Mª Cruz Cardete Del Olmo

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Mª Cruz Cardete Del Olmo UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Historia Antigua PAISAJES MENTALES Y RELIGIOSOS DE LA FRONTERA SUROESTE ARCADIA: ÉPOCAS ARCAICA Y CLÁSICA MEMORIA PRESENTADA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR POR Mª Cruz Cardete del Olmo Bajo la dirección de los Doctores: Ricardo Olmos Romera Domingo Plácido Suárez Madrid, 2004 ISBN: 84-669-2794-8 Mª Cruz Cardete del Olmo PAISAJES MENTALES Y RELIGIOSOS DE LA FRONTERA SUROESTE ARCADIA: ÉPOCAS ARCAICA Y CLÁSICA Tesis Doctoral Dirigida por Dr. Ricardo Olmos Romera y Dr. Domingo Plácido Suárez UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Historia Antigua Madrid 2004 A mis padres Porque mi historia no hubiese sido la misma sin ellos The act of writing always presupposes a politics of the present, and such a writing about the past is inevitably simultaneously a domestication of the difference of the past, an imposition of order. Writing the past is not an innocent and disinterested reading of an autonomous past produced as image. Writing the past is drawing it into the present, re-inscribing it into the face of the present Christopher Tilley, “Interpreting material culture” en Hodder, I. (ed.) The meaning of things, London, 1989, 193. En realidad, el fin del mundo, como el principio, es nuestro concepto del mundo. Es en nosotros donde los paisajes tienen paisaje. Por eso, si los imagino, los creo; si los creo, son; si son, los veo como a los otros (…) La vida es lo que hacemos de ella. Los viajes son los viajeros. Lo que vemos no es lo que vemos, sino lo que somos Fernando Pessoa, Libro del desasosiego What we need to understand, perhaps, is that although the world is not a figment of our imagination, neither do we perceive it directly as “reality” J. Brück, “In the footsteps of the ancestors: a review of Christopher Tilley´s A phenomenology of landscape: places, paths and monuments”, Archaeological Review from Cambridge, The archaeology of perception and the senses, 15 (1), 1998, 29 AGRADECIMIENTOS Este trabajo no hubiese sido posible sin la concesión de una beca predoctoral por parte del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte para trabajar en el Departamento de Historia Antigua y Arqueología del Instituto de Historia del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, de modo que a ambas instituciones les debo mi primer reconocimiento. Así mismo, mi esfuerzo no hubiese surtido efecto sin la guía, los consejos, la atención y la paciencia de mis dos co-directores de tesis, Ricardo Olmos Romera y Domingo Plácido Suárez, merecedores de mi más profundo agradecimiento, no sólo académico, sino también personal. Especial agradecimiento me merecen también los integrantes del equipo “Estructura social y territorio: Arqueología del Paisaje” que llevan a cabo su labor en el Instituto de Historia del CSIC. Con ellos comencé mi camino en la investigación y a ellos les debo descubrir cómo quería enfocar mi trabajo y qué podía conseguir con él, así como infinidad de buenos momentos que han convertido mi estancia en el Departamento de Arqueología del IH del CSIC en una gratísima experiencia profesional y, lo que es más importante, humana. Por todo ello, gracias a Javier Sánchez-Palencia, María Ruiz del Árbol, Inés Sastre, Mª Dolores Fernández-Posse, Domingo Plácido, Juan Luis Pecharromán, Esteban Moreno y Almudena Orejas. Los mapas de mi tesis no hubiesen visto la luz sin la ayuda inestimable de Esteban Moreno y Javier Sánchez-Palencia; Eva Poves y Juan Luis Pecharromán me ayudaron con las figuras. Infinitas gracias al equipo de investigación liderado por Ricardo Olmos, del que tengo el honor de formar parte junto a Paloma Cabrera, Margarita Moreno y Eva Poves porque me han enseñado mucho, tanto profesional como personalmente. Durante mi beca he podido disfrutar de varias estancias en el extranjero sin las cuales tampoco habría podido desarrollar mi trabajo. Quiero agradecerle especialmente su entusiasmo a Maria Pretzler, de la Universidad de Oxford, que pasó muchas horas discutiendo conmigo sobre Arcadia y sus sociedades antiguas, así como a los Profs. Stephen Tracy y Kevin Glowacki y a todo el personal investigador y administrativo de la Escuela Arqueológica Americana en Atenas (ASCSA), que puso a mi disposición los diversos medios de la escuela para agilizar mi trabajo permitiéndome, además, conocer Arcadia de primera mano. Tampoco quiero olvidar a los integrantes del Instituto Noruego en Atenas, especialmente al Prof. Erik Øtsby, que me invitaron cordialmente a unirme a su grupo de estudio sobre Arcadia. No puedo cerrar estos agradecimientos sin nombrar expresamente a todos aquellos que han hecho más fácil mi trabajo con su apoyo, su cariño y su fe en mí, mucho más firme en ocasiones que la mía propia. Adolfo Cardete y Mª Cruz del Olmo, mis padres, siempre creyeron que terminaría este trabajo y me lo repitieron tantas veces que acabé creyéndolo yo también, seguidos por Adolfo y Jorge Cardete, mis hermanos. De la misma forma, me han apoyado incondicionalmente mis amigos. Mil gracias a África Cabrera, Montserrat Gibello, Noemí de la Fuente, Ana Isabel París, Nicolás Ávila, Rocío Aranda, Chelo Celada, Lara Andrade y Sonia González, que forman parte de mi vida desde hace tanto tiempo. Y mil gracias también a Cristina Jiménez, Iván del Barrio, Natalia Alonso, David Coto, Juan Luis Iglesias, Eduardo Álvarez, Rafa Viana, Maria Nikolau, John O´Neill, Fondas, Cristina Carrasco y Purificación Ubric, a los que tuve la suerte de encontrar en mis diferentes viajes de estudio y trabajo en el extranjero y que siguen ahí. ÍNDICE I. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 II. ARCADIA A TRAVÉS DEL TIEMPO 17 Figuras Láminas I - VIII III. LA FRONTERA SUROESTE ARCADIA: UN PAISAJE POLÍTICO 47 3.1) La frontera suroeste: el concepto 48 3. 2) Polis y santuarios extraurbanos 57 3.3) Economía y modos de vida 78 3.4) La identidad arcadia: tribus y ethnos 90 3.4.1) El concepto de grupo étnico 90 3.4.2) Las tribus arcadias 96 3.4.3) El ethnos arcadio 105 Figuras Láminas IX – XIX IV. EL TERRITORIO FIGALIO 113 4.1) El territorio figalio 113 4.2) Santuarios extraurbanos: el complejo Basas-Cotilon 129 4.2.1) Santuarios extraurbanos y santuarios de montaña 129 4.2.2) El Apolo Basitas 136 4.2.2.a) Basas: identidad y religión 139 4.2.2.b) El Apolo Epikourios 160 4.2.3) Los santuarios del Cotilo 178 4.3) Santuarios arcaizantes: Eurínome y la Deméter Melena 186 4.3.1) El santuario de Eurínome 192 4.3.2) La cueva de la Deméter Melena 195 Figuras Láminas XX - XLI V. EL TERRITORIO PARRASIO 209 5.1) La Parrasia y el área megalopolitana 209 5.1.1) Megalópolis y su influencia en la construcción de la frontera suroeste 235 5.1.1.a) La Confederación Arcadia 244 5.2) Licosura: entre el mito y la polis 253 5.2.1) La tradición cívica 253 5.2.2) La Señora de Licosura 259 5.2.3) Orgías y sacrificios 266 5.3) El Monte Liceo: la deconstrucción de una imagen 276 5.3.1) Primera imagen: el oros 278 5.3.1.a) La cima del poder 282 5.3.2) Segunda imagen: el lobo y la sangre 289 5.3.2.a) El Zeus licántropo 290 5.3.2.b) Sed de sangre humana 306 5.3.3) Tercera imagen: el exclusivismo étnico 316 5.3.3.a) Un simulacro de fiesta panarcadia 317 5.3.3.b) La acuñación Arkadikon 325 5.3.3.c) La apropiación del Apolo Parrasio 332 Figuras Láminas XLII - LVII VI. CONCLUSIONES. LA FRONTERA SUROESTE: PAISAJES E IMÁGENES 335 VII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 343 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS II. ARCADIA A TRAVÉS DEL TIEMPO: LA IMAGEN DE ARCADIA Lámina I Fig. 1. Arcadia en el Peloponeso. Lámina II Fig. 2. Proyecto de Canevari para el Bosco Parrasio (Acquaro Graziosi 1991, 14). Lámina III Fig. 3. Cartel anunciador de la I Reunión de la Academia Árcade (1773) (Acquaro Graziosi 1991, 28). Lámina IV Fig. 4. “Excavación del templo de Basas” de Cockerell (Roux 1976, 24). Fig. 5. “Basas después de la excavación” de Cockerell (Roux 1976, 25). Lámina V Fig. 6. “El templo de Basas” de Lear (Stoneman 1998, 101). Fig. 7. “Basas” de Fulleylove (Fulleylove 1906, 54-55). Lámina VI Fig. 8. “Basas”de William Haygarth (Stoneman 1998, 51). Fig. 9. “Vista general de Basas” de John Foster (Hill Miller 1972, 261). Lámina VII Fig. 10. “Phigaleia” de Rottmann (Greek landscapes..., 1978, 26). Fig. 11. “Caritena” de Fulleylove (Fulleylove 1906, 70-71). Lámina VIII Fig. 12. “Caritena” de Rottmann (Greek landscapes..., 1978, 24). III. ARCADIA Y SU FRONTERA SUROESTE: PAISAJES POLÍTICOS Lámina IX Fig. 13. Arcadia y sus poleis. Lámina X Fig. 14. Planta del templo de la Ártemis Knakeatis, Mavriki (Según modelo de Brulotte 1994, fig. 8). Lámina XI Fig. 15. Planta del templo de Ártemis en Lusos (Según modelo de Mitsopoulos-Leon 1998, 71). Lámina XII Fig. 16. Caballo arcaico de bronce del santuario de la Ártemis de Lusos (Voyatzis 1990, pl. 70 L5). Fig. 17. Figura masculina arcaica de bronce del santuario de Ártemis en Lusos (Voyatzis 1990, pl. 65 L3). Fig. 18. Ruinas del templo de Poseidón y Atenea en el Monte Boreion, Asea (Jost 1985, pl. 52. Fig. 3). Lámina XIII Fig. 19. Plantas de los cuatro templos de Palantio (Según modelo de Ostby 1992-1993, 73). Lámina XIV Fig. 20. Planta del templo de Petrovuni (Según modelo de Hiller von Gaertringen 1911, 33). Lámina XV Fig. 21. Planta del templo de Atenea Alea en Tegea (Según modelo de Ostby 1997, 84). Fig. 22. Atenea armada hallada en el santuario de Atenea Alea (Jost 1985, pl.
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