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Ruzickova 2014 Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Přírodov ědecká fakulta Katedra zoologie a ornitologická laborato ř Bc. Jana R ůži čková Porovnání vlivu AEO "úhor" a "neošet řovaný pás" na carabidofaunu polí Diplomová práce v oboru Zoologie Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Milan Veselý, Ph.D. Olomouc 2014 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatn ě pod vedením RNDr. Milana Veselého, Ph.D. a všechny citované zdroje uvádím v seznamu literatury. V Olomouci 30. dubna 2014 ………………………… podpis Pod ěkování V prvé řad ě bych cht ěla pod ěkovat RNDr. Milanovi Veselému, PhD. za vedení práce, kritický pohled a cenné rady. M ůj obrovský dík pat ří taktéž RNDr. Ivanu H. Tufovi, PhD. a Mgr. Honzovi Šipošovi za pomoc se statistickou analýzou. Nesmím opomenout ani všechny sb ěratele dat, svoji rodinu a „kolíky“, bez kterých by se mi pracovalo jen velmi ztuha. A nakonec d ěkuji pardan ům za podporu ve chvílích nejtemn ějších a dugong ům za to, že jsou ozdobou naší planety. Růži čková, J. (2014): Porovnání vlivu AEO "úhor" a "neošet řovaný pás" na carabidofaunu polí. Sou časná zem ědělská politika Evropské unie podporuje opat ření na zvýšení biodiverzity a heterogenity agroekosystém ů. Cílem této práce bylo reáln ě zhodnotit smysluplnost dvou agroenvironmentálních opat ření (úhoru a chemicky neošet řeného pásu plodiny) na st řevlíkovité brouky v polích. Výzkum probíhal b ěhem let 2009 – 2011 na polích na Znojemsku, Královéhradecku a Vyškovsku. Pomocí padacích zemních pastí umíst ěných ve čty řech liniích v různých vzdálenostech od opat ření bylo celkov ě uloveno 58 805 jedinc ů st řevlíkovitých v 99 druzích. Druhová bohatost a po četnost spole čenstva byla nejvyšší v opatření (bez ohledu na typ) a klesala sm ěrem do pole. Byly zaznamenány i zm ěny ve funk ční diverzit ě spole čenstva v závislosti na poloze linie pastí. Vývoj funk ční diverzity spole čenstva st řevlíkovitých na úhorových lokalitách zatím neukázal statisticky významné trendy. Zachování úhoru na jednom míst ě po delší dobu je d ůležitým předpokladem pro zvýšení heterogenity a stability prost ředí. Navíc úhor poskytuje vhodné prost ředí pro celou řadu druh ů, v četn ě velkých vlhkomilných st řevlíkovitých a druh ů zákonem chrán ěných. Kumulativní efekt chemicky neoše řeného pásu nemohl být studován, vzhledem k tomu, že se umíst ění tohoto typu opat ření každý rok m ěnilo. Výsledky této práce nazna čují, že navrhovaná agroenvironmentální opat ření mají pro tuto skupinu bezobratlých smysl a m ěla by být i nadále podporována. Klí čová slova: st řevlíkovití, Carabidae , agroenvironmentální opat ření, AEO, zemní pasti Růži čková, J. (2014): The influence of AES (fallow and cropper without special care) on ground beetles (Carabidae). The current Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union supports programs to increase biodiversity and heterogenity of agroecosystems. The aim of this thesis is detecting the effect of two selected agri-environmental schemes (fallow land and belt of crop without special care) on ground beetles. The study took place on fields near three Czech towns Znojmo, Hradec Králové and Vyškov in years 2009 - 2011. Pitfall traps in four lines at different distances from AES were used to collect zoological material. In total 58 805 individuals of ground beetles belonging to 99 species were collected. Species richness and activity-density of ground beetles were higher in AES (regardless of the type). Differences in functional diversity were observed at different distances from AES. No significances were recorded in functional diversity in fallow land during years. It’s imporant to maintaining fallow land on one place for long time period. In addition fallow land provides a suitable environment for a variety of species, including large hydrophilic ground beetles and protected carabid species. The cumulative effect of belt of crop without special care could not be studied because this type of AES was created at different fields every year. The results of this thesis suggest that the proposed agri-environmental schemes are meaningful for ground beetles and should be supported. Key words: ground beetles, Carabidae , agri-environmental schemes, AES, pitfall traps Obsah Úvod ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Obecná charakteristika čeledi st řevlíkovitých................................................................... 1 St řevlíkovití v agrocenózách ............................................................................................. 4 Cíle práce........................................................................................................................... 8 Materiál a metodika............................................................................................................... 9 Studované lokality a agroenvironmentální opat ření.......................................................... 9 Sb ěr a determinace zoologického materiálu.................................................................... 14 Analýza dat...................................................................................................................... 16 Výsledky.............................................................................................................................. 19 Diskuze................................................................................................................................ 28 Záv ěr.................................................................................................................................... 33 Literatura ............................................................................................................................. 34 Přílohy ................................................................................................................................. 40 Úvod Zem ědělská krajina tvo ří neodmyslitelnou sou část naší p řírody po celá staletí vývoje lidské kultury a civilizace. Ve druhé polovin ě 20. století došlo v mnoha evropských zemích k postupné intenzifikaci zem ědělství v reakci na pot řebu spole čnosti (Robinson & Sutherland 2002). Rozvoj zem ědělské techniky sice ušet řil lidskou práci, ale stále siln ěji zasahoval do krajiny. D říve hojná drobná polí čka se postupn ě slu čovala v obrovské lány. Remízky, v ětrolamy a meze, které d říve vypl ňovaly územní plošky mezi obd ělávanou půdou, musely uvolnit místo rozlehlým polím (Ameixa & Kindlmann 2011). Vhodné životní podmínky pro široké spektrum druh ů polních organism ů tak zmizely. Jedním z dalších následk ů intenzifikace bylo významné zvýšení objemu r ůzných chemických látek aplikovaných na jednotku plochy. Tyto chemikálie spolehliv ě zahubí hmyz a rostlinné plevele, které by jinak mohly sloužit jako potrava pro ptáky či savce (Kodet & Nováková 2007). Snížení heterogenity kulturní krajiny a styl jejího obhospoda řování mělo za následek významné snížení biodiverzity polních spole čenstev živo čich ů i rostlin. (Benton et al. 2003). Zásadní zm ěna p řichází se zavedením spole čné zem ědělské politiky Evropské unie. Jedním z jejích sou časných cíl ů je podpora heterogenity a biodiverzity v agroekosystémech. Na podporu opat ření, které mohou potencionáln ě p řisp ět k dosažení tohoto stanoveného cíle, jsou vykládány nemalé finan ční prost ředky. Výdaje EU na realizaci agroenvironmentálních program ů dosáhly jen b ěhem let 2007 – 2013 skoro 22 miliard Eur (Agriculture and Rural Development on Europa, duben 2014). Je však d ůležité otestovat reálný vliv t ěchto opat ření na spole čenstva polních organism ů a prov ěř it tak, zda-li se nejedná o zbyte čné investice. Obecná charakteristika čeledi st řevlíkovitých St řevlíkovití brouci (čel. Carabidae), pat ří spole čně s několika dalšími, v ětšinou vodními, čeled ěmi do skupiny masožravých (Adephaga). Střevlíci jsou velmi bohatou skupinou členovc ů s po čtem druh ů p řesahujícím 35 000 (H ůrka 1996). Lövei & Sunderland (1996) dokonce uvádí až 40 000 popsaných druh ů. V České republice bylo spolehliv ě prokázáno 504 druh ů st řevlíkovitých (Veselý 2002). Více jak jedna t řetina druh ů (174) je bezprost ředn ě ohrožena a je uvedena v Červeném seznamu ohrožených 1 druh ů ČR (Farka č et al. 2005). Se st řevlíkovitými brouky se m ůžeme setkat ve všech typech biotop ů celého sv ěta. Nejd ůležit ějšími faktory ovliv ňující jejich výskyt jsou vlhkost, teplota, zastín ění, typ vegetace a složení p ůdy (Lindroth 1992b, Veselý 2002). Mezi st řevlíky najdeme jak široce rozší řené generalisty, tak i úzce vázané specialisty (a ť už biotopové či potravní). Jejich t ěla s dlouhými krá čivými kon četinami jsou velmi dob ře přizpůsobena k pohybu po povrchu p ůdy či hrabance (odtud anglický název ground beetles ). Samci v ětšiny druh ů mají tarsální články prvního páru kon četin rozší řené (H ůrka 2005). Mezi st řevlíky se vyskytují jak druhy ok řídlené (makropterní) schopné letu, tak druhy s částe čně až úpln ě redukovanými k řídly (brachypterní až apterní). Potravně se naši zástupci řadí zejména mezi masožravce aktivn ě vyhledávající ko řist nebo uhynulé živo čichy. Část z nich je úzce vázána na ur čitý typ potravy. Nap říklad druhy rodu Calosoma se specializují na lov housenek motýl ů a jako jedni z mála st řevlíkovitých se za ko řistí vydávají do korun strom ů. Rod Cychrus je specializován na lov plicnatých plž ů. Mezi další potravní specialisty pat ří rody Leistus, Loricera a Notiophilus , které vyhledávají chvostoskoky. Menší procento st řevlíkovitých je omnivorních či striktn ě herbivorních
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