Index in Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, 1995-2015 13 Figure 3: Better Life Index in Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia – Housing, Income, Jobs, Community 98 Figure 4: Better Life Index in Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia – Education, Environment, Civic engagement 98 Figure 5: Better Life Index in Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia – Health, Life satisfaction, Safety, Work-life Balance 99 Figure 6: Gender Equality Index power score – EU-28, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia 99 Figure 7: Gender Equality Index Share of power – EU-28, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia 100 Figure 8: Physical and/or sexual violence by a partner or a non-partner, and by a partner only since the age of 15 – EU-28, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia 100 Figure 9: Physical and/or sexual violence by a partner or a non-partner, and by a partner only in the 12 months prior to the interview – EU-28, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia 101 Figure 10: Percentage
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