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OECD Regions at a Glance 2016 OECD Regions at a Glance 2016 OECD Regions at a Glance shows how regions and cities contribute to national economic growth and well‑being. This edition updates more than 40 region‑by‑region indicators to assess disparities within countries and their evolution over the past 15 years. The report covers all OECD member countries and, where data are available, Brazil, People’s Republic of China, Colombia, India, Latvia, Lithuania, Peru, the Russian Federation and South Africa. New to this edition: OECD Regions at a Glance • A comprehensive picture of well‑being in the 391 OECD regions, based on 11 aspects that shape people’s lives: income, jobs, housing, education, health, environment, safety, civic engagement and governance, 2016 access to services, social connections, and life satisfaction. • Recent trends in subnational government finances and indicators on how competencies are allocated across levels of governments. Contents Executive summary Reader’s guide 1. Well‑being in regions 2. Regions as drivers of national competitiveness 3. Subnational government finance and investment for regional development 4. Inclusion and sustainability in regions Annex A. Defining regions and functional urban areas Annex B. Sources and data description Annex C. Indexes and estimation techniques Annex D. Responsibilities across levels of government Further reading: OECD Regional Outlook 2016 (forthcoming) How’s Life in Your Region? Measuring Regional and Local Well-being for Policy Making (2014) OECD Regions at a www.oecd.org/regional/regions-at-a-glance.htm www.oecdregionalwellbeing.org/ Glance 2016 Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2016-en. This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. ISBN 978-92-64-25209-7 04 2016 03 1 P OECD Regions at a Glance 2016 This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2016), OECD Regions at a Glance 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2016-en ISBN 978-92-64-25209-7 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-25679-8 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-64-25680-4 (HTML) Series: OECD Regions at a Glance ISSN 1999-0049 (print) ISSN 1999-0057 (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover illustration: © Jeffrey Fisher. Chapter 1: © Pavel Vakhrushev/Shutterstock.com. Chapter 2: © image100/Corbis/Inmagine ltd. Chapter 3: © Sergey Nivens – Fotolia.com. Chapter 4: © Corbis/Inmagine ltd. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD Foreword OECD Regions at a Glance shows how regions and cities contribute to national economic growth and well-being. This edition updates more than 40 region-by-region indicators to assess disparities within countries and their evolution over the past 15 years. The report covers all OECD member countries and, where data are available, Brazil, People’s Republic of China, Colombia, India, Latvia, Lithuania, Peru, the Russian Federation and South Africa. The report is organised into four chapters plus statistical annexes. The Reader’s Guide provides a description of the way OECD subnational information has developed across a range of topics and different territorial levels, including administrative and economic regions. Chapter 1 offers, for the first time, a comprehensive picture of well-being outcomes across regions, countries, and over time. This assessment is based on a multi-dimensional framework covering 11 dimensions of well-being: income, jobs, housing, health, education, access to services, safety, environment, civic engagement and governance, life satisfaction, and community. A zoom in on how each OECD region performs on the various well-being dimensions is included with interactive graphs available at www.oecdregionalwellbeing.org. Chapter 2 illustrates the regional contribution to national growth, highlights factors driving the competitive edge of regions and shows how these factors are distributed within countries. It also provides comparative analysis of the economic competitiveness and labour market trends in the 281 OECD metropolitan areas. The analysis relies on a common definition of urban areas in OECD countries, consisting of densely populated cities and their less- populated surrounding territories linked to the cities by a high level of commuting to work. A new feature in this edition, the report offers insights on the challenges subnational governments perceive for infrastructure investment and documents how financial competencies are allocated across levels of governments. Recent trends in subnational government finances complete Chapter 3. Chapter 4 looks at regional disparities on social inclusion and environmental sustainability, providing new measures of quality of life in regions and demographic changes. OECD Regions at a Glance 2016 was prepared by the Territorial Analysis and Statistics Unit of the OECD Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development. It has greatly benefited from comments and guidance from the Delegates of the OECD Working Party on Territorial Indicators (WPTI) and colleagues of the OECD Regional Development Policy Division. This report was supervised and edited by Monica Brezzi. Rolf Alter, Luiz De Mello and Joaquim Oliveira Martins are gratefully acknowledged for their comments on drafts of various chapters. Lead authors for each of the chapters were: Justine Boulant and Paolo Veneri (Chapter 1), Eric Gonnard and Daniel Sanchez-Serra (Chapter 2), Isabelle Chatry and Dorothée Allain-Dupré (Chapter 3), Eric Gonnard and Marcos Díaz Ramirez (Chapter 4). Karen Maguire and Johannes Weber prepared the indicators on regional innovation (Chapter 2). Eric Gonnard and Daniel Sanchez-Serra are gratefully acknowledged for providing extensive statistical support throughout the publication and preparing the maps. Gemma Nellies and Pilar Philip are kindly acknowledged for editing and preparing the report for publication. Damian Garnys and Kate Lancaster provided editorial assistance. OECD REGIONS AT A GLANCE 2016 © OECD 2016 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Editorial: Regions and Cities – Key actors for delivery on SDGs ................... 7 Executive summary ......................................................... 9 Reader’s guide ............................................................. 13 Chapter 1. Well-being in regions .............................................. 21 The geography of well-being.............................................. 22 Household income ...................................................... 24 Housing conditions ..................................................... 26 Jobs................................................................... 28 Education .............................................................. 30 Access to services ....................................................... 32 Health status .......................................................... 34 Safety ................................................................. 36 Environment ........................................................... 38 Civic engagement and governance ........................................ 40 Subjective well-being in regions........................................... 42 Chapter 2. Regions as drivers of national competitiveness........................ 45 Population and population changes in regions .............................. 46 How metropolitan areas contribute to population change..................... 52 Regional contributions to GDP growth ..................................... 54 Regional economic disparities ............................................ 60 Contribution of metropolitan areas to national economies .................... 66 Regional contributions to change in employment ........................... 70 Productivity growth in regions ............................................ 72 Where productivity gains are happening ................................... 76 Regional specialisation and productivity growth ............................ 78 Impact of the crisis on regional economic disparities .......................
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