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The Genus Calosoma Including Studies of Seasonal Histories, Habits, and Economic Importance Op American Species North of Mexico and of Several Introduced Species

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The Genus Calosoma Including Studies of Seasonal Histories, Habits, and Economic Importance Op American Species North of Mexico and of Several Introduced Species UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN No. 417 Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology 1.. O. HOWARD, Cliief Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER July 25,1917 THE GENUS CALOSOMA INCLUDING STUDIES OF SEASONAL HISTORIES, HABITS, AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OP AMERICAN SPECIES NORTH OF MEXICO AND OF SEVERAL INTRODUCED SPECIES By A. F, BURGESS, in Charge of Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth Investigations, and C. W. COLLINS, Entomological Assistant CONTENTS Page Page Introduction 1 Experiment to Determine the Climbing History of tlie Genus Calosoma .... 3 Habits of Calosoma Larvie 9 General Seasonal History of Species of Natural Enemies of Calosoma 10 tlie Genus Calosoma 4 Methods of Shipping Calosoma Beetles . 13 Number of Generations of Calosoma . 6 Methods of Bearing Calosoma Beetles . 14 Food Habits of Adults and Larvie of Calo- Classification of Calosoma 16 soma 6 General Remarks 20 Economic Importance of the Species of Descriptions of 38 Species of Calosoma, Calosoma •... 7 with Notes on Seasonal History and Limits on Increase of Species of Calosoma 8 Habits 21 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN No. 417 Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology L. O. HOWARD, Chief S^Pi^'^^u Washington, D. C. PROFESSIONAL PAPER July 25, 1917 THE GENUS CALOSOMA: INCLUDING STUDIES OF SEASONAL HISTORIES, HABITS, AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF AMERICAN SPECIES NORTH OF MEXICO AND OF SEVERAL INTRODUCED SPECIES. By A. F. BURGESS, In Charge of Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth Investigations, and C. W. COLLINS, Entomological Assistant. CONTENTS. Page. Page. Introduction 1 Calosoma perigrinator Guér 75 History of the genus Calosoma 3 Calosoma promincns Lee 78 General seasonal history of species of the Calosoma parviceps Casey 79 genus Calosoma 4 Calosoma lugubre Lee 79 Number of generations of Calosoma 6 Calosoma palmeri Horn 86 Food habits of adults and larvse of Calosoma. 6 Calosoma triste Lee 86 Economic importance of the species of Calo- Calosoma obsoleta/?î Say 87 soma 7 Calosoma semilaeoe Lee 90 Limits on increase of species of Calosoma 8 Calosoma simplex Lee 93 Experiment to determine the climbing habits Calosoma hapdeni Horn 94 of Calosoma larvae 9 Calosoma tristoides Fall 97 Natural enemies of Calosoma 10 Calosoma calidum (Fal>.) 98 Methods of shipping Calosoma beet les 13 Calosoma morrisonii Horn 106 Methods of rearing Calosoma beetles 11 Calosoma tepidum Lee 106 Classification of Calosoma 16 Calosoma auropunctatum (Payk.) 107 General remarks 20 Calosoma cancellatum Ksch HI Calosoma externum (Say) 21 Calosoma subaeneum Chaud 114 Calosoma macrum Lee 25 Calosoma moniliatum Lee 114 Calosoma protractum Lee 26 Calosoma chinense Kirby 114 Calosoma scrutator (Fab.) 26 Calosoma discors Lee 119 Calosoma wilcoxi Lee 38 Calosoma wilkesii Lee 120 Calosomafrigidum Kirby 44 Calosoma luxatum, Say 120 Calosoma inquisitor (L.) 54 Calosoma latipenne Horn 121 Calosoma sayi Dej 62 Calosoma aurocinctum Chaud 122 Calosoma sycophdnta (L.) 64 Calosoma dietzii Schaef 122 Calosoma reticulatum (Fab.) 67 Calosoma maximoiüiczi Mor 123 Calosoma angulatum Chev • "4 Calosoma splendidum Dej 123 INTRODUCTION. In 1905 an appropriation was made by the State of Massachusetts for the purpose of bringing to this country parasites and other natural enemies of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth. During the same year Congress made a small appropriation to provide for an investigation of the European parasites of these insects and the work was taken up by Dr. L. O. Howard, chief of the Bureau of Entomology. As a result of a cooperative arrangement made between Mr. A. H. Kirkland, then superintendent of moth work for the State of Massa- chusetts, and the Bureau of Entomology, the general supervision 54880°—Bull. 417—17 1 2 BULLETIN 417^ V, S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. and management of this work was placed in the hands of Dr. Howard and the appropriation by the State was made available for meeting a part of the expense of introducing, breeding, and disseminating such parasites as could be secured. This arrangement was continued after the moth work in Massachusetts was transferred to the State forester and the cost of importations, breeding work, and colonization of para- sites from the gipsy moth laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass., was jointly financed by the Bureau of Entomology and the office of the State forester, conducted by Mr. F. W. Rane. Owing to the con- tinued spread of the moths above mentioned, and the extension of the infested territory into other New England States, the problem becam.e interstate in scope and since December 1, 1911, the entire work has been financed by the Bureau of Entomology. A report has already teen pubhshed by Dr. L. 0. Howard and Mr. W. F. Fiske as Bulletin 91 of this bureau,^ relative to the parasite work, and in Bulletin 101 of this bureau a detailed account is given of the satisfactory results secured from the introduction and estab- Hshment, in New England, of Calosoma sycopJianta L., a predatory beetle imported from several European countries. Bulletin 251 of the United States Department of Agriculture, by A. F. Burgess and C. W. Collins, published in 1915, brings the data known about this predator up to that date. In connection with the importation of this beetle and of several other species of Calosoma secured from Europe and Japan, it was found necessary to make a thorough study of the seasonal history of the different species concerned, in order that the work might be carried on in an intelligent way. Some time has also been devoted to investi- gating the seasonal history and habits of some of the native species of this genus, as well as to determining the reason why they have not proved as helpful in destroying lepidopterous larvae as have the spe- cies imported from abroad. Many entomologists and curators of museums throughout the united States and Canada have sent full inforniation concerning the various species of Calosoma in the collec- tions in their charge, together with localities from which the speci- mens were secured. A considerable number have also forwarded beetles of this genus, and this has made possible an investigation of the habits of a considerable number of species that do not occur in New England. While it is impossible to mention individually all those who have so kindlj^ assisted in this work by furnishing live specimens or data, the writers wish to extend their thanks for the help which has been so freely given. Special acknowledgments are due to Dr. L. O. Howard, who has encouraged the work which has been carried on in this direction and made helpful suggestions from time to time; to Mr. W. F. Fiske for his continued interest and hearty cooperation; to Mr. E. A. Schwarz for examining and deter- mining material received from foreign collectors; to Mr. H. S. Barber and other assistants in the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, D. C, for collecting living material; to Dr. W. D. Hunter and the assistants in Southern Field Crop Insect Investigations of this bureau for similar collections; to Dr. W. M. Mann for the loan of his extensive collection of Calosoma; to Messrs. Kirkland, Rane, and many of the assistants engaged in gipsy moth and brown-tail moth 1 Reprinted as House Document 977, 62d Congress, 3d session. THE GEÎi^US CALOSOMA. 3 work in Massachusetts, for cooperation and support in carrying on the work which has extended over a period of several years; and to Dr. Henry Skinner, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, to Mr. Samuel Henshaw, curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge, Mass., and to Mr. Charles W. Johnson, curator of the Boston Society of Natural History, for the free consultation of the specimens in the collections of their institutions, as well as for many suggestions relative to the literature on this genus. Among the assistants at the gipsy moth parasite laboratory who have made possible the results which follow by carefully attending to certain phases of the work should be mentioned Messrs. S. S. Crossman P. H. Timberlake, K. W. Brown, C. W. Stockwell, J. J. Culver, J. v' Schaffner, jr., E. A. Proctor, F. H. Mosher, J. N. Summers, J. E. Dudley, jr., and C. E. Hood. The photographs and illustrations have been prepared by Messrs. W. N. Dovener, H. S. Barber, and H. A. Preston. HISTORY OF THE GENUS CALOSOMA. The oldest reference to any species of the present genus Calosoma that the writers have been able to trace is that of Kéaumur,* published in 1736. The legends describing the illustrations merely refer to the species treated as a ''scarab,'' which was a very general term for beetles at that time. The account of the larvse feeding in the nests of processipnary caterpillars and the admirable illustrations of the larvae, pupae, and adults refer to the well-known Carahus sycopJianta of Linnaeus, although without mentioning the specific name of the insect. This reference was later cited by Linnaeus 2 and subsequent writers, always in connection with Carahus sycopJianta. The genus Carabus was described by Linnaeus in 1758, or some time previous to that, as it appears in his tenth edition of ''Systema Naturae.^ In the list of species recorded appear sycopJianta and inquisitor with many others that still remain in that genus. The following descrip- tion of Carabus is taken from the foregoing publication. Carabus. Antennae setaceae. Thorax obcordatus apice truncatus, marginatus. Elytra marginata. Johann A. E. Goeze,^ in 1777, referred to sycopJianta as belonging to the genus Buprestis. A. F. de Fourcroy,^ in 1785, also included this species m the genus Buprestis, giving a short description and notes on its habitat. Johann Guseb Voet^ writes of Carahus in- quisitor as Buprestis sycopJianta minor, and later, in 1799, E.
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