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6 / 2012

e world’s oldest banking magazine – since .

Joshua Peter, 17, Altikon (canton of Zurich), second-year forestry apprentice “I’m worried about overpopulation. Eventually, every bit of land will be developed. Still, we should be helping other countries that are not doing as well. at’s in our best interest, too.”

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100 — Bulletin 6 / 2012

WICH_Bulletin_1-1_121112.indd 2 11/12/12 2:07 PM — Editorial —

Self-Assured Switzerland

4 short book of just 47 pages shaped the political and social 2 discussion of a whole generation. “Helvetisches Malaise” (“Swiss Malaise”) was published in 1964 by constitution- 3 1 alA law expert Max Imboden. In the book, Imboden complained about the government’s decreasing eciency, diminishing power for reforms and citizens’ agging participation in the political pro- Contributors to this issue cess. “Swiss Malaise” was commonly quoted over the ensuing decades, and the title became a catchword for the zeitgeist. Liberal- conservative philologist and general sta colonel Karl Schmid wrote in “Unbehagen im Kleinstaat” (“ e Small State and its 1 Gerd Habermann Discontents”) about the “Diskurs in der Enge” (“Discourse Stale- is economic philosopher and honorar y pro- mate”) of author Paul Nizon. fessor at the University of Potsdam describes himself as a “liberal-cosmopolitan, patriotic here is nothing left of it these days. Today, almost 50 years German.” Little Switzerland sets a great later, the Swiss are prouder of their country than ever, even precedent, in his opinion. He describes seven as they ¡nd themselves in the midst of one of the most factors that have made the country so success- economically uncertain times in generations. ese are just some ful, politically and economically. Page 14 T of the results from the 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer. An- other amazing thing is that, despite the crisis, nine out of ten Swiss 2 Linus Bill people expect next year to be just as good for them personally as Anyone with an interest in young photographers in Switzerland will inevitably come this year has been. Interestingly, as in the recently published Credit across the name of Linus Bill. His art photo- Suisse Youth Barometer, unemployment, immigration and retire- graphs – large-scale, intensely colored ment provisions are key concerns. You will ¡nd a detailed sum- a bstracts – have already appeared in several mary of the 36th Worry Barometer in the middle of this issue. exhibitions. For Bulletin, the Biel-based his survey inspired us to focus on the topic of Switzerland. photographer left his studio to travel through Speci¡cally, we want to address the question of why the Switzerland and take portraits of people on country is doing better economically and politically than the street. Page 2 Tmost other countries. We had a fascinating discussion with a not- 3 Ian Goldin ed psychoanalyst about what is, somewhat counterintuitively, e former vice president of the World Bank Swiss people’s greatest fear: losing their job. We also interviewed and Oxford economics professor is consid- young managers from abroad, in demand throughout the world, ered an authority on issues of globalization about their lives in Switzerland. A renowned historian outlines and migration. e native of South Africa some historical factors – besides 1291 and William Tell – that have demonstrates how important migrants are for economic growth in Europe and the US. made Switzerland what it is. Celebrated photographers from Page 38 around the world oer a range of perspectives on our country in an engaging photo essay. We hope you enjoy reading this issue of 4 omas Maissen Bulletin, and hope you learn something new about Switzerland. e Basel-based historian, who teaches in For example, do you know which canton has neither trac lights Heidelberg at one of Europe’s premier univer- nor parking fees?* sities, wrote a best-seller two years ago with his “History of Switzerland.” For Bulletin, he describes 10 of the most important events that Your editorial team make the confederation of Switzerland what it is today. Page 76 * e answer can be found on page 71.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 1 My Switzerland? Bulletin asked people across Switzerland what their worries and hopes are. Njie Abubacarr, 34, Geneva, What does Switzerland mean for you? hotel management student What are Switzerland’s strengths “Switzerland is one of the safest places on earth. Lots of Swiss people forget that. One thing I like, and and weaknesses? What are Switzerland’s that probably also contributes to Switzerland’s success, biggest problems? Are you proud to be is that the Swiss are doers, not talkers. ey are quiet, precise people of action.” Swiss? And what poses a threat to Swiss identity? Bulletin traveled throughout the country this fall – from Basel to Lug ano, and from Walzenhausen to Montreux. e result is a snapshot showing the mood in 36 portraits and statements.

Survey by Oliver Demont, photos by Linus Bill

Stefania Aquilino, 17, Brig (canton of Valais), information and documentation specialist at a media center in Brig “ere is one thing I hope Switzerland never loses: e way we listen to one another and ¤nd compromises. at is the DNA of this country.”

omas Eer, 38, Berne, nursing graduate “I came from Bavaria a year ago, and I have to say that you do things right here. You have your own currency, are autonomous, and you take pride in your natural resources. Switzerland is an island in the ocean that is the EU. However, I think that over the next few years, the Swiss are going get their feet wet now and then.”

Corinne Rechsteiner, 21, Walzenhausen (canton of Glenn Jones, 20, Sursee (canton of Lucerne), law student Appenzell Ausserrhoden), traveling cotton candy vendor “For me, Switzerland is a glass of tap water with “After seven months in Australia and India, I know nLou czhial orKuinpef.e Brsucth tmhiedre, 4c2o,u Plda pebet ae ribietvteer käafutefretraisnt,e Z ifu wge we live in a truly secure country. And I would like c«oDnatein nuie v tool upputris bulea bomi.n Idnlteisss a dbeovre alomp,m aleinqtu atm theset e to go on record as saying that the ‘M-Budget’ brand of cosnt opof nstai tuisbrela, boas aifb wo.e I hnatdis laabnodr taom sp, raerrec lhikile o Rrius ssia or white chocolate is the best.” Cabanora adam,.” aliquam con num que corestoal» 150 Z Antonietta Wyss, over 60, Zurich, homemaker “Life in Switzerland is the world’s most perfect composition of security, prosperity, discipline, freedom and honesty. How do I know that? I come from Sicily.” Asif Maqbool, 31, Basel , customer service rep at the Kunsthalle Basel art museum “I came here eight years ago. Today, Switzerland is my second home. e country is good to those who work hard and are willing to take responsibility for their own actions – like me. Unfortunately, many who come here don’t see that.” Marcelina Fliri, 43, Wildhaus, (canton of St. Gallen), Manager of “Fliri Arvenmöbel” and housewife “We have become obsessed with money in Switzerland and this is increasing pressure in all areas of life. People ordering furniture from us often expect delivery on the following day.”

Naomi Bucher, 18, Meiringen (canton of Berne), motorcycle and bicycle mechanic apprentice “Switzerland has had peace for a long time. Maybe it’s time we remembered that and became aware of the pain su°ered by others who come to us in Switzerland from war-torn regions.”

Hugo E. Studer, 76, Berne, businessman “What makes this country great? e fact that my political opponent can propose Simonetta Sommaruga and Alain Berset as the two best federal councilors.”

Dima Katsiuba, 25, from Minsk, Belarus, studies psychology in Berlin and visits Switzerland regularly Assad Schahpari, 70, un (canton of Berne), “Swiss worries? I have to laugh at that. ere has to Persian rug dealer be a causal link between a high standard of living and “Switzerland? I thank Allah that he sent me to paradise the associated fears of loss.” ahead of time.” Ida Fassbind, 70, Ilanz (canton of Graubünden), Dominican nun “I love Switzerland with all my heart, but we do need to be careful and make sure that the gap in society does not get any wider, because that would harm my country at its very core – in communal life. As we continue to debate the issue of asylum seekers, we should also not forget that in the 1940s and 1950s, poverty drove many Swiss people to emigrate.”

Alison Berney, 11, Poliez-le-Grand (canton of Vaud), grade school student “e way we treat animals and the way Swiss people let their appearance go bother me. at’s why I am going to organize a fashion show at a farm someday.”

Beatrice Pulfer, 65, Biel/Bienne (canton of Berne), businesswoman, head of Biel/Bienne’s leisure garden association “I know I’m not supposed to say this, but many foreigners simply aren’t interested in our rules. Just take a walk through our gardens and you will immediately know what I mean.”

Benjamin Flacher, 32, Herdern (canton of urgau), farmer “Our future causes me great worry: higher prices, lower pay.” Lina Krilaviciute, 22, Sedrun (canton of Graubünden), Hans Humm, 68, Trun (canton of Graubünden) hospice employee near the Oberalppass and occasional carpenter, general foreman and amateur farmer snowblower operator “ree problems for Switzerland’s future: Foreigners “Foreigners, learn to speak the local language! It’s the want our water, immature parents are raising their kids key to getting along with the Swiss, who are actually to be too weak and the country will soon be overpopu- very easygoing and peaceable.” lated. Naysayer politics won’t solve those problems.”

Jocelyne Liechti, 45, Corseaux (canton of Vaud), nurse “Because of my work at the hospital, I can say this: Anna Zesewitz, 28, St. Gallen, We need to step up our integration e°orts, but there medical assistant at the St. Gallen cantonal hospital also need to be clear rules. Period.” “What I especially like about my work here is the good and constructive work between individual departments and occupations. Compared to my home country of Germany, medical professionals bear a great deal of responsibility and are included in many decisions.”

Marco Stricker, 24, Tegna (canton of Ticino), Anton Kocher, 72, Solothurn, retiree landscaper “Switzerland needs to remain independent on its “My generation probably will not be able to live on chosen path.” federal social bene¤ts. I have already gotten used to the idea that I will have to work well past the age of 65.”

Sandra Jacot, 45, Montreux (canton of Vaud), medical secretary, temporarily working as service employee “Older people keep work forever and young people can’t ¤nd jobs. at’s a time bomb. But I’m just a butter´y, ´itting through life without a care in the world.” Edwin Habermacher, 60, Stans (canton of Nidwalden) athletic equipment retailer “Switzerland is one of the earth’s treasures, a land of milk and honey. But dangers lurk beneath the surface, and that means we need to act intelligently. This is not a time for reactionaries and naysayers. It’s a time for Machiavellis who maneuver skillfully to achieve what is best for the country.” Nemo Mettler, 13, Biel/Bienne (canton of Berne) student and actor in musicals “People here are touchy and kind of strange, too. For example, in the grocery store, they walk the aisles talking to themselves saying ‘I still need to get this and that...’ I worry about the safety of the nuclear power plants and the security of the banks.” Riem Ibrahim, 25, Basel, graduate student in graphic design at the School of Art and Design “ So far no one’s made any stupid comments about my headscarf. That’s probably because I mainly deal with creatives, who are generally more open-minded. Switzerland is the best for graphic design. The Swiss should be very proud of their tradition in this area. In Egypt, we’re hungry for good design. That’s why I’m looking forward to returning home with a backpack full of knowledge from Switzerland.” Françoise Mou¤d, 48, Vevey (canton of Valais), domestic help “You always hear how rich Switzerland is. But it’s not true. ere is poverty in Switzerland, in rural villages and in the mountains.”

Regina Ehlers, 67, Lugano (canton of Ticino), beautician “My Swiss husband and I were robbed several times at our house in France. When it came to the point that we sat in a house with bars on the windows, we said: ‘Let’s move to Switzerland.’ It’s really safe here, and I am happy to be living in Switzerland. But sometimes I have to chuckle when I see Swiss people hold out their passports proudly in front of them, like shields. It's kind of cute.”

Pascal Rickenbacher, 31, Olten (canton of Solothurn), IT support “Switzerland is like an aging aunt who still has some integrity and good character. I just hope she realizes in time that her friends are about to distance themselves from her.”

Pier Giorgio Michel, 74, Lugano (canton of Ticino), Fabio Fernandes, 22, Payerne (canton of Vaud), owner of “Ottico Michel” opticians businessman “Switzerland is not as free as everyone says. “When I came from Cape Verde and people Taxes are high. And we won’t be able to maintain helped me out, it made me very happy. the high level of salaries in the future.” I owe Switzerland a great deal. ank you.”

Skinny, 22, and Johnny, over 30, un (canton of Berne), rockers Skinny: “Switzerland’s only threat is electronic music.” Johnny: “And it would do us good to be more open to di°erent lifestyles.”

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* GLK 250 BlueTEC 4MATIC, 204 HP (150 kW), 2143 cc, 159 g CO2/km (average of all new models sold: 159 g/km), 6.5 l/100 km, energy efficiency category: C. Vehicle catalogue price CHF 59 900.– less 6% rebate, 8% fleet discount and premium of CHF 6480.– equals a purchase price in cash of CHF 45 322.–. Displayed model including custom equipment CHF 64 470.–. The fleet discount of 8% is based on a fleet size of 1 to 7 vehicles. The offer is valid for companies entered in the commercial register or with a valid VAT number. Car must be registered to the company, or to an employee who is entitled to the fleet discount. Car must be kept for a minimum of 6 months. ** Term: 48 months; odometer count: 15 000 km/year; effective annual interest rate: 4.49%; monthly instalment: CHF 639.35 excluding payment protection insurance (PPI). An offer from Mercedes-Benz Financial Services Schweiz AG. Comprehensive insurance is mandatory. Subject to change. It is prohibited to grant credit where this would lead to over-indebtedness of the lessee. The offer12 is valid — forBulletin purchase 6 contracts / 2012 concluded between 1 October 2012 and 31 December 2012, provided registration is completed by 31 March 2013. All prices include 8% VAT. — Contents —

Bulletin: Switzerland

14 Sw itzerland – a Success Model 34 Why We Are Here 70 What China inks Seven reasons why it is one Young managers from abroad on Former ambassador Uli Sigg of the most successful countries their lives as expats. on how China perceives in the world. Switzerland. 37 10 Swiss Inventions 20 Braving the Strong Franc 71 10 Swiss Special Cases H ow an export company from 38 Immigration – Blessing Morges is navigating the or Curse? 72 Good, But Could Do Better currency storm. Closed borders hurt the Patrick Aebischer, president economy. As does uncontrolled of the EPFL in Lausanne, 21 10 Ways Switzerland Ranks Top immigration. analyzes the state of education in Switzerland. 43 2 012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer 74 Who Will Pay My Pension? What’s on Switzerland’s mind? Goodbye to pensions. Why we What are our concerns and will have to work longer. pleasures? Key results from the major survey.

2 01 22 We, the Bridge Builders 2 2 e secrets of success for the 01 1 Swiss bridge pioneers.

SEHR STOLZ WEISS NICHT EHER STOLZ EHER NICHT STOLZ 58 ÜBERHAUPT NICHT Glad and ProudSTOLZ to Be Swiss G iovanni Orelli, author 76 How Switzerland Came to Be and intellectual from Ticino, Ten historic events that played a on Swiss identity. crucial role in making Switzer- land the country it is today. 61 10 Swiss Railway Records 28 Multijob Career Trajectories 80 Switzerland on the Oensive Replace the One-Job Career 62 Not Just the Matterhorn Illustrated by Andreas Gefe. Model How acclaimed foreign Psychoanalyst Mario Erdheim photographers see Switzerland. iPad on the fear of unemployment. Get the latest issue free of charge on your tablet: e 32 Labor Market in Transition Bulletin app is now available Which jobs are disappearing, from the App Store. which ones are sprouting up? e big picture. www.credit-suisse.com/bulletin

neutral Masthead: Published by: Credit Suisse, Editorial: Ammann, Brunner & Krobath AG (w w w.abk.ch),Concept, design, Printed Matter production: Photo editor: Prepress: No. 01-12-455134 – www.myclimate.org Crat Kommunikation AG (www.crat.ch), Studio Andreas Wellnitz, Berlin, © myclimate – The Climate Protection Partnership n c ag (www.ncag.ch), Printer: Stämpi AG, Circulation: 160,000

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 13 — Government — Switzerland’s Seven Secrets to Success

14 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Government —

In economic and political terms, Switzerland is doing better than almost any other nation in the world. What does it do better than others? What’s behind its competitive edge? And how can it stay on top? German economist and exponent of classical liberalism Gerd Habermann oers his take on a small but extraordinary country.

By Gerd Habermann and Stephan Walter (illustration)

T H E VERDICT IS IN, AND IT IS unequivocal. Whether we are comparing global business locations and the civil lib- erties they enjoy, considering the number of Nobel Laureates or the quality of academics, entrepreneurs, artists and authors, Switzerland has long occupied the topmost echelons. For the fourth time in a row, the World Economic Forum has declared Switzerland the most competitive country in the world – ahead of Singapore, Fin- land, Sweden and the Netherlands – placing the country ¡rst in the categories of innovative capacity and labor market eciency and lauding its business sector for its close collaboration with its universities. Its national institutions are among the world’s most effective and transparent. ough a small nation, Switzerland boasts a midsized economy. Internationally, it ranks 20th in gross domestic product, ninth in export statistics and ¡fth in export of s ervices. Most importantly, it is one of the world’s wealthiest countries.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 15 — Government —

Even in terms of the biggest economic pol- with different customs, situated in the even be considered “non-centralization.” icy challenges we face today – national most various climates. Apart from its Helvetia episode (1798 to debt and unemployment – Switzerland 1803), Switzerland has never been central- comes out on top. While once-stable ized. It has neither a principal city nor a countries teeter on the brink of insolvency, head of state in the same way that countries Switzerland has managed to reduce its na- 2 — Genuine Democracy including Germany do. Here in particular tional debt drastically over the past 10 Switzerland ’s relative smallness and the ex- there is much to learn about how competi- years, from 55 percent to roughly 35 per- ceptional granularity of government allow tion between political entities yields the cent, measured against its gross domestic the country to enjoy the comparative ad- best possible service for their citizens. product (see sidebar on the debt brake on vantage of genuine democracy. Switzerland Both cantons and municipalities page 18). What’s more, the unemployment has never experienced an era of absolutism. have clout, i.e. their own tax sovereignty. rate, at its highest point since the forma- It has never been a bureaucratic state in the e federal government only has rights of tion of the European Monetary Union in manner of Germany or France, and still is disposal over a tiny portion of the tax col- 1999, stagnates in Switzerland around the not one today. Nowhere else in the world do lected, and wields powers of taxation that three percent mark. citizens have the voice they do in Switzer- are precarious at best. Add to this the What are the reasons for this suc- land – a power that extends all the way to rights of cantons and municipalities, whose cess? What does Switzerland know that no elected judges and referenda about public extensive powers ensure that even now, the one else does? I see seven ways in which borrowing. This is the only country in potential of the Swiss domestic market has the country excels. which “democracy” is not simply an empty not been fully tapped. word, where the rank and ¡le still assume Diversity is viewed as an opportuni- responsibilities left to ocials and expen- ty, not as an unwelcome disparity that must sive career politicians in other major pow- be smoothed over with “harmonization.” 1 — Small Size ers. Republican equality is considered a The vertical division of power brought Switzerland does not adhere to the econo- good in itself. Stature – whether in politics about by the strength of cantonal and mies of scale that other countries swear by. (the big name) or in business (the major cor- municipal self-organization yields much Quite the contrary: Its smallness makes it poration) – is viewed with suspicion. broader latitudes and options than the more successful relative to the size of its This concerted participation and horizontal ones in major powers or even bigger neighbors. joint responsibility for public policy has empires (which are still being undermined It is no accident that the ¡rst thinker trained citizens politically in a way that by party dominance and bureaucracy). after Aristotle to develop a theory about justi¡es what would otherwise be an exag- the ideal size for a political economy was geration. e average Swiss citizen is bet- Swiss, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – ter informed politically than your run-of- 1778). “In every body politic there is a the-mill representative in the German 4 — Subsidiarity Principle maximum strength which it cannot exceed Bundestag. “We are the state” is an expres- e extreme degree to which government and which it only loses by increasing in sion to which the citizenry of Switzerland is subdivided – the consistent application size,” Rousseau wrote. Every extension of has a better claim than any of its neighbor- of the principles of pooling the highest the social tie means its relaxation; and, ing representative democracies. powers of authorization at the bottom and generally speaking, a small state is stronger Switzerland is much more of a coop- favoring the private over the public sector in proportion than a large one. He main- erative society than a sovereign state. and informal structures over formal ones tained that this is particularly true when While the “militia” political system serves – means that the principle of subsidiarity is the state is especially heterogeneous, such to replace a caste of career politicians, it practiced in Switzerland as it is nowhere as Switzerland. also prevents the formation of an autono- else in Europe. Nowhere else have the ide- Rousseau underpinned his state- mous class of officers. Switzerland has als of internationalism and urbanity been ments with the reasoning that long never been a bureaucratic and partisan synthesized as successfully as in Switzer- distances make administration more dif- state in the mold of Germany. For the land. For its size, Switzerland is probably ficult. Each level of government costs most part, government in Switzerland has more engaged with the rest of the world in more the higher you go and the highest remained a matter of self-government, or the areas of business, ¡nance, culture, of all costs the most. Last of all comes rather, despite the current number of fed- the supreme administration, which eclips- eral ocials – 30,000 – of true autonomy. es all the rest. Not only is the government less vigorous and swift in ensuring the 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer observance of laws, preventing nuisances, correcting abuses, and guarding against 3 — Decentralization seditious undertakings, the same laws Switzerland boasts another advantage in think92 the py wilerl farceen as weltl next year cannot suit so many diverse provinces its thorough decentralization, which could as they do now.

16 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Government —

International Comparison Indicators of success. Even in the current crisis, Switzerland ranks at the top with respect to key economic indicators like rate of unemployment or national income. ((Volkseinkommen)) ((Arbeitslosigkeit)) HIGH NATIONAL INCOME LOW UNEMPLOYMENT Gross domestic product per capita in USD (nominal, adjusted for purchasing Unemployment rate as a percentage of the employable population power parity) 12 56 000

46 000 10

36 000 8

26 000 6 Switzerland 16 000 US 4 Switzerland Germany Germany 6 000 France 2 France Japan US 0 Korea 0 Japan 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Source: OECD Source: OECD

Switzerland has one of the highest national incomes in the world – even when e rate of unemployment rose in Switzerland purchasing power is taken into consideration. as a result of the economic crisis in the early 1990s, but still remains low in international comparison.

THE WORLD'S WEALTHIEST POPULATION GROSS DEBT DECLINING ((DieAssets per capita (in20 thousands reichsten of USD) Länder))Position of and changes in gross debt expressed as a percentage of GDP from 2007–2011 200

400 150 300

100 200

100 50

0 0 JP IS AU LU SG FR US UK SE BE IT AT NL KR CH NO CA DK DE HK QA -20 CH AU LU NZ SE NO NL AT ES DE UK FR US PT BE IE HK IT JP Source: Global Wealth Report, Credit Suisse Debt as a percentage of GDP (2007) Source: OECD Economic Outlook Change in debt (2007–2011) Swiss by far hold the most assets. Switzerland and Norway were the only OEDC countries managing to reduce their debt ratios in spite of the economic crisis.

((ÖkonomischeBROAD ECONOMIC((Zahl FREEDOM der Freiheit)) Grossfirmen))((ZahlTHE MOST derMAJOR C OGrossfirmen))RPORATIONS ((Innovation))WORLD CHAMPION IN INNOVATION Index comprising 10 economic categories Number of Fortune 500 Global companies Number of patent ¡lings (in the EU, Japan and per million inhabitants the US) per million inhabitants and per year

85 2,5 120 80 2,0 100 75 80 1,5 70 60 65 Switzerland 1,0 Switzerland Germany Germany 40 60 France 0,5 France US US 20 55 Japan 0 Japan 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 JP FI IL CH SE DE NL DK AT US Source: e Heritage Foundation & the Wall Street Journal Source: Fortune Source: OECD Factbook

Switzerland has long been No other country has a higher density of major Measured by the size of its population, considered one of the world’s corporations than Switzerland. Switzerland is the most innovative economically freest countries, country in the world – ahead of Japan, and it has now overtaken Sweden and Germany. the US in this respect.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 17 — Government —

Another Swiss Export: the Debt Brake

Switzerland leads the way. e threat of national bankruptcy and the euro crisis make the debt brake today’s hottest commodity. Its success story began with a referendum.

Switzerland does well in an international duced debt brakes. What’s more, all coun- cycle; it also seems to be indispensable in comparison: In Europe and the US, na- tries in the Eurozone signed on to it as forcing governments to maintain sustain- tional debt has all but exploded, and part of the ¡scal compact. able budgets. e short-term orientation national bankruptcy is now a real threat in of politics ensures that advocates of anti- several European countries. Toxic Decits cyclical ¡scal policy only become vocal In Switzerland, on the other hand, Most industrialized countries have now when there is a downturn. Once the econ- national debt – measured against the gross reached what is known as the “Keynesian omy resumes growth, the principle of anti- domestic product (GDP) – has fallen since endpoint.” De¡cits that develop beyond cyclical planning is forgotten as new debt 2003, from 55 percent to about 35 percent. this threshold value – which economists piles up. For example, over the past 30 to is meant an impressive reversal in the put at about 90 percent relative to the 40 years in France and Germany, not a sin- trend for Switzerland, because as late as GDP – become toxic: First, a spiral devel- gle economic cycle has yielded a balanced the 1990s, the debt ratio of the national ops between interest burdens and new budget – let alone a surplus from an up - budgets was consistently above 50 percent. debt. For example, in 2010 in Germany, swing. Politicians are financing short- The success story began in 2001, when a referendum approved the introduction of a debt brake with 85 percent of the country voting in favor of it. This THE DE((SchuldenbremseNEU))BT BRAKE IS TAKING EFFECT made Switzerland the ¡rst country with a National debt as a percentage of gross domestic product (1995 – 2012) constitutionally underpinned debt brake. It entered into force in 2003. Its basic 110 principle is simple: Expenditure must not 90 exceed revenues during the course of a single business cycle. While in economi- 70 cally dicult years, a de¡cit is allowed, in 50 Switzerland good years the de¡cit must be oset by Germany Eurozone surpluses. is brought about budget con- 30 US 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 solidation that occurred even as the Source: Avenir Suisse growth phase was proceeding, enabling Switzerland to generate budget surpluses National debt has dropped signi¡cantly in Switzerland since the debt brake was introduced in 2003, while ¡gures have risen in the EU and the US. even in times of crisis. In many other industrialized countries, on the other hand, government debt has continued to grow, even in good economic times. And when the most recent the government paid 37 billion euros in in- term campaign perks by making future crisis occurred, public budgets went out terest alone merely to service past debt. In generations foot the bill. Only national of control. In the US, the national debt normal years, therefore, new debt ows al- debt brakes – or a truly impermeable ¡scal has swelled from 11 trillion US dollars to most directly to paying o existing debts. compact on the European level – can re- 16 trillion dollars (2009-2012). e aver- In a second phase, risk premiums for gov- solve this problem. Switzerland fortu- age debt ratio in the Eurozone also shot ernment bonds rise sharply, as is currently itously introduced this instrument before up from 66 percent (2007) to 87 percent happening in countries like Portugal, Ita- the crisis, and its excellent ¡scal situation (2011). It is likely to take an entire gen - ly, Ireland, Greece and Spain. Third, is entirely owing to this step. eration to pay o the debt of a single eco- households and companies anticipate economic cycle, let alone one aected by a nomic problems and higher taxes. ey serious crisis. scale back on consumption and invest- Against the backdrop of this ex - ments, thereby neutralizing the pace of ploding national debt in Europe and the demand set by higher government expen- US, the debt brake has already become diture. exportable. Germany incorporated it into A mandatory debt brake is therefore its constitution in 2009. Even Poland, not just a tool suitable for stabilizing ex- Daniel Müller-Jentsch was an economist for the Spain, Hungary and Bulgaria have intro- pectations and interrupting this vicious World Bank and today works for Avenir Suisse.

18 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Government —

law and sports than any other European relied on some felicitous historical circum- attorney-client and doctor-patient privi- country, and is better integrated with Eu- stances – geopolitical factors like the lege, pastoral secrecy, and con¡dentiality rope and the rest of the world, not least be- power over central mountain passes or the of correspondence and communications – cause of its ethnic and cultural diversity, jealous obsession of competing major states you also have banking con¡dentiality, an held together by a single, common political with maintaining a balance of power have expression of respect for the privacy of its will. helped the country. citizens and their property. Decision-making bodies are small, Switzerland’s validity and identity lending an intensity to political life, a do not spring from its view of itself as a practicality to most – if not all – of their 6 — Safe Haven for single linguistic, cultural, or religious en- decisions, and a vitality to their communi- tity, but from the commitment of the ma- ties that are unknown to the major powers Capital and Brainpower jority of its population to the political with their barren bureaucracies. e tiny foundations of the state: federalism and nation of Switzerland, along with its even Switzerland has long served as a safe haven democracy based on consensus, autonomy smaller subdivisions, can leverage its lo- for intellectual independence and, as is and deregulation of business. is is how calized individual knowledge in the ser- well known, as an economic Rock of Gi- Switzerland is able to oer broader guar- vice of what Friedrich August von Hayek braltar. This allows it to constantly in - antees for private property and indepen- – the Austrian free-market economist and crease its intellectual and monetary capital dence and provide more opportunities for Economics Nobel Prize laureate - termed in every respect by importing from abroad. experimentation on the municipal and “competition as a discovery procedure” as Particularly during crises, Switzerland has cantonal level than many major states. It no other state can. served as a safe haven since the age of Vol- is only thanks to this historical-political e granularit y of Switzerland ’s sub- taire through the 19th and 20th centuries, tradition and balance of interests that the division and its non-centralization also welcoming freethinkers, ¡ghters for de- confederation can even be called a single give it a exibility in crises that larger po- mocracy and socialists. It even protected entity. litical and economic entities lack. The Lenin – demonstrating the value of a gen- scope of bad decisions is relatively limited. erous policy toward refugees and foreign- Conclusion ers that is blind to both party politics and Switzerland has no call to forget its begin- world view. nings as a loosely connected group of states 5 — Non-Professional is ties in with Switzerland’s strict formed to preserve the autonomy of the neutrality, which also positions the coun- cities and free farmers’ cooperatives. “ ey Politicians try advantageously when it must play the swore an oath to remain dierent from one role of an internationally credible and in- another,” wrote Denis de Rougemont, In Switzerland, parties, bureaucracies and dependent mediator above the wranglings Neuchâtel-born philosopher. “ e reason interest groups serve the citizens’ collective between superpowers. e huge exodus of for their solidarit y was not to attain collec- political will, rather than the other way Germans into Switzerland demonstrates tive power but rather to maintain the au- around. Brussels’ centralized bureaucracy – and continues to augment – the respect tonomy of each individual.” And Basel demonstrates – as documented in the re- the country has gained for its stability and historian Herbert Lüthy once proposed ports of the European Court of Auditors economic attractiveness. Switzerland’s Switzerland as an antithesis to group - – the price we pay in the absence of the in- relatively liberal labor laws also serve as an think, to a concentration of power, to a dependent political checks and balances object-lesson on how to safeguard employ- monoculture and enforced conformity. aorded by a “militia” system of non-pro- ment for all. Switzerland should remain just such an fessional politicians and by clearly orga- antithesis. It embodies the canon of clas- nized structures: the dominance of bu- sical liberalism: skepticism toward power reaucratic-technical paraprofessionalism 7 — Middle-Class and government, private property, mid- in conjunction with well-disguised in- dle-class values and a belief in productiv- uence-peddling. Under such a system, ca- Mentality ity rooted in diversity. In international reer politicians and officials cannot but competition, that is a huge advantage. e display the understandable need to pad out Switzerland is consciously middle-class – “Swiss model” of self-determination, self- their assortment of pet projects, their tax- and that is an advantage. It did not go help and individual responsibility – as ¡nanced budgets and their career options. through the devastating catastrophes of borne out by its economic and political In spite of this, however, a small na- the two world wars, or suer ination as a success – is also a formula for prosperity. tion like Switzerland is more exposed to result, as Germany did. Even today, it political blackmail than a large nation, as stands as a model of moderation, main - we have occasion to witness today. is is stream thinking and deliberation, for Gerd Habermann is an economic philosopher, obviously a disadvantage. In order to se- business sense, a no-nonsense attitude and professor at the University of Potsdam and cofounder cure its independence, Switzerland has realism. In Switzerland, you have not just of the Friedrich A. von Hayek-Gesellschaft.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 19 — Currency —

euro-based revenue. For instance, Silent- soft has 30,000 SIM cards (data subscrip- Success – Even With tions) with a single European telecom operator for all of its telemetry needs, a Strong Swiss Franc including those in Switzerland. Addi- tionally, some of the Silentsoft telemetry e strong Swiss franc is a big problem for export-oriented equipment and all of the ¡eld services in companies. e CEO of Silentsoft relates how he is steering Europe are purchased in euros. is has allowed us to avoid the cost and risk of his medium-sized enterprise through the currency storm. currency hedging with a ¡nancial institu- By Charles Upchurch tion. Our last strategy to weather the currency crisis is a business model based on recurring revenue. Two-thirds of the company’s revenue is subscription based which renews annually and only one- third is dependent on new sales each year. Although the recurring revenue in euros is impacted by the strong franc, overall recurring revenue provides a large cushion and gives us exibility in our approach to new euro-based sales. Silentsoft is expanding beyond Eu- rope with a global tank monitoring contract for Shell and reinforcing its building energy optimization business with a unique solution to analyze central heating eciency. e Shell contract is in yet another currency and the central heating monitoring is also in demand in Europe so these present new challenges under a IT WAS A DARK DAY FOR US WHEN franc headache that is suffered by all continuing strong franc. We are con¡dent the Swiss franc reached parity with the Swiss exporters. Our revenue has de - that our strategies will allow us not only euro in August 2011. e currency storm clined 12 percent because Silentsoft in- to weather the current storm but to thrive caused us to begin reconsidering our voices its European customers in euros in it. strategy toward European exports. Over but reports in francs as we are based in Are we worried that the inter vention the past few years, we have suered from Morges, outside Lausanne. e Europe- of the Swiss National Bank will create the rapid slide of the franc/euro exchange an market is very competitive for Silent- other problems such as inflation? Of rate from its traditional level of around soft, which results in signi¡cant down- course we are, but that potential conse - 1.55 franc/euro to parity. Had the Swiss ward price pressure. quence is farther down the road, and a National Bank not intervened to ¡x the Of course, we could always relocate franc worth more than the euro would franc/euro exchange rate at 1.20 francs in our head oce abroad, but there are sev - have forced Silentsoft to pull back from September 2011, Silentsoft would have eral reasons why we want to stay in Swit- Europe – and probably had worse conse- become far less competitive in Europe. zerland: We receive support from Swiss quences for many Swiss exporters. Silentsoft is the European leader in venture capitalists such as SVC – Ltd. for telemetry based solutions for building en- Risk Capital for SMEs, the climate of in- ergy management. Energy consumption novation here is outstanding, and Swiss so- is measured on-site, and the data is trans- lutions are valued around the world for mitted to Silentsoft’s servers. To put it their high quality and precision. What’s Charles Upchurch has been the CEO simply, we can tell our clients, among more, our employees are based in Switzer- of Silentsoft for ¡ve years. He pre- them Swiss Post, Swisscom and the cit y of land. viously worked as COO for the global Zurich, when their heating oil tanks need Fortunately, Silentsoft has been able service division of SGS, a consumer goods inspection service provider. ¡lling. We can also tell our clients which to weather this storm through a variety of buildings are the least ecient and how to strategies. e ¡rst is that Silentsoft sells optimize their boiler settings. e com - both into Switzerland and outside of 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer pany has 30,000 active installations with Switzerland. is balance helps create a e strong Swiss franc represents one about half in Switzerland and the other natural currency hedge on revenue. e of Switzerland’s top ¡ve problems for half throughout Western Europe. second is that we extend that natural cur- It’s that European half of our busi- rency hedge by buying at least as much 20 percent ness that gives Silentsoft the same strong equipment and services in euros as our of respondents.

20 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 Photo: Stuart Franklin/Magnum Photos; Fred Merz — Swiss List —

Switzerland in Figures (1/4) 10 Ways Switzerland Ranks Top

3. Mountains: e average height of mountains in Switzerland is 1,309 meters – a European record. Turkey and Liechtenstein rank second and third.

4. Patents: Along with Liechtenstein, Switzer- land regularly occupies the top spot for the number of patent applications per capita. is is partly due to the major corporations in Switzerland that ¡le particularly large numbers of patents.

5. Letters: e same two countries are out in 1. Open to criminals: According to extensive front in this category as well. Liechtensteiners surveys, four out of ¡ve Swiss people would mailed 798 letters each in 2011, while the Swiss not mind having a criminal for a neighbor, more sent 629 per capita. Only Vatican City has than in any other country. higher numbers – presumably because of all the tourists sending post cards. 2. Measles: Not enough people are getting vaccinated, which is why Switzerland has been number one in measles cases in Western Europe over the past few years.

6. Porsches: Nearly 30,000 Porsches are registered in Switzerland, the greatest concentration anywhere in the world. Last year the Swiss bought 227 new Porsches for every million residents, a world record as well.

7. Early risers: Sessions for the Swiss National Assembly and the Council of States begin promptly at 8:00 or 8:15 a.m. e national parliaments in other countries meet no earlier than at 9:00 a.m., and many start even later.

8. Chocolate: Every year, statistics show that Swiss people are the ultimate chocoholics – c onsuming 11.9 kilos per person in 2011. is ¡gure also includes purchases by tourists, however.

9. Speed: A famous study in the 1990s revealed that the pace of life in Swiss cities is faster than anywhere else in the world. e pace of life is derived from the speed at which people walk (the Swiss took third place), time spent waiting in line at the post oce (second place) and the accuracy of public clocks (¡rst place).

10. Alpine choughs: Switzerland has between 10,000 and 15,000 breeding pairs of Alpine choughs – a European record by surface area. Golden eagles are also found in record numbers in Switzerland.

By Matthias Plüss, 1kilo (illustration) Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 21 — Swiss Made —

A monument to Swiss engineering: the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York by Othmar Ammann, completed in 1964.

22 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Swiss Made —

Swiss engineers have made signi¡cant contributions to the history of bridge construction. eir works are considered to be international masterpieces even today, representing the perfect union of functionality and aesthetics. Unearthing the mystery of a golden chapter in the Swiss pioneering spirit.

By Urs Steiner and Noë Flum (photos)

We, the Bridge Builders

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 23 — Swiss Made —

I was lucky,” 85-year-old Othmar H. strong,” he wrote in a memorandum for spirit of New York in the early 20th cen- Ammann (1879–1965) responded the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Mate- tury played a major role in his career; in when asked by a New York Times rials Testing and Research (EMPA) in Maillart’s case, it was the principle of “trial journalist to explain his success in 1930. e designing engineer, however, and error”: Maillart had barely finished building bridges. at was in 1964, short- should be averse to volume – for econom- each bridge when Professor Mirkos Roš “ly after completion of the Verrazano-Nar- ic reasons and regarding the endurance of from EMPA arrived with his instruments rows Bridge in New York. Ammann’s the structure. Subsequent tests with sand- to check the result. wife, also present during the interview, bags actually proved that Maillart was tried to qualify her husband’s answer right, and the original thickness of the e Myth of Switzerland somewhat. But the old gentleman stuck to plates would have been more than su- Why have Swiss engineers enjoyed such his original assessment, even though he cient. resounding success in building bridges had connected Manhattan to the main- Even the shell of the soaring roof de- around the world? Was it the country’s to- land with the construction of eight bridges signed by Heinz Isler (1926–2009) for the pography that spurred on the subject of and the Lincoln Tunnel over the course of highway service area in Deitingen South civil engineering in the early years? Or his career. “Luck!” he insisted. He had al- (canton of Solothurn) is only nine centi - perhaps the talented minds at the poly - ready voiced a similar idea a decade earlier. meters thick and has now held since 1968. technic institute? Conzett supposes that In a speech given in 1953, he had explained it is a mixture of everything. In his view, that bridge construction was not, as had one factor was the major role played by the been commonly assumed, a precise sci- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ence. is was particularly true as expo- Because nowhere are Zurich (ETH), where two charismatic nential advances were being made in new aesthetics more closely teachers, Carl Cullmann (1821–1881) and areas. Engineers had science, but also had linked to economics, or Karl Wilhelm Ritter (1847–1906), worked to be able to rely on their own judgment. during its early years in the second half of Mistakes and failures were the price for mathematics to political the 19th century. Another was that public human progress. calculations, than authorities in Switzerland did not act as a hindrance to engineers during the infancy Irrational Factors in the construction of of reinforced concrete, as they did in oth- Othmar Ammann is not alone in these bridges. er countries. “After all,” Conzett contin- beliefs. Other prominent bridge pioneers ues, “with its diversity of bridge types, also pointed out that irrational elements Switzerland became a playground for for- played a major role in their work. Robert When the roof was slated to be demol - eign eng ineers from ea rly on.” But Conz et t Maillart (1872–1940), for example, origi- ished in 1999, Isler said that he had re - is not able to identify any edge over inter- nally designed the plate of his famous Sal- cently examined the structure and would national competition today – breathtaking ginatobel Bridge (canton of Graubünden) guarantee it for another 30 years. One rea- bridges are being constructed all over the to be 16 centimeters thick. He ultimately son for his con¡dence was that the shape world, whether in China, California or had it cast 22 centimeters thick, if for no of the shell came from nature, rather than Canada. Conzett ¡nds the myth of Swiss other reason than to satisfy external ex - from himself. Isler actually discovered the civil engineering as espoused by Princeton perts’ recommendations for material over- irregular curve for the roof with the help University Professor David Billington to building ... and so that the citizens of of a simple experiment. He froze a cloth be rather embarrassing. Schuders would even dare to walk across hung by three corners and turned it over. And yet, engineers like Christian the elegant – in 1930, seemingly paper- “ is shape, formed by the law of gravity Menn, born in 1927, have realized spec- thin – little bridge at a height of 90 me - in a matter of seconds, is not only beauti- tacular projects not only in Switzerland. ters. Maillart’s extremely lean design dif- ful, but it is also statically perfect,” Isler With the Bunker Hill Bridge, for exam- fered radically from the massive stone explained. Mathematics cannot describe ple, Menn created Boston’s new land - arch bridges typical up until that time. the geometry of the shell, and even com- mark. His work may not orchestrate the “Popular opinion holds that big is also puters can only approximate it. tensile and compressive forces at work in Jürg Conzett, born in 1956 and per- such an expressively playful manner as haps the most famous engineer and bridge that of the Spanish engineer Santiago Ca- builder of Switzerland’s younger, current- latrava, but Menn still manages to ¡nd his 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer ly active generation, has a much more own individual formal language like an pragmatic view of his occupation. ough, artist: Roman Hollenstein, architecture for him, a “holistic understanding” of na- critic for the Neue Zürcher Zeitung news- are91 par ticularpelyrc proudent of the S wiss ture and aesthetics, of calculation and em- paper, gushed poetically in his description economy’s international reputation piricism, are still a part of civil engineer- of Menn’s bridge spanning Boston’s Inner for quality. ing. For Ammann, the entrepreneurial Harbor: “a double lyre whose strings –

24 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Swiss Made —

Man-made structure from natural stone: the Landwasser Viaduct near Filisur by Alexander Acatos, completed in 1902.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 25 — Swiss Made —

One with the landscape: the Sunniberg Bridge near Klosters by Christian Menn, completed in 1998.

26 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Swiss Made —

SWISS BRIDGE PIONEERS

spanned from two obelisks balanced on pioneer and his oldest remaining suspend- splayed legs – connect diagonally with the ed deck arch bridge, was to be demolished roadway.” to make room for a faceless new structure. A loan for 1.9 million Swiss francs was ap- As High as Tall Buildings proved for the new construction in Octo- In recent decades, Menn has built the Othmar H. Ammann ber 2009. e municipal clerk of Innerthal largest bridges in the most prominent lo- 1879 – 1965 replied laconically to arguments that this cations in Switzerland. He assisted ETH Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (1964) was a landmark of national signi¡cance, in New York, at the time the world’s Professor Pierre Lardy in the 1950s, and longest suspension bridge. “We need bridges to drive over, not just to Menn followed in his footsteps in 1971 photograph.” Werner Oechslin, professor when named professor of structural engi- emeritus of architecture and art history at neering and design at the ETH – a posi- the ETH and founder of the Werner tion which he held until becoming profes- Oechslin Library Foundation in Einsie- sor emeritus in 1992. Before crowning his deln, sounded the alarm: “I cannot believe career with Boston’s Bunker Hill Bridge, the ignorance and audacity with which Menn’s works included the 678-meter- people still treat such properties in our long Ganter Bridge at Simplon, a power- country,” he wrote in an e-mail to his col- ful statement set against the harsh moun- Robert Maillart leagues in the ¡eld. Oechslin’s interven- tain backdrop of the Valais. e larger of 1872 – 1940 tion mobilized the Swiss Society of Engi- the two pylons for this cable-stayed bridge Salginatobel Bridge (1930), neers and Architects, and the Schwyz revolutionary reinforced concrete is 150 meters high, taller than Zurich’s bridge near Schiers. heritage society appealed the demolition Prime Tower, with its 126 meters the tall- of the structure. Ongoing discussions to est building in Switzerland. e Sunniberg determine whether the Schrähbach Bridge Bridge near Klosters (canton of Graubün- should be listed as a protected historical den) is another of the engineer’s spectacu- site are being held on the cantonal and fed- lar landmarks. e 526 meter-long struc- eral level. e approval procedure for the ture arcs over the Landquart River at a new bridge has been suspended until a ¡- height of 62 meters, supported by four nal decision has been made. columns. Heinz Isler Othmar Ammann was certainly not Even more than Menn, Conzett 1926 – 2009 wrong when he attributed his success to tries to develop his bridges through the Motorway service area in Deitingen luck. But perhaps he should have also South (1968), concrete shells. combination of technique and form. e mentioned his instinct for the feasible. Be- fact that his own engineering ¡rm is able cause nowhere are aesthetics more closely to create aesthetic masterpieces even linked to economics, or mathematics to without ashy staging speaks for its cre- political calculations, than in the con - ativity. For example, the second Traver- struction of bridges. The typical Swiss sina Footbridge – a suspended staircase in pragmatism probably contributed to the a side valley of the Viamala Gorge (canton success of so many Swiss engineers. of Graubünden) – attracted a great deal of international interest even though the lit- Jürg Conzett tle bridge has a horizontal span length of born 1956 only 56 meters with its framework of Second Traversina Footbridge (2005) Innovative suspended staircase in the pre-stressed cable. Dedicated in 2010, Viamala (CH). Conzett’s new village bridge in Vals is also small but aesthetically eective: e side walls made of concrete and gneiss stone from Vals form arches serving as load-bearing elements.

Ignorance and Audacity e case of Robert Maillart’s bridge in In- nerthal (canton of Schwyz) demonstrates Christian Menn that even visionaries sometimes face chal- born 1927 Bunker Hill Bridge (2002) lenges in their own country. e Schräh- Boston’s modern landmark. Urs Steiner is the cultural editor of bach Bridge, an early work by the concrete Neue Zürcher Zeitung. © 2010 Collano Group

Photos: [m] ETH Zurich, Image Archive (3); [m] Str / IBA Archive / Keystone; [m] Str / Keystone (2); [m] Conzett Bronzini Gartmann (2); [m] Martin Ruetschi / Keystone (2) Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 27 — Job Market —

Multijob Career Trajectories Replace the One-Job Career Model e psychoanalyst Mario Erdheim discusses the widespread fear of unemployment and how this concern may mask even deeper fears. By David Signer and Helmut Wachter (photo)

In the 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer, But the idea of unemployment is less than potentially more complicated and less fear of unemployment once again takes pleasant. Why are we clinging to a threat tangible. Another advantage is that the top spot – as it has for several years now. when it isn’t real? it signals seriousness on the part of the at may come as a bit of a surprise, as It is akin to what Freud referred to as the worrier. It suggests: I want to work; Switzerland’s 2.8 percent unemployment “examination dream.” Even successful, it would be terrible if I could no longer rate is very low in comparison to other established academics often have anxiety work. European countries. dreams where they fail an examination. It seems to me that the Swiss are ¡xated e wish-ful¡llment component here is So what might the “real” challenges on the crises leading up to World War II, that the dreamers actually know they and problems be? when unemployment here grew from have already passed the examination, but e shift to a multicultural, globalized 0.7 to 4.8 percent in just six years. e the dream distracts them from other, society, for example. is in turn concept of “unemployment” is being equally dicult examinations in the reactivates the old fear of the Germans. used to break down the current, very present. Or that the dreamers can say to We here in Zurich are especially fond un settling and complex situation into a themselves: “Despite my fears, I will pass of seeing ourselves as an international common denominator. these tests just like I passed the examina- society, but we still fear minarets. ose tion back then.” are contradictions. Switzerland is currently experiencing a colossal change You mean that we talk about the fear of while simultaneously striving to maintain unemployment so that we can take even more the illusion of stability. e future of 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer joy in the fact that we have work? the energy supply after oil runs out is just Yes. But it is also a phenomenon referred as threatening as the climate change At to as “displacement” in psychoanalysis. happening right now. But doesn’t the fear unemplo49yment%, is the main worry e manageable problem of “unemploy- of “unemployment” reect all these expressed in the Swiss survey. ment” masks other challenges that are upheavals – the EU, the ¡nancial and

28 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 “Switzerland is experiencing a colossal change while simultaneously striving to maintain the illusion of stability.” Mario Erdheim, 72, is a psychoanalyst and ethnologist. He lives in Zurich.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 29 — Job Market —

tax crisis, impending recession, high profession for life, and they were proud of to have to go to the regional employment unemployment in neighboring countries? their profession. But at some point in the agency. ey don’t think of it in terms of Naturally there are real aspects. But it is ’60s and ’70s, a profession became a job. being entitled to the insurance because like the panic that ensued over the avian It doesn’t matter what I do, as long as it is they have paid into it. Instead, they feel u. e BaselWorld watch and jewelty well paid. is also includes being able like failures. show as (partially) cancelled. ere was to do something dierent every couple of discussion as to whether a sucient supply years. Is the attitude towards unemployment of vaccinations was available, talk of a dierent in places such as southern Europe? global threat – and then suddenly every- And today? Perhaps, but we shouldn’t forget that our thing just evaporated. Naturally there are ere is a newer phenomenon: unpaid unemployment rate was kept so low in the economic diculties, but unemployment work. is includes “relationship building,” 20th century because, thanks to seasonal is not the most immediate threat we face. voluntary work by seniors, internships workers and other migrant laborers, we for young people and interesting, creative were able to send people away when there Could we say that the fear of unemployment or intellectual side jobs that pay next to were no longer enough jobs. We exported is an expression of a Protestant work ethic, nothing. As a result, existential fears unemployment. that we still dene ourselves rst and fore- are increasing among academics as well. most by our occupations and that loss of work However, it is virtually impossible to Earlier you explained that “unemployment” accordingly represents a loss of identity? become truly destitute in Switzerland. is an outdated model. Should we now assume Yes. But the process of globalization also that continual interruptions and changes in transformed the concept of work. For our Unemployment is nonetheless no laughing our work lives are normal? parents, work and a career were the same matter. Our model is no longer that of one career thing. People had just one “regular” Yes, many people consider it disgraceful for decades, but a career trajectory. I

UNEMPLOYMENT IN SWITZERLAND IN THE 20TH CENTURY Unemployment rate as a percentage of working population

Recession/Housing crisis Post-war depression 5 Great Depression

Oil crisis 1

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Source: Historical Dictionary of Switzerland

30 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 Photo: RDB; Hans Staub / Swiss Photography Foundation / Keystone; Zu / Photopress Archive / Keystone; Martin Ruetschi / Keystone — Job Market —

noticed back in the ’80s how much more frequently my American colleagues changed jobs, as they often moved and Unemployed Men Suer even held down three or four jobs at the same time. It is possible that these More an Women complicated arrangements could be introduced here as well. is multijob Unemployment can have worse consequences than solution likely has the advantage that workers don’t stagnate or become over- a divorce. What events do people perceive as especially specialized, having to hide a lack of t raumatic? Research has the answer. imagination behind loyalty, consistency By David Signer and precision. e disadvantage, however, is that you cannot really immerse yourself in anything and must continually surf What are the worst events in life? ose trau- of the University of Zurich on the correlation from one job to the next. matic strokes of fate that almost inevitably between the economy and (un)happiness reveal throw a person o course, no matter how ro- that there is an additional complicating factor bust he or she may be? You don’t have to be in the case of unemployment: ose aected e problem of “youth unemployment” often a psychologist to know them: loss of a loved do not acclimate to it. On the contrary, their comes up in the Worry Barometer. one, illness and unemployment have an eect self-con¡dence is more and more negatively ere’s an air of nobility and altruism on anyone who experiences them. In 1967, the aected the longer they are unemployed. is, when adults express concerns that young American psychiatrists omas Holmes and in turn, reduces the chances of ¡nding a job. people do not have enough work. But Richard Rahe compiled a list of 43 “stressors.” Frey’s research also reveals that unemployed young people are already spending a lot of eir list has since been repeatedly subject to men suer more from the situation than cross-cultural review and con¡rmed, for the women, who tend to devote themselves more time worrying about that on their own, most part. e following events rank at the top to their social or domestic environment. It is particularly in searching for an apprentice- of the list: 1. Death of a spouse. 2. Divorce. possible that men de¡ne their identity and their ship. It’s often the case that young people 3. Imprisonment. 4. Loss of a family member. value more strongly through their profession don’t become unemployed per se, but 5. Accident or illness. 6. Marriage. 7. Unem- than women do. have to complete an apprenticeship that ployment. Losing a job also leads to (partial) loss of doesn’t interest them in the least. ey It may come as quite a surprise that the familiar social environment that usually have to become a hair stylist instead of a marriage is listed as a potentially illness-induc- helps a person cope with stress. An increase in a ing stress factor when many consider it “the country’s unemployment rate has a somewhat car mechanic because they couldn’t ¡nd happiest day of their lives.” According to the paradoxical eect: ose not aected, i.e. those anything in their ¡eld. ¡ndings of Holmes and Rahe, however, nega- who (still) have work, become more fearful and tive events are not the only ones to cause stress. dissatis¡ed due to the uncertain outlook. e Last year, many apprenticeships positions Generally speaking, situations that create the unemployed, however, suer less when the rate is in Switzerland could not be lled and ap- need for reorientation and adaptation also high, because they are less stigmatized by their prentices from other countries were brought induce stress. ese include entering into a new situation. “When large numbers of people are into Switzerland. Is the fear of youth relationship, pregnancy, birth, starting a new out of work, the individual unemployed person is job, getting promoted, building a house and not the only one to suer this fate. His life unemployment a little irrational as well? starting a business. Biographical turning points satisfaction decreases, but not to the same extent Vocational training and areas of study at such as these are always fraught with uncer- it would if he were the only one who was out of universities have become highly dieren- tainties and risks. e statistics gathered by work,” writes Frey in his book “Glück. Die Sicht tiated. at overwhelms many young Holmes and Rahe con¡rmed that the risk of der Ökonomie” (“Happiness. e Economic people. ey have to make dicult illness rises sharply with one or more of these Viewpoint”). In a country with a low unemploy- decisions without knowing exactly what drastic events. What their list doesn’t take into ment rate like Switzerland, an unemployed the implications are. ey don’t even cons ideration, however, is the fact that people person feels more marginalized than in a country react dierently to events. For someone who with a higher rate, such as Spain. know if they will still be needed after they suered deeply in a bad marriage, divorce can When it comes to illnesses and accidents, earn their uni versity degree. After all, be liberating. Nor is the respective duration of the studies reveal that physical problems induce who knows what the labor market will be the stressor taken into account. Spending stress and thus, in a vicious circle, often also like in ¡ve years? I studied ethnology 10 years in the penitentiary is not the same as make a person susceptible to further illnesses. and ultimately became a psychoanalyst. three days in jail. However, there is one piece of good news as But people nowadays want an early With regard to unemployment, research- well. In his research, Frey found that, after the guarantee of where something is leading ers agree that it has a very negative eect on life initial shock, people generally adjust relatively satisfaction and, consequently, on health. Some quickly to physical impairments such as paraly- them. At the same time, such certainties studies have even found that losing a job has a sis as the result of an accident. Having to adapt are slipping away like sand through more far-reaching impact than divorce. Losing always leads to stress, but no creature on the your ¡ngers. a job often has a negative eect on the entire planet is so well equipped to handle this as family. Studies by the economist Bruno S. Frey humans are.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 31 — Job Market —

Employment Ratio Espace Mittelland Northwest Switzerland Women Men Jobs of the Future 171,699 101,426 86,416 86,063 63,361 94,211 72,096 69,795 55,227 44,516 One trend predominates in the Swiss market: 139,997 103,216 93,589 71,116 66,670 70,076 70,125 68,465 38,418 54,174 68% 77% 91% 88% New jobs are materializing in various service 1995 2008 1995 2008 industries. Level of Education Level of Employment Proportion of 25- to Proportion of the working population By Andrea Schnell and Emilie Gachet 64-year-olds with with a full-time job Central Switzerland tertiary-level training 57,341 55,560 36,282 35,478 33,675

Lake Geneva region 43,835 48,748 22,043 38,356 34,031 Economists refer to the trend, which has 153,349 100,309 82,745 55,039 52,957 long predominated in Switzerland, as “ter- tiarization”: e third sector (services) is 20% 35% 72% 65% 117,252 96,514 53,856 53,383 50,751 1995 2008 1995 2008 growing, while the ¡rst and second sectors – farming and industr y – are shrink ing. Ad- Northwest ministrative and social institutions serving Zurich the government, such as health care, social Switzerland Zurich 130,982 105,225 100,270 81,163 47,788 services and training providers, saw particular growth in all regions bet ween 1995 and 100,011 107,124 64,748 63,577 54,835 2008. But business services such as consul- tants, architectural and engineering ¡rms Espace Central have also proliferated. Traditional indus- Mittelland Switzerland tries such as printers and chemical manu- facturers, along with hospitality, are be- Eastern coming less important. All available data Switzerland Eastern Switzerland suggests that this structural change will 88,523 65,157 63,961 56,796 48,911 shape future trends on the job market, too. In 2008, the total number of full-time jobs Lake Ticino Ticino in Switzerland came to about 3.4 million Black gures: Employed population in 2008 30,627 25,73017,137 16,327 15,357 68,087 72,572 64,131 47,283 53,140 (not including farming), a good 300,000 Geneva Gray gures: region more than in 1995. Employed population in 1995 25,641 21,79918,407 10,181 15,512

Upturn Downturn Less than ± 3% Switzerland Overall Administrative and Trading Corporate High-tech Traditional Construction Entertainment, Financial Transportation, Infor- Energy Switzerland social services and sales services industry industry hotels services postal mation, supply Overall and catering services communications, IT 2008 726,734 522,010 392,706 339,448 329,907 304,113 247,029 208,346 185,684 116,654 24,276

1995 564,901 510,001 267,524 306,596 373,888 323,489 250,552 185,696 190,326 83,004 24,697

3,396,914

3,080,679

Source: Swiss Federal Statistical Oce, Credit Suisse Economic Research. Number of full-time equivalent employees. Latest available gures.

32 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 Infographic: Ole Häntzschel — Job Market —

Employment Ratio Espace Mittelland Northwest Switzerland Women Men 171,699 101,426 86,416 86,063 63,361 94,211 72,096 69,795 55,227 44,516

139,997 103,216 93,589 71,116 66,670 70,076 70,125 68,465 38,418 54,174

68% 77% 91% 88% 1995 2008 1995 2008

Level of Education Level of Employment Proportion of 25- to Proportion of the working population 64-year-olds with with a full-time job Central Switzerland tertiary-level training 57,341 55,560 36,282 35,478 33,675

Lake Geneva region 43,835 48,748 22,043 38,356 34,031 153,349 100,309 82,745 55,039 52,957

20% 35% 72% 65% 117,252 96,514 53,856 53,383 50,751 1995 2008 1995 2008

Northwest Zurich Switzerland Zurich 130,982 105,225 100,270 81,163 47,788

100,011 107,124 64,748 63,577 54,835 Espace Central Mittelland Switzerland Eastern Switzerland Eastern Switzerland 88,523 65,157 63,961 56,796 48,911

Black gures: Lake Ticino Ticino Employed population in 2008 Geneva 30,627 25,73017,137 16,327 15,357 68,087 72,572 64,131 47,283 53,140 Gray gures: region Employed population in 1995 25,641 21,79918,407 10,181 15,512

1995 564,901 510,001 267,524 306,596 373,888 323,489 250,552 185,696 190,326 83,004 24,697

3,396,914

3,080,679

Source: Swiss Federal Statistical Oce, Credit Suisse Economic Research. Number of full-time equivalent employees. Latest available gures.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 33 — Integration —

Why We Are Here Well educated, resilient, globally employable: ey could live anywhere, but have chosen Switzerland. Six expatriates describe their lives here and what they think of integration. By Simon Brunner and Dan Cermak (photos)

WHAT DO EXPATS CONTRIBUTE TO WOUTER NAESSENS: We used to live in I admit that the social infrastructure here Switzerland? Depending upon the point South Africa, but it is too dangerous to is excellent. It is crucial for a society of view, expatriates (Latin: “ex” = from; raise children there. that the lowest classes of the population “patria” = fatherland) generate signi¡cant DENIS PERES: After completing my MBA, have a certain standard of living. Poverty economic value, provide Switzerland with I got a good job oer, so we stayed. It was destroys society. an international flair and create “brain more fate than planning. gain.” Or they inate rents, take jobs away SLAVA RAYKOV: I’m not sure we could work Aren’t the nancial advantages the greatest from citizens and form a parallel society. anywhere in the world. We want jobs incentive? Federal Councilor Simonetta Som- in certain industries and in certain posi- RAYKOV: Low taxes and high wages are key maruga is also concerned about them. tions – and Switzerland has a high advantages – no question about that! One of her oft-repeated criticisms is that concentration of them. Over 40 nations NAESSENS: I am not sure about that. I had foreigners with high levels of education were represented in our MBA class. at least the same standard of living in and good jobs are poorly integrated. Now Today, over half of them live in Belgium. ings are unbelievably expen- she is even planning a special integration Germany, the UK, the Netherlands sive here. Besides, employers there program for this group of immigrants. and Switzerland. contribute much more toward insurance, But what do expats actually think of and my family could help out with child Switzerland? Six foreign managers who Ms. Roussell, you belong to a class of global care. studied together to earn their MBA degrees nomads – what does that mean exactly? at the respected IMD business school in ROUSSELL: I have done quite a bit of travel- What bothers you about life in Switzerland? Lausanne discuss their host country. ing. I lived in the states of Massachusetts PERES: Prices are so high ... and Vermont, then in Kyoto, Washington ELÁKOURY: Just the little things. My neigh- You could live anywhere in the world – D.C., Taipei, Beijing, Vienna, Berlin and bors are real “curtain-twitchers” – why Switzerland? Washington again. After that, I commut- they stand behind their curtains and CORALIE LERESCHE: I moved from Paris to ed between New York and London for watch everything. Geneva as an employee of an investment a while, then Paris, Lausanne, back to the NAESSENS: My wife’s entire salary goes bank – the move was planned as a US, Beijing, Shanghai, Geneva and now toward child care. We won’t be able to springboard for a later transfer to the Zurich. aord a second child here. US. Much to my astonishment, I ROUSSELL: A friend of mine pays 4,000 found that I liked Geneva better than What is special about Switzerland? Swiss francs a month so that she can New York – because of the work culture, ROUSSELL: e social cohesion. Community but also because of the nature and is very important to people. Sometimes everything one can do around Geneva. they vote against their own interests, such 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer JODIE ROUSSELL: I really enjoy nature, too. as voting against tax cuts. I might have Switzerland is like a better version experienced such a strong sense of commu- of Vermont, my home state in the US. nity in Japan, but certainly not in the US. 55 percent KARIM ELÁKOURY: I came for the education PERES: Right. I do have a bias toward the consider integration of foreigners to and stayed for love. principle of individual responsibility, but be an important political goal.

34 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Integration —

Coralie Leresche, 35 French, investor relations manager at Symbiotics, a micro- ¡nance institution, has lived in Geneva and Lausanne for eight years.

Wouter Naessens, 34 Belgian, senior ¡nancial manager at Kudelski, lives near Lausanne.

Karim El-Koury, 33 Austrian of Egyp- tian descent, sales and m arketing manager at a water ¡lter manufacturer, has lived in Lausanne since 2009.

Denis Peres, 36 Brazilian, vice president at O-I, the global market leader in glass packaging, has lived in a town near Lausanne for four years.

Slava Raykov, 31 Russian, M&A manager at Philip Morris, has lived in various towns around Lake Geneva for seven years.

Jodie Roussell, 33 American, public aairs director at Trina Solar, a leading photovoltaics company, has lived in Geneva and Zurich since 2009.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 35 — Integration —

work long hours and pick up her child ROUSSELL: Just the opposite is true for me: How would you rate the work culture here? from the nursery after 7 p.m. Women in I am gone for most of the week – I like to LERESCHE: e people are more grounded Switzerland are well educated, but the spend the weekends here. compared to Paris. People go to work in country lacks the infrastructure to have NAESSENS: I work with Swiss people – I their oces on their bicycles, take a short both career and family – and there is spend most of my free time with foreign- lunch, go home and enjoy their free time. a certain stigma attached to working ers. I ¡nd it dicult to get to know the In Paris, you have to stay in the oce mothers. Singapore, which is competing Swiss; we are not members of any clubs or until the boss leaves, lunches take forever for the same global talent, has a major associations, and we often travel out of and social situations are much more advantage there. Domestic help costs town on the weekends. complicated. around 600 US dollars a month there. ROUSSELL: It is not dicult to integrate RAYKOV: Although people work slightly yourself here compared to the major less than in Russia, they tend to be more In general, do you feel welcome in Asian cities. No socio-economic barriers productive – everything is really well S witzerland? exist between the expats and the “man organized. e bigger dierence is in the LERESCHE: Basically yes, but the French on the street.” You need to have a ¡rst type of work. International headquarters are not very well-liked in Geneva. Swiss acquaintance to open doors for you are located here; that means more strategy I am always considered “La Française,” to his circle of friends. and less production. a synonym for “arrogant.” PERES: I feel very welcome, even if I am e cliché of the aloof Swiss doesn’t apply in Do you feel at home in Switzerland? sometimes taken aback by the “stop your experience? ELÁKOURY: I don’t know where “at home” is. immigration” posters in the streets. I think ROUSSELL: No. But I understand when My father is Egyptian, my mother that most foreigners help to advance Swiss people keep their distance from Austrian. I grew up in Vienna, lived for Switzerland economically and increase the expats – you don’t want to build up many years in London, Germany and country’s competitiveness – we pay high a friendship with someone who will be Switzerland. I am always “the foreigner,” taxes and our companies bring jobs into gone again in two years. wherever I go. the country. LERESCHE: I have to admit that I can’t RAYKOV: I think that people in our circles How important is the language? name a single member of the Federal are quite welcome here. But foreigners ROUSSELL: So far, I have learned the local Council – but I feel quite at home in make up more than 20 percent of Swit- language in every country. It’s not polite Geneva. I have never lived in one city for zerland’s population, and not all of them to simply speak English to people. Swiss this long. are as well behaved as we are. So, of German, however, is a real challenge. ROUSSELL: I would like to stay in Zurich course it makes sense that they look close- NAESSENS: ere are lots of Swiss people for a long time. I like it here very much. ly at who is being let into the country. on my team. e “blah blah” is in English NAESSENS: We just bought a house, so we ROUSSELL: ere is a certain implicit and the important things are said in will be staying in Switzerland for a racism. A good friend of mine is Indian. French. Luckily, I understand it, but I few more years. But are we a part of Swiss He could not ¡nd an apartment – he prefer to explain dicult things in society? No. Our decision to live the ¡nally wound up in the worst place he had English, even though that is not my expat life was clearly made at the expense ever lived in. He soon moved back to native language either. of feeling at home. India with his family. Of course, a certain aversion to people who look dierent Most expats in Switzerland live around the exists all over the world. But unlike the Arc Lémanique or in the German-speaking US or New Zealand, Switzerland does cities Zurich, Basel and Zug. What are the not identify itself as a country of immi- dierences? gration. You can feel that. ROUSSELL: French-speaking Switzerland seems to me to be more international. In How well integrated are you? German-speaking Switzerland, however, PERES: It is dicult for me to admit, but German should be spoken. And there my daughter is more Swiss than Brazilian. are huge dierences between cantons. She speaks French and asks for cheese for Moving from Geneva to Zurich was more dessert. Unbelievable! dicult than from Shanghai to Geneva. ELÁKOURY: Like many of us, I get out of LERESCHE: I like Zurich and Geneva quite town almost every weekend. EasyJet ies a lot. What I don’t understand is why out of Geneva and the ights are cheap. there is so little exchange within Switzer- Still, I really like being here. Lausanne is land. Why do the French-speaking almost as international as London, where Swiss and the German-speaking Swiss I lived for eight years. have so little to do with one another?

36 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Swiss List —

Switzerland in Figures (2/4) 10 Inventions

1. e Caesarean section (1500): e ¡rst successful Caesarean section in history – in which both the baby and the mother survived – was reportedly performed by Jacob Nufer, a pig-gelder from the canton of urgau. When his wife was facing death during labor, he put his professional skills to use, cut open her belly and pulled the baby out.

2. e table of logarithms (1588): Jost Bürgi, a watchmaker from the Toggenburg valley in the canton of St. Gallen, was the ¡rst to invent logarithms, but he couldn’t publish his ¡ndings due to his lack of Latin skills. As a result, Englishman John Napier became known as the inventor of logarithms decades later.

3. e comic strip (1827): Rodolphe Toeper of Geneva began publishing “picture stories” featuring whimsical caricatures in the 1830s, and they quickly became very popular. Goethe reportedly gushed, “ ey’re so wonderful! ey sparkle with talent and wit!”

4. Instant soup (1884): Instant soup was pioneered by Julius Maggi, the originator of Maggi seasoning sauce, and by 1887 his product range included more than 20 dierent soups.

5. Grape juice (1890): Hermann Müller- urgau may be most famous for cultivating the grape variety that bears his name (called Riesling x Sylvaner in Switzerland), but he was also the ¡rst person to heat freshly pressed grape juice as a way to kill microorganisms. Prior to this, people drank only fermented juice (wine).

6. Aluminum foil (1912): As is so often the case, aluminum foil was developed in stages. It was ultimately patented in its current form by Schahausen-based industrialist Robert Viktor Neher.

7. DDT (1942): e insecticidal eects of DDT were noted by chemist Paul Hermann Müller – winner of the 1948 Nobel prize – and DDT was marketed by his company, J.R. Geigy. Despite its great success in ¡ghting malaria, DDT was later banned in many countries because of its long-term harm to birds.

8. Car sharing (1948): Switzerland has two milestones in this ¡eld. e world’s ¡rst car sharing cooperative was formed in the country shortly after World War II, and Switzerland has more car sharers than a nywhere else – ¡ve to ten times more than its neighboring countries, proportionately speaking.

9. Balloon angioplasty (1977): German cardiologist Andreas Roland Grüntzig was the ¡rst to successfully expand a narrowed artery using a balloon – on September 16, 1977, in Zurich.

10. Robidog (1981): e Robidog “dog toilet” could only have been invented in Switzerland. is system, which the manufacturer describes as a container for dispensing special bags and collecting dog waste, was invented by Joseph Rosenast, a carpenter from un in the canton of Berne.

By Matthias Plüss, 1kilo (illustration) Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 37 — Immigration —

Why Migrants Are So Important to the World Economy In the wake of the ¡nancial crisis, the debate about the advantages and disadvantages of immigration has gotten progressively more emotional. A look at history shows that migrants laid the groundwork for developing the world’s economy and they continue to promote growth. By Ian Goldin

IN ALMOST EVERY RICH COUNTRY, in Europe, has one of the largest propor- a time of economic crisis. From the per - anti-immigrant fervor is at fever pitch. tions of immigrant workers – 1.36 mil - spective of economic theory, it is more Immigration into the welfare state from lion – more than ever. Twenty-eight and than plausible, however, that immigrants low-wage countries, rising rents and a half percent of all people working in boost growth in those countries where house prices due to immigration of the Switzerland do not possess a Swiss pass- they are welcomed. highly educated, and increased competi- port. tion in the workplace are all cited as rea- Does Switzerland prosper because it A higher rate of global migration is desir- sons to control immigration. But if soci- welcomes migrants, or do migrants come able for four reasons: eties are to continue to prosper and because the country is prosperous? Teas- 1 — It is a source of innovation and dyna- developing countries are to ¡ght poverty ing out the true contribution of immi - mism. and sustain economic growth, migration grants to growth involves some dicult 2 — It responds to labor shortages. is highly desirable. Migrants are required econometrics. At the very least, though, 3 — It meets the challenges posed by rap- to provide critical fuel for future econom- one can say that immigration has not pre- idly aging populations. ic dynamism in Europe and the US. Swit- vented the Swiss economy from growing 4 — It provides an escape from povert y and zerland, one of the wealthiest countries rapidly and maintaining its stability in persecution.

38 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Immigration —

Some 400,000 Swiss emigrated between 1850 and 1914. ere are 16 towns and cities named Lucerne in the US, along with a New Glarus in Wisconsin.

By contrast, limiting migration slows eco- an excuse for shutting the frontier to mi- tion, the individual risks and costs of mov- nomic growth and undermines societies’ grants. Ensuring that all migrants are le- ing internationally will continue to fall. long-term competitiveness. It also creates gally recognized and part of society, with Rising global population, lower transport a less prosperous, more unequal and par- all the necessary rights and responsibili- costs, better connectivity, and growing titioned world. ties that this implies, is a vital part of this transnational social and economic net- ere are short-run, local costs to process. works will lead to increased movement of higher rates of migration that must be ad- Despite domestic opposition in re- people. If this process is allowed to take dressed if societies are to enjoy the much cipient countries, the number of interna- larger long-term bene¡ts. ese include tional migrants has doubled over the past the pressure on local housing and school- 25 years and will double again by 2030. ing arising from migration and the chal- Rapid economic and political change and, 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer lenge to cultural homogeneity that mi- increasingly, environmental change dis- grants often pose. ese must and can be lodges people and encourages them to seek addressed through an honest and open opportunity and security in new homes. co77nsider per immigrationce tont be the biggest discussion of the issues, but not become Against the backdrop of rapid globaliza- threat to Swiss identity.

Photo: Luca Zanetti / Laif / Keystone Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 39 — Immigration —

its course, it will stimulate global growth and Silicon Valley start-ups. They also Both rich and poor countries would ben- and serve to reduce poverty. However, it contribute more in tax than they claim e¡t from increased migration, with devel- requires careful management to ensure through social-welfare bene¡ts or other oping countries bene¡ting the most. It is that the benefits are harvested and the payments. Immigrants lead in many areas estimated that increasing migration by backlash of recipient societies does not of science, culture and innovation in the just 3 percent of the workforce in devel- lead to further polari zation. US, even though they account for around oped countries between 2005 and 2025 While the incremental reduction of 10 percent of the population. is is no would generate global gains of 356 billion barriers to cross-border ows of capital, accident, as global analysis of the contri- dollars, more than two-thirds of which goods and services has been a major bution of migrants’ reveals. would accrue to developing countries. Al- achievement of recent decades, interna- though politically unrealistic, opening tional migration has never been more Fewer Native-Born Employees borders completely could produce gains as strictly controlled. Classical economists Medical and public health advances have high as 39 trillion dollars for the world such as John Stuart Mill saw this as both increased longevity in developed coun- economy over 25 years. Today, powerful economically illogical and ethically unac- tries, while persistently low fertility levels countries argue against migration reform ceptable. Adam Smith objected to any- and the end of the post-World War II and the development of a global migration thing that obstructed “the free circulation baby boom mean that the number of na- organization. But more migration and of labor from one employment to anoth- tive-born workers will fall in the coming more carefully managed migration is in er.” By the 19th century, as a result of the years. As populations age and their fertil- everyone’s interest, and the public debate development of steam and other means of ity rates collapse, more migration will be about it is too important to be left to poli- transportation, one-third of the popula- necessary to ensure economic competi- ticians. tion of Scandinavia, Ireland and parts of tiveness, ¡nance pension and health-care Italy emigrated. Some 400,000 Swiss em- systems. igrated between 1850 and 1914. Swiss im- e eects of a shrinking labor force migrants to the Americas founded new will be compounded by rising educational towns and cities that often bore the names attainment in developed countries. is of the immigrants’ hometowns. In the US will leave fewer people interested in tak- alone, there are 16 towns and cities called ing on low-wage jobs, working in trade or Lucerne. Mass migration gave millions of construction. Between 2005 and 2025, Europeans an escape route from poverty OECD countries are expected to experi- and persecution, and fed the dynamism ence a 35 percent increase in the percent- and development of countries like the US, age of their workforces with tertiary edu- the UK and various colonies. cation. As education levels rise, so do e rise of nationalism prior to the expectations about work. outbreak of World War I led to the wide- For the countries they leave, mi - spread introduction of passports and ush- grants often represent a brain drain. Even ered in stricter controls on the internation- so, they contribute signi¡cantly to their al movement of people. A hundred years home countries. Taiwan and Israel are later, despite falling barriers to trade, ¡- testimony to the role played by migrants nance and information, the walls to free abroad, with their diasporas playing a vi- mobility have never been higher. Approx- tal role in terms of political support, in - imately 200 million people, around 3 per- vestment ows and technology transfer. cent of the world’s population, now live in Moreover, migration has historically countries in which they were not born. been the most eective measure against ese are the orphans of the international poverty. Remittances sent home by mi- system. In my book “Exceptional People: grants exceeded 440 billion US dollars in How Migration Shaped our World and 2010, with over two-thirds of these ows Will De¡ne our Future,”* I demonstrate going to developing countries. In a num- that, on balance, they bring great bene¡t ber of small developing countries, remit- to their host societies. In addition to pro- tances contribute more than one-third of viding a much-needed source of skilled GDP, and in a number of larger countries, Professor Ian Goldin is director of the Oxford Martin and unskilled labor, they contribute dis- annual receipts exceed 50 billion dollars. School and Professorial Fellow, Balliol College, University of Oxford. Previously, he was vice president proportionately to innovation and wealth In Latin America and the Caribbean, at the World Bank (2003–2006). creation. more than 50 million people are supported * “Exceptional People. How Migration Shaped Our For example, immigrants to the US by remittances, and the numbers are even World and Will De¡ne Our Future” (Princeton contribute more than half of the patents greater in Africa and Asia. University Press, 2012), ISBN: 978-0691156316

40 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Immigration —

Closed Borders Are Absurd – But So Is Unrestricted Migration. Essay by Beat Kappeler

It is impossible to de¡ne precisely the right balance between seal- wage jobs, and they also prevent companies in wealthier countries ing o a country and opening its borders without restriction, since from bene¡ting from those workers. is discourages migration it all depends on the particular circumstances. In 19th-century by low-skilled workers. But it also prevents Europe from taking Europe and America, for example, people could move freely from advantage of more aordable labor, which would make it more one country to another without a passport. But in 1918, following competitive in the global market. World War I, every country and successor state de¡ned itself as a n the other hand, host countries bene¡t economically “nation,” ideally with a homogeneous population and a shared ter- from the contributions of skilled immigrants (while ritory, language, culture, government and leadership. e borders their countries of origin may experience losses). Skilled closed, and migration became the exception. Oworkers have the option of migrating in any direction they choose. s Western Europe became more uni¡ed after 1945, thanks ey tend to move temporarily for career reasons rather than per- to the EU, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, manently, unlike the low-cost workers who were limited in their the freedom to attend universities in other countries and occupational mobility. currency convertibility, it gradually became easier to migrate with- ((Ausländeranteil CH)) A IMMIGRATION TO SWITZERLAND in Europe. Switzerland, like most of northern Europe, attracted large numbers of cheap workers from the countries of southern Permanent foreign residents as a share of the total population Europe. It became clear when the Swiss franc was revalued upward 9 in 1973–1975 that 300,000 jobs had been created because of the 8 7 undervalued franc; barely a year later, these jobs had been elimi- 6 nated. Some clothing and textile factories had produced goods ex- 5 4 clusively for the export market, relying on imported materials and 3 immigrant labor. It would have been a wiser decision to locate these 2 factories in Turkey or Sicily instead. 1 0 en, beginning in 1992, the freedom of movement estab- 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 lished by the EU’s single market led to a new type of migration. Source: Federal Oce for Migration (FOM)

Countries began to pay attention to labor and wage conditions to Germany Italy Spain Turkey Serbia (from 1999) ensure that they complied with domestic standards; and highly France Austria Portugal Other Yugoslavia (until 1999) trained workers were almost the only ones moving from one coun- As early as 1900, foreigners made up more than 10 percent of Switzerland’s try to another. International transportation became so aordable population. Since 2003, over 20 percent of the population has been foreign. that people could escape unfavorable political and economic conditions within a matter of hours. is meant that enormous num- e transfer systems, however, create problems. Social welfare bers of people were coming to Europe seeking refuge or work, and bene¡ts, which are generous compared with other countries, re- it was dicult to distinguish among them. quire no contributions and are not limited to an exclusive “club,” All European countries have now put in place transfer sys- are particularly likely to attract immigrants. For that reason, only tems to provide support for child care or help in the event of ill- the employed or retirees enjoy freedom of movement in Europe, ness, old age, disability or unemployment; residents are entitled to and not immigrants coming from outside Europe. those bene¡ts because they pay the obligatory contributions. In his is reasonable; the EU’s single market and the world addition, anyone who falls through trade order provide for the free exchange of goods, capital the safety net is guaranteed a “life led and services. It makes more sense for goods to migrate in human dignit y” (as expressed in the thanT for large numbers of people to do so. Legal certainty and Swiss constitution of 2000) – in other democratic emancipation are spreading in Asia, Latin America words, people have a right not only to and Africa; this will make the entire world a better place, and will a minimum amount of food, but also put a halt to migration motivated by need. Wealthy countries to “cultural participation.” should provide help in this context. Well-intentioned people may All of this has consequences. want to solve the world’s problems by making immigration easier, National labor standards prevent but this would only succeed in destroying Europe’s welfare sys- workers from less prosperous Euro- tems. Just as was the case before 1975, immigrants would then be- pean countries from taking lower- come an underclass – bene¡ting no one.

Beat Kappeler is a writer and a commentator for the NZZ am Sonntag newspaper. His most recent book is “Wie die Schweizer Wirtschaft tickt” (“How the Swiss Economy Ticks”), which was published by NZZ-Verlag.

Illustration: Gefe Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 41 Camfed International is a UK-registered charity number 1029161 and Camfed USA Foundation is a 501(c)(3) tax exempt organization

First Name Last Name Country - - Winfrida Msuya TAN 2365 - Ruth Chibamba ZAM 2539 - Mwanaisha Amanzi TAN 2713 - Lawrence Gore ZIM 2884 - Tatu Makenga TAN 3050 - Furaha Chanzi TAN 2193 - Moyo Andile ZIM 2366 - Farida Makela TAN 2540 - Rachael Mulenga ZAM 2714 - Angella Masanga ZIM 2885 - Simela Sandra ZIM 3051 - Bonani Dube ZIM 2194 - Manyando Makumba ZAM 2367 - Memory Kunda ZAM 2541 - Lenia Matenga ZIM 2715 - Fanista Myungile TAN 2886 - Mucezi Masiye ZAM 3052 - Precious Kapambwe ZAM 2195 - Hildah Mukuku ZAM 2368 - Beauty Muyunda ZAM 2542 - Amuria Napari GHA 2716 - Ester Kaira ZAM 2887 - Debora Msabila TAN 3053 - Jubilee Garikai ZIM 2196 - Liceli Mufanda ZAM 2369 - Maria Kalinga TAN 2543 - Alice Nachela ZAM 2717 - Martha Musisinyani ZIM 2888 - Sikhululekile Moyo ZIM 3054 - Advey Mgaya TAN 2197 - Faraja Konzi TAN 2370 - Caster Chikokere ZIM 2544 - Sylvia Ngulube ZAM 2718 - Rabecca Mutambo ZAM 2889 - Lusinde Kumaiba ZAM 3055 - Kasoma Chama ZAM 2198 - Naomi Mumba ZAM 2371 - Moshi Kayuwanga TAN 2545 - Sinikiwe Sibanda ZIM 2719 - Charity Mwembwa ZAM 2890 - Tatenda Moyo ZIM 3056 - Margaret Kangwa ZAM 2199 - Saphira Sankwe ZAM 2372 - Zenabu Mahamah GHA 2546 - Zondani Sibanda ZIM 2720 - Sepiso Musiyebo ZAM 2891 - Prundence Chileshe ZAM 3057 - Faith Sniff ZIM 2200 - Lorren Raundi ZIM 2373 - Nhare Fungai ZIM 2547 - Sara Nakawala ZAM 2721 - Jemimah Namumba ZAM 2892 - Odilly Kaluba ZAM 3058 - Deophister Chiluba ZAM 2201 - Chiti Mwamba ZAM 2374 - Emmeldah Chisenga ZAM 2548 - Trish Dendamera ZIM 2722 - Sibonginkosi Ncube ZIM 2893 - Marian Mukosa ZAM 3059 - Nalukui Libaka ZAM 2202 - Blantina Mbalase TAN 2375 - Situmbeko Naluca ZAM 2549 - Happiness Mutale ZIM 2723 - Adija Issahaku GHA 2894 - Veronica Chisauka ZIM 3060 - Mohammed Hamdia GHA 2203 - Namataa Sitwala ZAM 2376 - Martha Lyambo TAN 2550 - Delphister Lushinga ZAM 2724 - Mary Kisawike TAN 2895 - Nyambe Nawa ZAM 3061 - Naomi Mwila ZAM 2204 - Duachi Moazu GHA 2377 - Pascalina Mwaba ZAM 2551 - Tatu Sanga TAN 2725 - Zikhumba Tendai ZIM 2896 - Mpande Chameya ZAM 3062 - Pumulo Ikwendo ZAM 2205 - Polite Chidawanyika ZIM 2378 - Buchedo Munkuli ZIM 2552 - Madzinise Precious ZIM 2726 - Shorai Chipazaure ZIM 2897 - Priscilla Mudenda ZIM 3063 - Florence Mwansa ZAM 2206 - Rebecca Mhimba TAN 2379 - Change Nancy ZIM 2553 - Victoria Chanda ZAM 2727 - Ireen Mwansa ZAM 2898 - Kajatu Mugala ZAM 3064 - Mildred Machokoto ZIM 2207 - Eunice Marako ZIM 2380 - Margret Gunika ZIM 2554 - Mirriam Nawelwa ZAM 2728 - Mwangala Imbuwa ZAM 2899 - Tumaini Chahe TAN 3065 - Restuta Njelekela TAN 2208 - Mable Mukombi ZAM 2381 - Tumusa Namatama ZAM 2555 - Astridah Chimfwembe ZAM 2729 - Gladys Mulenga ZAM 2900 - Ruth Kondo ZIM 3066 - Mubita Sitali ZAM 2209 - Lucy Namwinga ZAM 2382 - Alleta Tshuma ZIM 2556 - Ayisha Iddrisu GHA 2730 - Njekwa Butale ZAM 2901 - Harmony Shirichena ZIM 3067 - Josephine Chikanyira ZIM 2210 - Bisesa Mwayo ZAM 2383 - Mercy Chate ZAM 2557 - Mwango Mwale ZAM 2731 - Shuvai Dzinda ZIM 2902 - Esnart Chewe ZAM 3068 - Nemakando Kapokola ZAM 2211 - Chita Mabuku ZAM 2384 - Sibanda Acience ZIM 2558 - Priscilla Mwape ZAM 2732 - Aidess Phiri ZAM 2903 - Perfect Nyathi ZIM 3069 - Evans Tete ZIM 2212 - Majory Namukonde ZAM 2385 - Ruth Mwila ZAM 2559 - Judith Masiwa ZIM 2733 - Sibonkinkosi Mpofu ZIM 2904 - Monica Namukwala ZAM 3070 - Rafia Sulemana GHA 2213 - Roseria Musamba ZAM 2386 - Matau Winnet ZIM 2560 - Jema Kaniala TAN 2734 - Mumba Jubilee ZAM 2905 - Hellen Ngabo ZAM 3071 - Gillian Chanda ZAM 2214 - Prudence Chibesa ZAM 2387 - Hellen Mwila ZAM 2561 - Yvonne Kabulo ZAM 2735 - Patience Nyandoro ZIM 2906 - Musonda Mile ZAM 3072 - Esa Mhanda TAN 2215 - Mwala Mutimbwa ZAM 2388 - Mutema Florence ZAM 2562 - Pili Mhongole TAN 2736 - Christine Mwewa ZAM 2907 - Mainess Mutambo ZAM 3073 - Purity Kangwa ZAM 2216 - Florence Mulambia ZAM 2389 - Mervis Nglovu ZAM 2563 - Tololi Namenzi ZAM 2737 - Mayumbelo Munalula ZAM 2908 - Violet Nkaya ZAM 3074 - Irene Chimupunga ZIM 2217 - Deophine Mulinda ZAM 2390 - Kalumba Mukeya ZAM 2564 - Katonga Nsakanya ZAM 2738 - Mercy Satamba ZAM 2909 - Mandelena Hanchabila ZAM 3075 - Shupikai Chibvongodze ZIM 2218 - Karimu Nafisa GHA 2391 - Reliance Ncube ZIM 2565 - Annie Nawila ZAM 2739 - Karimu Margret GHA 2910 - Dorothy Mhepo ZIM 3076 - Alice Chola ZAM 2219 - Rudo Mutendereki ZIM 2392 - Sheba Nanyangwe ZAM 2566 - Thester Namfukwe ZAM 2740 - Juliet Chanda ZAM 2911 - Christerbell Mwamba ZAM 3077 - Libya Tshuma ZIM 2220 - Liywalii Mwenda ZAM 2393 - Carol Mwandu ZAM 2567 - Precious Mwila ZAM 2741 - Rosemary Kaoma ZAM 2912 - Precious Mumba ZAM 3078 - Jacquiline Mwansa ZAM 2221 - Ntumba Bilumba ZAM 2394 - Martha Chikaka ZIM 2568 - Arahanatu Mahama GHA 2742 - Suraya Seidu GHA 2913 - Juliet Nambeye ZAM 3079 - Hellen Chingongo ZAM 2222 - Netsai Makuvarara ZIM 2395 - Elina Mlongwa TAN 2569 - Nandila Songiso ZAM 2743 - Monica Mvula TAN 2914 - Eunice Kalobwe ZAM 3080 - Prudence Namuko ZAM 2223 - Mwaanga Nalukui ZAM 2396 - Miniva Katwishi ZAM 2570 - Lwanzo Muleya ZIM 2744 - Mercy Mabuku ZAM 2915 - Kalumbu Bupe ZAM 3081 - Ignasia Ndunguru TAN 2224 - Given Kasongo ZAM 2397 - Pamela Nachinga ZAM 2571 - Merinda Mwelwa ZAM 2745 - Sikutambua Kasenega TAN 2916 - Mutangu Mubiana ZAM 3082 - Memory Kaipambe ZAM 2225 - Eunice Chabala ZAM 2398 - Monde Liwena ZAM 2572 - Sitegemei Njalang’ona TAN 2746 - Shorai Mawire ZIM 2917 - Mercy Nambeye ZAM 3083 - Hildah Mofya ZAM 2226 - Farasi Mutami ZIM 2399 - Advei Mgaya TAN 2573 - Grace Zibengwa ZIM 2747 - Gift Chipemba ZAM 2918 - Bridget Kufawatama ZIM 3084 - Sharon Namukwasa ZAM 2227 - Atogo Paulina GHA 2400 - Paidamoyo Chikumbirike ZIM 2574 - Fairuzi Mkini TAN 2748 - Marvis Musonda ZAM 2919 - Anna Mukunza ZIM 3085 - Maggie Mubita ZAM 2228 - Matildah Bwalya ZAM 2401 - Maureen Mulubwa ZAM 2575 - Patricia Mlambo ZIM 2749 - Cathreen Mbulo ZAM 2920 - Harriet Nagogo ZAM 3086 - Persistence Bazela ZIM 2229 - Norah Chilufya ZAM 2402 - Cathreen Mumba ZAM 2576 - Akida Kavindi TAN 2750 - Seidu Amina GHA 2921 - Bukari Natu GHA 3087 - Memonse Masiya ZIM 2230 - Bwalya Malama ZAM 2403 - Likezo Miliko ZAM 2577 - Agathar Chanda ZAM 2751 - Esther Mwansa ZAM 2922 - Munyira Mercy ZIM 3088 - Agness Kabanda ZAM 2231 - Georgina Kanbil GHA 2404 - Blessed Ncube ZIM 2578 - Ibrahim Barichisu GHA 2752 - Agness Chibelushi ZAM 2923 - Elicy Migodela TAN 3089 - Muzibe Liwakala ZAM 2232 - Umi Msombe TAN 2405 - Melina Kanzugala TAN 2579 - Kafingwa Petronela ZIM 2753 - Given Kalaba ZAM 2924 - Beatrice Bwalya ZAM 3090 - Monde Matomola ZAM 2233 - Gladys Chewe ZAM 2406 - Alice Nyimbili ZAM 2580 - Sikudhani Kayoka TAN 2754 - Abu Sawana GHA 2925 - Memory Chanda ZAM 3091 - Lucy Kaovela TAN 2234 - Iteni Mwalafi TAN 2407 - Tinarwo Melody ZIM 2581 - Christabel Suzyo ZAM 2755 - Mwansa Chalwe ZAM 2926 - Namebo Malindi ZAM 3092 - Nakweti Pumulo ZAM 2235 - Bertha Bwalya ZAM 2408 - Muyunda Mulala ZAM 2582 - Brenda Mavuyu ZIM 2756 - Muyangwa Etambuyu ZAM 2927 - Agnes Kisage TAN 3093 - Sibesanu Tembo ZAM 2236 - Fadzai Mpofu ZIM 2409 - Gowera Fortunate ZIM 2583 - Inambao Nasilele ZAM 2757 - Blessings Dube ZIM 2929 - Manyingidira Previous ZIM 3094 - Gracious Chipman ZAM 2237 - Evelyn Chipulu ZAM 2410 - Memory Kunda ZAM 2584 - Mundia Meamui ZAM 2758 - Nzila Mulwazi ZAM 2930 - Monica Mlambo ZIM 3095 - Marvis Chanda ZAM 2238 - Matehwe Dorcus ZIM 2411 - Namenda Nandui ZAM 2585 - Lucy Ngwila ZAM 2759 - Hildah Ngulube ZAM 2931 - Chido Kunguma ZIM 3096 - Kaywala likando ZAM 2239 - Jeska Munyi TAN 2412 - Dyness Namukonda ZAM 2586 - Shaness Munkuli ZIM 2760 - Mangolwa Mwangala ZAM 2932 - Patience Machisani ZIM 3097 - NyuniInvest Yvonne ZIM 2240 - Safia Mumuni GHA 2413 - Ingonge Lubinda ZAM 2587 - Memory Mumba ZAM 2761 - Chiwaza Banda ZAM 2933 - Libakenu Namatama ZAM 3098 - Vida Kasenegela TAN 2241 - Yuna Mgongo TAN 2414 - Ela Singo ZIM 2588 - Monde Mubonda ZAM 2762 - Sabuni Abdallah TAN 2934 - Charity Mugala ZAM 3099 - Ruth Kanyumbu ZAM 2242 - Ntombozodwa Chaya ZIM 2415 - Maureen Mwila ZAM 2589 - Rahab Nachalwe ZAM 2763 - Nalishebo Mushokabanji ZAM 2935 - Beatrice Chavaligunu TAN 3100 - Faith Nikule ZIM 2243 - Suja Kikoti TAN 2416 - Nawa Muyombo ZAM 2590 - Afia Zakaria GHA 2764 - Elina Nalombe ZAM 2936 - Hadija Kitoki TAN 3101 - Sophie Chikonde ZAM 2244 - Mubita Inutu ZAM 2417 - Amina Shabani TAN 2591 - Kabika Sikwaiketo ZAM 2765 - Josephine Ponga ZAM 2937 - Nessy Chikonde ZAM 3102 - Phillipa Gangazha ZIM 2245 - Muwaneyi Limongano ZAM 2418 - Mulonda Mwananyanda ZAM 2592 - Salamatu Fuseini GHA 2766 - Mhlanga Bridget ZIM 2938 - Levania Malinga TAN 3103 - Namabunga Ngebe ZAM 2246 - Rafiatu Bawa GHA 2419 - Helena Kisumbe TAN 2593 - Sithabile Chilembwe ZIM 2767 - Kanisia Miopelo TAN 2939 - Memory Singogo ZAM 3104 - Alice Banda ZAM 2247 - Pendu Pamela ZIM 2420 - Atia Azumah GHA 2594 - Caroline Munkuli ZIM 2768 - Shyleen Masendu ZIM 2940 - Chitani Ndlovu ZIM 3105 - Andaratu Mahamadu GHA 2248 - Oparine Kalunga ZAM 2421 - Chewe Lwamba ZAM 2595 - Mary Mushibwe ZAM 2769 - Tryline Mudzira ZIM 2941 - Ireen Mwelwa ZAM 3106 - Tendai Chuma ZIM 2249 - Musileti Ngonya ZAM 2422 - Riziki Luhasi TAN 2596 - Brendah Katutule ZAM 2770 - Eugenia Ndlovu ZIM 2942 - Kalaka Mumba ZAM 3107 - Tendai Chibuda ZIM 2250 - Jali Adam GHA 2423 - Moreblessing Rusike ZIM 2597 - Mugbat Suuk GHA 2771 - Justinah Mulumbi ZAM 2943 - Habiba Jabiri TAN 3108 - Harriet Nawelwa ZAM 2251 - Regina Bwalya ZAM 2424 - Esther Matutu ZIM 2598 - Edith Kakomba ZAM 2772 - Duukper Mijatic GHA 2944 - Tadzembwa Philis ZIM 3109 - Ketrina Nkandu ZAM 2252 - Doris Kiyeyeu TAN 2425 - Advera Lupembe TAN 2599 - Mishenyi Mwakamui ZAM 2773 - Sitshiva Muchenje ZIM 2945 - Rusia Mwoneka TAN 3110 - Ruth Phiri ZAM 2253 - Muyangana Lyangeliso ZAM 2426 - Shylet Muchapawana ZIM 2600 - Merit Zhou ZIM 2774 - Natubi Mushabati ZAM 2946 - Kasonta Chanda ZAM 3111 - Christerbell Chipulu ZAM 2254 - Mashule Manki ZAM 2427 - Muchimba Akapelwa ZAM 2601 - Getrude Mwaba ZAM 2775 - Agnes Msipa ZIM 2947 - Domina Nyalusi TAN 3112 - Gift Mwape ZAM 2255 - Kangwa Clara ZAM 2428 - Amama Issah GHA 2602 - Butete Kakoma ZAM 2776 - Rodah Kanyika ZAM 2948 - Rose Chacha ZIM 3113 - Munkombwe Masupa ZAM 2256 - Emmeldah Mwamba ZAM 2429 - Chengetai Nyamukuka ZIM 2603 - Doroth Hogora TAN 2777 - Mwajuma Bwanga TAN 2949 - Memory Lubinda ZAM 3114 - Sophia Nalwamba ZAM 2257 - Blessed Mukanyanyi ZIM 2430 - Gift Namuchimba ZAM 2604 - Sandra Navile ZAM 2778 - Josephine Mutale ZAM 2950 - Devota Mwenda TAN 3115 - Annettyin Mulubwa ZAM 2258 - ChilesheAfrican Phiri ZAM 2431 - Florence Mutsina ZIM 2605 - Munalula Mwenda ZAM 2779 - Issaka Sanatu GHA 2951 - Sara Banda ZAM 3116 - Given Kalaba ZAM 2259 - Ailet Zingani ZIM 2432 - Polite Gadzani ZIM 2606 - Paulina Ayileoh GHA 2780 - Zalia Adam GHA 2952 - Thandanani Mhlanga ZIM 3117 - Esta Manase TAN 2260 - Benadette Kunda ZAM 2433 - Sikhulile Hlabangani ZIM 2607 - Priviledge Muumbe ZIM 2781 - Elizabeth Bazange ZIM 2953 - Eurita Mangisi ZIM 3118 - Pamela Muchinga ZAM 2261 - Hazel Ncube ZIM 2434 - Precious Gumbo ZIM 2608 - Bridget Mukuka ZAM 2782 - Hildah Mwasinga ZAM 2954 - Matrida Kasege TAN 3119 - Polite Dube ZIM 2262 - Svodai Maposa ZIM 2435 - Lwiza Sunga ZAM 2609 - Constance Mbilima ZAM 2783 - Yvonne Mudukuti ZIM 2955 - Ruth Mwila ZAM 3120 - Catherine Lukaki ZAM 2263 - Cecilia Mnyariwa ZIM 2436 - Abigail Chishala ZAM 2610 - Naney Bwlaya ZAM 2784 - Aneti Myinga TAN 2956 - Expelansia Tula TAN 3121 - Kumaiba Situmbo ZAM 2264 - Tia Salamatu GHA 2437 - Gracious Chilekwa ZAM 2611 - Emah Mandere ZIM 2785 - Queeniva Chanda ZAM 2957 - Chinyanga Tariro ZIM 3122 - Priscilla Kolala ZAM 2265 - Musenge Kwiya ZAM 2438 - Ndlovu Victoria ZIM 2612 - Gladys Bwalya ZAM 2786 - Iddi Safiatu GHA 2958 - Monica Mwinuka TAN 3123 - Hellen Chanda ZAM 2266 - Salama Saga TAN 2439 - Monica Masimbira ZIM 2613 - Maan Janet GHA 2787 - Racheal Namukoko ZAM 2959 - Mashame Chipo ZIM 3124 - Mary Nakawala ZAM 2267 - Winfridah Bwalya ZAM 2440 - Mutsokonori Noreen ZIM 2614 - Julien Mwandila ZAM 2788 - Sarah Nanyinza ZAM 2960 - Havijawa Sengo TAN 3125 - Zainabu Mpegusa TAN 2269 - Memory Katemo ZAM 2441 - Bentula Msamba TAN 2615 - Diness Malama ZAM 2789 - Patricia Mungole ZAM 2961 - Roida Mvanda TAN 3126 - Mwangala Mafenyeho ZAM 2270 - Silvia Mumba ZAM 2442 - Elizabeth Kihoo TAN 2616 - Mulomba Misozi ZAM 2790 - Mundia Kombelwa ZAM 2962 - Easther Musonda ZAM 3127 - Nyasha Nzira ZIM 2271 - Leona Chitsapi ZIM 2443 - Zawadi Temba TAN 2617 - Kanyata Namangolwa ZAM 2791 - Ethel Mwansa ZAM 2963 - Oliva Mgimwa TAN 3128 - Ivwananji Nanyinja ZAM 2272 - Nasra Kasunga TAN 2444 - Senelisiwe Sibanda ZIM 2618 - Aziza Mkinga TAN 2792 - Dina Nankamba ZAM 2964 - Abia Mgoli TAN 3129 - Muchini Abigail ZIM 2273 - Recheal Bwalya ZAM 2445 - Wamundia Nkamba ZAM 2619 - Haruna Ayi GHA 2793 - Farida Kiswila TAN 2965 - Mebho Muzavazi ZIM 3130 - Ntombizodwa mabhena ZIM 2274 - Mwiya Seke ZAM 2446 - Shylet Kaura ZIM 2620 - Juliet Nawelwa ZAM 2794 - Samantha Mwariwangu ZIM 2966 - Sharifa Muhenga TAN 3131 - Isabela Ngongo TAN 2275 - Ndumbazye Ncube ZIM 2447 - Sela Kiyeyeu TAN 2621 - Hyveen Chanda ZAM 2795 - Chabala Kasongo ZAM 2967 - Mary Nakamba ZAM 3132 - Nevisy Lihaya TAN 2276 - Ncube Patricia ZIM 2448 - Sikujua Kalolo TAN 2622 - Sophia Machona ZAM 2796 - Musah Habida GHA 2968 - Maria Mayemba TAN 3133 - UmbaFutures. Kaputungu ZAM 2277 - Fozia Musah GHA 2449 - Ziena Ngetwa TAN 2623 - Harriet Chiluba ZAM 2797 - Lenia John TAN 2969 - Euphresia Nyumbu ZAM 3134 - Sara Yuma ZAM 2278 - Mwelwa Manyando ZAM 2450 - Thelma Mupunga ZIM 2624 - Patricia Mofya ZAM 2798 - Jesca Kasosa ZIM 2970 - Mercy Dendera ZIM 3135 - Tamari Chuma ZIM 2279 - Nancy Lengwe ZAM 2451 - Maggie Lusambo ZAM 2625 - Grace Mukuka ZAM 2799 - Roiya Mboga TAN 2971 - Patience Ncube ZIM 3136 - Chola Mwenso ZAM 2280 - Mercy Mlambo ZIM 2452 - Christina Kapinga TAN 2626 - Patricia Mwango ZAM 2800 - Yvonne Chitanha ZIM 2972 - Portia Dube ZIM 3137 - Doreen Chikumba ZAM 2281 - Charity Chihando ZIM 2453 - Safia Sulemana GHA 2628 - Mahamadu Rahinatu GHA 2801 - Petronella Mpundu ZAM 2973 - Mwale Mutemwa ZAM 3138 - Wesega Zhou ZIM 2282 - Chikuta Namakau ZAM 2454 - Joseph Shylet ZIM 2629 - Majana Kabata ZAM 2802 - Agnes Lupala TAN 2974 - Febby Singogo ZAM 3139 - Pozeni Mpalanzi TAN 2283 - Mitchell Matsikidze ZIM 2455 - Tshuma Simenkosini ZIM 2630 - Gladys Kapela ZAM 2803 - Mary Malama ZAM 2975 - Chafesuka Nominabati ZIM 3140 - Tinago Jane ZIM 2284 - Annie Nondo ZAM 2456 - Ivy Biiwa GHA 2631 - Rudo Kutaika ZIM 2804 - Elinah Mpofu ZIM 2976 - Juleit Bwembya ZAM 3141 - Nayunda Pumulo ZAM 2285 - Shyleen Nkosana ZIM 2457 - Kulwa Kamate TAN 2632 - Simonda Mutukwa ZAM 2805 - Farai Mombe ZIM 2977 - Oliva Mangwata TAN 3142 - Sharon Ngandu ZAM 2286 - Sikufele Mebelo ZAM 2458 - Chikonga Bundambo ZAM 2633 - Josephine Mulenga ZAM 2806 - Mwale Isabel ZAM 2978 - Leonida Kanzugula TAN 3143 - Vwanganji Nyimbiri ZAM 2287 - Moleen Murambiza ZIM 2459 - Vester Matshiya ZIM 2634 - Beth Ngwale TAN 2807 - Prisca Chiwila ZAM 2979 - Chimyama Mola ZAM 3144 - Mumuni Maria GHA 2288 - Namkando Maimbolwa ZAM 2460 - Grace Bwalya ZAM 2635 - Muchindu Mukendami ZAM 2808 - Priscilla Chanda ZAM 2980 - Monde Kapula ZAM 3145 - Magreen Mwelwa ZAM 2289 - Margaret Musanta ZAM 2461 - Namate Kufanga ZAM 2636 - Jawuda Yakubu GHA 2809 - Buhlebenkosi Dube ZIM 2981 - Nakpecinka Fannam GHA 3146 - Beauty Kalunga ZAM 2290 - Sisasenkosi Lima ZIM 2462 - Fatia Maliga TAN 2637 - Chaukura Diana ZIM 2810 - Kafuti Kainga ZAM 2982 - Harriet Chanda ZAM 3147 - Phenny Nalungwe ZAM 2291 - Musemo Ranganai ZIM 2463 - Mary Liywali ZAM 2638 - Agness Chilufya ZAM 2811 - Charity Chokera ZIM 2983 - Shelter Choga ZIM 3148 - Naomi Namwinga ZAM 2292 - Chilufya Kibinda ZAM 2464 - Mayani Chanda ZAM 2639 - Faiza Bukari GHA 2812 - Chiba Mainess ZIM 2984 - Lilian Yumba ZAM 3149 - Bridget Kasasa ZAM 2293 - Veronica Kiyeyeu TAN 2465 - Doris Chanda ZAM 2640 - Nokuthaba Mpofu ZIM 2813 - Barbara Lishandu ZAM 2985 - Brenda Nakamba ZAM 3150 - Limbo Kashibi ZAM 2294 - Rutendo Gomo ZIM 2466 - Nontobeko Khumalo ZIM 2641 - Norah Mukuka ZAM 2814 - Silume Namebo ZAM 2986 - Rabecca Yumbe ZAM 3151 - Musawenkosi Ncube ZIM 2295 - Sibusisiwe Nyakurai ZIM 2467 - Charity Ngirandi ZIM 2642 - Yvone Kasonka ZAM 2815 - Bridget Chileshe ZAM 2987 - Maririma Everjoy ZIM 3152 - Sara Kingarata TAN 2296 - Rodah Chibale ZAM 2468 - Zita Kalaluka ZAM 2643 - Chimuma Mbangu ZAM 2816 - Salifu Miila GHA 2988 - Adah Mwembe ZIM 3153 - Nanalelwa Nosiku ZAM 2297 - Theodora Kunhe ZIM 2469 - Laari Regina GHA 2644 - Bitian Namiteeb GHA 2817 - Sarah Nakazwe ZAM 2989 - Exildah Makoleka ZAM 3154 - Hamida Kambalage TAN 2298 - Brilliant Moyo ZIM 2470 - Mapula Nalukui ZAM 2645 - Hijira Ngulugulu TAN 2818 - Isabel Siniwa ZIM 2990 - Sosala Asuya ZIM 3155 - Rabecca Matambiso ZAM 2299 - Goretty Kasongo ZAM 2471 - Linda Nyoni ZIM 2646 - Memory Chiwaya ZAM 2819 - Siphatheleni Ngwenya ZIM 2991 - Catherine Chasala ZAM 3156 - Nomagugu Mpofu ZIM 2300 - Thelma Bwalya ZAM 2472 - Sophia Mapurisa ZIM 2647 - Mwiya Mushanukwa ZAM 2820 - Monde Monde ZAM 2992 - Emma Namukonda ZAM 3157 - Salamatu Tia GHA 2301 - Charity Mubanga ZAM 2473 - James Tamari ZIM 2648 - Itai Chinherera ZIM 2821 - Euphrasia Kunda ZAM 2994 - Catherine Chota ZAM 3158 - Olipa Namwale ZAM 2302 - Judith Chimfwembe ZAM 2474 - Clara Kafula ZAM 2649 - Cynthia Liyombe ZAM 2822 - Ravia Mwansa ZAM 2995 - Ruth Chisanga ZAM 3159 - Zela Chimukwe ZAM 2303 - Agness Mwansa ZAM 2475 - Patience Tshuma ZIM 2650 - Sabata Kubukwa ZAM 2823 - Norest Bhikoko ZIM 2996 - Uzia Luwumbwa TAN 3160 - Jenipher Kasongo ZAM 2304 - Enesia Kulanga TAN 2476 - Matildah Mukabo ZAM 2651 - Faggie Nkhoma ZAM 2824 - Fuseini Amira GHA 2997 - Reprieve Magocha ZIM 3161 - Frola Samia TAN 2305 - Alice Machembe ZAM 2477 - Dainess Chingongo ZAM 2652 - Sara Badyogo TAN 2825 - mwase Rosemary ZIM 2998 - Sofiah Chikonde ZAM 3162 - Fungai Mhlangeni ZIM 2306 - Zuhura Mhongole TAN 2478 - Carol Machokocha ZAM 2653 - Rumbidzai Chapatarongo ZIM 2826 - Liness Nakaonga ZAM 2999 - Moyo Siziwe ZIM 3163 - Noris Chungu ZAM 2307 - Prudence Bwalya ZAM 2479 - Jane Namwizye ZAM 2654 - Akusia Gariba GHA 2827 - Theresa Kamanda ZAM 3000 - Masamu Mpande ZAM 3164 - Cathrine Dziva ZIM 2308 - Doomaak Jamant GHA 2480 - Praxidence Chanda ZAM 2655 - Doreen Mukwasa ZAM 2828 - Precious Chileshe ZAM 3001 - Mercy Chanda ZAM 3165 - Feddy Chonde ZAM 2309 - Pyelina Kasuga TAN 2481 - Maggie Mumba ZAM 2656 - Imusoka Nalishebo ZAM 2829 - Namasiku Kumoyo ZAM 3002 - Ngandwe Prudence ZAM 3166 - Imanga Nganga ZAM 2310 - Sikwanyi Namushi ZAM 2482 - Joyce Wissa TAN 2657 - Emmanuella Mubanga ZAM 2830 - Mary Kampamba ZAM 3003 - Nalishebo Likando ZAM 3167 - Brendah Mwape ZAM 2311 - Emeldah Katongo ZAM 2483 - Regina Filango TAN 2658 - Purity Mutale ZAM 2831 - Tagarira Tariro ZIM 3004 - Theresa Nyahunzvi ZIM 3168 - Sikumbeleti Mubulukwa ZAM 2312 - Elizabeth Sikanyika ZAM 2484 - Limpo Kufanga ZAM 2659 - Doris Mayuka ZAM 2832 - Elina Sakatwe ZAM 3005 - Feika Munmuni GHA 3169 - Astridah Mulenga ZAM 2313 - Nipe Mgongolwa TAN 2485 - Sikitu Kibadu TAN 2660 - Silibaziso Nkomo ZIM 2833 - Judith Musonda ZAM 3006 - Mutanga Mwangala ZAM 3170 - Cindy Chaba ZAM 2314 - Sylvia Kalenga ZAM 2486 - Hellen Chisala ZAM 2661 - Kakoma Tumba ZAM 2834 - Memory Kasonkomona ZAM 3007 - Magaya Loryn ZIM 3171 - Navone Livinga TAN 2315 - Zulhatu Iddrisu GHA 2487 - Hilda Kitosi TAN 2662 - Fuseina Abukari GHA 2835 - Patience Bhokisi ZIM 3008 - Kamona Nangana ZAM 3172 - Hlengiwe Maphosa ZIM 2316 - Sandra Mutamiri ZIM 2488 - Hawa Kitambulio TAN 2663 - Catherine Kasalwe ZAM 2836 - Kufa Fungai ZIM 3009 - Mulima Alisheke ZAM 3173 - Naomi Msunza TAN 2317 - Lyness Mukalati ZAM 2489 - Mumba Mukube ZAM 2664 - Kwabena Jenifa GHA 2837 - Sisasenkosi Nyathi ZIM 3010 - Messiah Chipulu ZAM 3174 - Naisha Lukosi TAN 2318 - Shelter Billy ZIM 2490 - Loveness Siachilamba ZIM 2665 - Nash Matope ZIM 2838 - Nkumbula Harriet ZAM 3011 - Size Advantage ZIM 3175 - Inonge Mukela ZAM 2319 - Sandra Mwale ZAM 2491 - Shangao Nyemba TAN 2666 - Leonida Kanzugula TAN 2839 - Mwengwe Chola ZAM 3012 - Sabina Sumka TAN 3176 - Munjanja Cathrine ZIM 2320 - Mohammed Mariam GHA 2492 - Maeresera Sarah ZIM 2667 - Gloria Nachula ZAM 2840 - Hadija Muhenga TAN 3013 - Sanelisiwe Sibanda ZIM 3177 - Lutty Nankonde ZAM 2321 - Anna Sibanda ZIM 2493 - Getrude Mhandu ZIM 2668 - Fiona Makoma ZIM 2841 - Chipo Matutu ZIM 3014 - Sitali Pelekelo ZAM 3178 - Angeline Zhou ZIM 2322 - Lidia Nambela ZAM 2494 - Clemencia Moyo ZIM 2669 - Precious Kakoma ZAM 2842 - Nakazwe Zimba ZAM 3015 - Cecilia Nakamba ZAM 3179 - Namwamba Sililo ZAM 2323 - Heppines Petter TAN 2495 - Anzeni Kindole TAN 2670 - Fadzai Mbele ZIM 2843 - Masekela Jenny ZAM 3016 - Gladys Malupande ZAM Mirriam Mando ZAM 2324 - Nyambe Nawelwa ZAM 2496 - Zainabu Kuntelela TAN 2671 - CamfedGracious Korera is delighted ZIM 2844 - toNanunyi partner Mbumwae with ZAM 3017Credit - 3180 Suisse - Hilda Mpagama TAN 2325 - Melinda Chimfwembe ZAM 2497 - Lucia Nyikadzino ZIM 2672 - Agness Musonda ZAM 2845 - Sarudzai Moyo ZIM 3018 - Charity Memory Mutsakani ZIM 2326 - Belita Shampale ZAM 2498 - Izukanji Nanyinza ZAM 2673 - Maureen Musukwa ZAM 2846 - Grace Mpantamato ZAM 3019 - Nkubula ZAM Sibongile Mushuku ZIM 2327 - Chiwisa Sibote ZAM 2500 - Njamba Boli ZAM 2674 - toEverlyn regenerate Nakawala ZAM rural 2847 - communitiesMercy Mwale ZAMin Africa 3020 - by3181 - Bwalya Mwenya ZAM 2328 - Anny Kampamba ZAM 2501 - Ruth Chilambe ZAM 2675 - Nesia Manyanga ZIM 2848 - Mwela Chibamba ZAM 3021 - Sandow Ntombezihle Mpofu ZIM 2329 - Joyce Mbiligenda TAN 2502 - Ruth Chisanga ZAM 2676 - susen Malama ZAM 2849 - Patience Chama ZAM 3022 - Prinsilla Mercy Mulenga ZAM 2330 - Mawere Nyasha ZIM 2503 - Rabi Yakubu GHA 2677 - Bupe Bwalya ZAM 2850 - Lucia Kalinga TAN 3023 - GHA Mwila Chinga ZAM 2331 - Gladys Bwale ZAM 2504 - Mayumbelo Mwabange ZAM 2678 - educatingGetrude Chise girls. ZAM 2851Educated - Kokusima womenBashagi TAN invest 3024 - three3182 - Vera Nakamba ZAM 2332 - Precious Mwila ZAM 2505 - Mercy Nkamba ZAM 2679 - Kusumi Abrofo GHA 2852 - Stelina Mdenge TAN 3025 - Priscilla Currency Chondwa ZAM 2333 - Nothando Nyathi ZIM 2506 - Falitu Issahaku GHA 2680 - Yasinda Kihongosi TAN 2853 - Sidumisile Mpofu ZIM 3026 - Mudhuma ZIM Mwalye Mwense ZAM 2334 - Babbra Nyadowa ZIM 2507 - Kelezo Situmbeko ZAM 2681 - timesZaituni Kabokomore TANof their 2854 - incomesConsilia Landamuka back ZAM into 3027 their- 3183 - Prudence Muyunda ZAM 2335 - Sharon Kabwe ZAM 2509 - Mildred Maliti ZAM 2682 - Lusia Mkame TAN 2855 - Gloria Mulenga ZAM 3028 - Kudzai Tendai Muchecheti ZIM 2336 - Linda Chitalu ZAM 2510 - Grace Sililo ZAM 2683 - Mbututu Makando ZAM 2856 - Felistus Muzamba ZIM 3029 - Mpofu ZIM Janet Nakamba ZAM 2337 - Mumba Elizabeth ZAM 2511 - Amina Nongwa TAN 2684 - familiesBridget Chipanda than ZAM educated 2857 - Poniso men. Sitali Make ZAM the 3030 wise- 3184 - Maggie Namonje ZAM 2338 - Jane Mwawa ZAM 2512 - Christine Nakawala ZAM 2685 - Phemiah Lubumbe ZAM 2858 - Eness Muana ZAM 3031 - Naomi Mwale Airini Sanga TAN 2339 - Dzidzai Shuro ZIM 2513 - Zubeda Kisega TAN 2686 - Leona Mbanyele ZIM 2859 - Njivau Kashimbi ZAM 3033 - ZAM Romana Mpelembwa TAN 2340 - Prexides Mweni ZAM 2514 - Doricah Mhanje ZIM 2688 - Tsitsi Muzodha ZIM 2860 - Nyaradzo Muchabaiwa ZIM 3034 - Nasilele Mwilu ZAM 2341 - Patience Gunyule ZIM 2515 - Maureen Mumba ZAM 2689 - investmentMhiripiri Chokusara ZIMchoice, 2861 - educateQueeniva Musonda a girl ZAM today. 3035 - Beauty Songiso ZAM 2342 - Martha Mutale ZAM 2516 - Kabukabu Mbembezi ZAM 2690 - Ruth Kabelenga ZAM 2862 - Palata Chilombo ZAM 3036 - Lucy Katebe ZAM 2343 - Winfridah Chanda ZAM 2517 - Chola Chalula ZAM 2691 - Yoosa Yennulon GHA 2863 - Brendah Mulenga ZAM 3037 - Beatrice Nambeya ZAM 2344 - Harriet Namukonde ZAM 2518 - Previous Nkomo ZIM 2692 - Zambwe Mwale ZAM 2864 - Etina Msigwa TAN 3038 Namasiku Siyunda ZAM 2345 - elizabeth Ndoro ZIM 2519 - Prisca Chomba ZAM 2693 - Mevin Ngosa ZAM 2865 - - Florence Kasongo ZAM 2346 - Chola Mandalena ZAM 2520 - Chuma Saala ZAM 2694 - Racheal Swaba ZAM 2866 - Anxilla Makoni ZIM Ibrahim Sherifatu GHA 2347 - Mary Musonda ZAM 2521 - Pamela Mondwa ZAM 2695 - ToConstance make Mushopei a ZIMdonation 2867 - 3039 or to- find out Waab Minloom GHA 2348 - Constance Mubanga ZAM 2522 - Clementine Kwangiwari ZIM 2696 - Naomy Nankamba ZAM 2868 - Alwisia Luvanga TAN Liwoyo Mushoba ZAM 2349 - Kutemwa Mutonga ZAM 2524 - Alice Issahaku GHA 2697 - Sara Malingumu TAN 2869 - 3040 - Given Mulenga ZAM 2350 - Mwinji Nachembe ZAM 2525 - Constance Mwamba ZAM 2698 - moreBeatrice Mamvuravisit www.camfed.org ZIM 2870 - Salifu Zalia GHA Harren Mukwasa ZAM 2351 - Furaha Mbwale TAN 2526 - Chuma Mubita ZAM 2699 - Exildah Bwale ZAM 2871 - 3041 - Airini Mlangwa TAN 2352 - Twaeni Kiwope TAN 2527 - Huruma Maponda TAN 2700 - Mangoma Enlight ZIM 2872 - Mubita Mukalisulu Frida Kaduma TAN 2353 - Dapi Rumbidzai ZIM 2528 - Siphesihle Mpofu ZIM 2701 - Lizzy Sichinga ZAM 2873 - ZAM 3042 - Maureen Namukoko ZAM 2354 - Mwaka Milupi ZAM 2529 - Petunia Shoko ZIM 2702 - Mujuru Revai ZIM 2874 - Agness Chibalo Blessings Ndlovu ZIM 2355 - Maria Nyirongo ZAM 2530 - Lilian Namukonda ZAM 2703 - Mutumba Kabukabu ZAM 2875 - ZAM 3043 - Grace Kalumbi ZAM 2356 - Makore Nyasha ZIM 2531 - Tatenda Chirawa ZIM 2704 - Pamela Ng’andwe ZAM 2876 - Rudo Sango ZIM Cynthia Mumba ZAM 2357 - Namakau Kwalela ZAM 2532 - Chama Cecilia ZAM 2705 - Juliet Namwila ZAM 2877 - 3044 - Nada Lusoko TAN 2358 - Chota Chileya ZAM 2533 - Nyoni Lorraine ZIM 2706 - Melda Mumpande ZIM 2878 - Zuweira Bugri GHA Neema Ismail TAN 2359 - Nokuthaba Moyo ZIM 2534 - Ajara Salam GHA 2707 - Chisenga Kalunga ZAM 2879 - 3045 - Nyadzisai Tanda ZIM 2360 - Limbo Kapelwa ZAM 2535 - Winfredah Khuphe ZIM 2708 - Namwaka Maonga ZAM 2880 - Favourine Mulenga ZAM 3046 - Linyeta Ngebe ZAM 2361 - Mildred Chabala ZAM 2536 - Prosper Chisha ZAM 2709 - Belita Kibuga TAN 2881 - Emeldah Chanda ZAM 3047 - Muhau Nambunda ZAM 2362 - Victoria Mulenga ZAM 2537 - Florence Tailoka ZAM 2710 - Annie Malama ZAM 2882 - Mlotshwa Zine ZIM 3048 - Sikuniso Mwenda ZAM 2363 - Prudence Chisanga ZAM 2538 - Sara Musongo ZAM 2712 - Honester Shanungu ZAM 2883 - Moola Mwakui ZAM 3049 -

This advertising space was provided free by Credit Suisse. Camfed would like to thank the Financial Times for their support in this advertisement 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer What Concerns the Swiss: A Large-Scale Survey of Swiss Voters, Conducted Since 1976.

Sascha Flück, 37, Herbetswil (canton of Solothurn), service technician “e most wonderful thing about Switzerland is that we are still free. I can y my gliders anywhere without anyone complaining.”

Cover story photos by Linus Bill Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 43 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer 1. Question: “In your view, what are Switzerland’s most important worries today?”

Unemployment 49 percent (−3)

Foreigners 37 percent (+1)

Old age and survivors’ insurance (AHV) / Retirement provisions 36 percent (+9)

Asylum issues 32 percent (+11)

Health care 30 percent (+0)

Euro crisis 22 percent (new)

Personal safety 21 percent (−6)

European integration 20 percent (+6)

Social security 19 percent (−7)

Environmental protection 18 percent (+2)

New poverty 17 percent (+0)

Energy issues 16 percent (+1)

Financial crisis 14 percent (−16)

Salaries 13 percent (−1)

Gasoline/Crude oil prices 13 percent (+8)

2012 Survey (Changes from 2011 in percentage points)

Anouck Hofmann, 20, Neuchâtel (canton of Neuchâtel), Economics student 44 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 “Worries? Sorry, but I’m really not worried about myself or my future in Switzerland.” 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

It Will All Work Out: Swiss Are Optimistic

Unemployment traditionally ranks at the top of the Credit Suisse Worry Barometer. Yet despite the economic crisis, respondents are optimistic about the future. A majority believe that the situation is stable, and one-fth of respondents think that things are improving.

e Swiss take an optimistic view of e most likely explanation appears to e Survey the current economic situation (g- be that Switzerland enjoys a relatively ure 3 on page 46); 59 percent describe robust domestic economy and a high On behalf of and in cooperation with Credit Suisse (Corporate Responsibility Communi- their personal situations as “good” or level of private consumption. Opti- cations and Public Policy), the research “very good.” e situation of lower-in- mism was evident in responses to the institute gfs.bern conducted a representative come groups, in particular, has notice- crucial question about the respondents’ survey of 1,003 eligible voters in Switzerland from July 30 to August 31, 2012. e ably improved. A nd the out look is pos- top ve worries (gure 1). statis tical sampling error was +/- 3.2 percent. itive: As in the previous year, 92 percent Once again, economic worries e scientic analysis, published in the two expect next year to be just as good for were secondary. e nancial crisis studies entitled “Abstrakte Wirtschafts- sorgen konkretisieren sich im EU-Raum” them personally as this year has been. came in at 14 percent (-16 percentage (Abstract Economic Worries Grow More Indeed, 18 percent expect to see an im- points), putting it in 13th place among Concrete in the EU Region) and “Schweiz: provement; only once – ve years ago the 34 a lternatives given; the economic Dem Sturm getrotzt, aber Planken müssen verstärkt werden” (Switzerland Has – was the percentage of people express- crisis was 20th, with 9 percent Weathered the Storm, but Needs to Shore ing this view slightly higher. e trend (-26 percentage points), and concerns Up Its Defenses), was carried out by a project is similar with respect to the overall about the stock market ranked 24th, team whose members were Claude Long- champ, Lukas Golder, Martina Imfeld, economic situation. Nearly three- with 7 percent (-5 percentage points). Cindy Beer, Stephan Tschöpe and Sarah quarters of voters believe that the cur- e euro crisis, included for the rst Deller. rent situation is at least as favorable as time, was ranked sixth with 22 per- e studies and explanatory graphics can last year’s, and nearly as many expect cent. Given a generally positive assess- be found at the same to hold true for the next 12 ment of economic trends, it appears www.credit-suisse.com/sorgenbarometer months. More than one-fth believe that a substantial proportion of the Andreas Schiendorfer analyzed the ndings the economy is improving. popu lation believe that the Sw iss econ- for Bulletin. omy is sound and that the euro crisis Few Economic Concerns will not have a serious e¢ect on the It may come as a sur prise that the Sw iss country over the long term. Never- are optimistic about the economy, giv- theless, for the 10th time in a row en the serious problems facing Greece, un employment is the main worry of Spain and other European countries. the Swiss population; 49 percent of

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 45 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

respondents mention it (gure 2). e 2. Top Worries Changing Over Time only possible conclusion is that the Since 2003, respondents have regarded unemployment as Switzerland’s most pressing issue. Swiss regard full employment as the Prior to that time it was health care, which ranks only fth today. Over the past three years, the only increases have been in the number of mentions of “Foreigners/Free movement of key to their country’s ability to func- persons” and “Refugees/Asylum issues.” tion. One might say that instead of waiting for crises to occur, they are worrying in advance. However, there 60 49 has been a 3-percent decline relative to 50 the previous year and as much as a 40 37 36 27-percent decline compared with 30 32 2010. 30 20 21 10 More Worries to Choose From 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Worries about retirement provisions and health care occupied the top two e euro crisis was included for the UNEMPLOYMENT/YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT rst time in the 2012 survey, and FOREIGNERS/FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS positions every year from 2003 to 2010, OLD AGE AND SURVIVORS’ INSURANCE AHV/ 22 percent of the Swiss population RETIREMENT PROVISIONS following concerns about unemploy- immediately described it as one REFUGEES/ASYLUM ISSUES of their main concerns. HEALTH CARE/HEALTH INSURANCE PLANS/PREMIUMS ment. is hierarchy has now changed PERSONAL SAFETY for the second time, although these Question: “In your view, what are Switzerland’s most important worries today?” “traditional worries” have lost none of their relevance. Overall, however, it ap- 3. Assessing the Economic Situation pears that respondents are worried about a wider variety of issues, and the While the number of people in Switzerland who describe their personal economic situations as very good declined by 11 percentage points, 9 percentage points more than last year expect to see an percentages for each have declined ac- improvement in the future. e overall economic situation is viewed in even more positive terms: cordingly. Today the Swiss are con- 18 percent (+11 percentage points) see an improvement from the previous year, 21 percent cerned about far more issues than in the (+12 percentage points) expect further improvement in the future. past, and decision makers in the politi- Respondents’ Personal Economic Situation Respondents’ Future Economic Situation cal, business and social spheres need to

3 8 2 2 2 5 3 2 take a l l of them seriously. e immigra- 2 85 2 50 20 3 3 05 20 8 85 2501 2 1 18 5 2051 2 1 12 012 18 12 012 2 2 18 18 2 2 tion debate is particularly important in 2 2 2 2 01 0 01 0 7 20 1 2 1 9 7 20 1 2 1 1 7 011 9 1 7 011 19 7 1 7 1 9 7 9 1 7 1 this context. Discussions are currently 19 19 1 19 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 focusing far more attention on the for- 1 1 34 34 37 3437 34 eigners who are living and working in 37 37 Switzerland on a regular basis than on 35 35 35 51 51 35 51 51 83 asylum seekers (gure 14 on page 54). 83 83 83 Securing retirement benets con- 74 74 74 74 tinues to be one of the main concerns of NO RESPONSENO RESPONSE FAIR FAIR the Swiss population. After declining in NO RESPONSENO RESPONSE FAIR FAIR NO RESPONSENO RESPONSE SAME SAME VERY POORVERY POOR GOOD GOOD NO RESPONSENO RESPONSE SAME SAME VERY POORVERY POOR GOOD GOOD WORSE WORSE BETTERBETTER POOR POOR VERY GOODVERY GOOD WORSE WORSE BETTERBETTER the previous year, the share of respon- POOR POOR VERY GOODVERY GOOD dents who are concerned about the AHV Current State of the Overall Economy Future State of the Overall Economy system has risen to 36 percent, placing 2 7 2 0 20 7 0 20 201 2 1 7 7201 2 1 this issue within the (lower) range of the 18 181 12 012 12 012 18 18 1 2 2 21 21 2 2 1 1 21 21 20 2 20 2 long-term trend. ose expressing the 7 2 1 201 9 4 2 14 201 7 011 0 1 9 011 0 1 7 7 1 1 9 4 9 41 1 27 1 27 22 1 22 1 1 27 22 22 greatest concern, however, are the cur- 1 1 27 36 36 rent recipients who ev idently fear drastic 36 36 41 41 41 41 cuts, rather than younger people. is 56 56 56 56 worry is more pronounced among wom- 46 46 46 46 54 54 en than men, and considerably greater 54 54 50 50 50 50 among the urban than the rural population. One-tenth of the respondents say

NO RESPONSENO RESPONSE REMAININGREMAINING THE SAME THE SAMENO RESPONSENO RESPONSE REMAININGREMAINING THE SAME THE SAME NO RESPONSENO RESPONSE REMAININGREMAINING THE SAME THE SAMENO RESPONSENO RESPONSE REMAININGREMAINING THE SAME THE SAME that securing retirement benets is their HAS BECOMEHAS BECOMEWORSE WORSEHAS BECOMEHAS BECOMEBETTER BETTERIS GETTINGIS GETTING WORSE WORSEIS GETTINGIS GETTING BETTER BETTER HAS BECOMEHAS BECOMEWORSE WORSEHAS BECOMEHAS BECOMEBETTER BETTERIS GETTINGIS GETTING WORSE WORSEIS GETTINGIS GETTING BETTER BETTER top concern, along with unemployment; Questions: “How would you describe your personal economic situation and the overall economy, and even the most important one for and how will they change over the next 12 months?” 95 percent. ey also see it as the most

46 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

crucial goal for politicians today (gure 6 on page 48). Probably because health 4. Whom Do the Swiss Trust? insurance premiums are increasing at a e police currently enjoy the highest level of condence, followed by the Federal Supreme Court and the Federal Council. A year ago, the Federal Supreme Court topped the list, followed slower rate, mentions of the health care by employee organizations, employer organizations and paid newspapers. Radio, television, the issue have remained constant at 30 per- Federal Supreme Court and the police enjoyed the highest level of condence in 2010. cent, which is low compared to past years. Politicians 61 2012 Federal Council 58 Increased Environmental Awareness 64 Concerns about personal safety and 60 National Council 55 social security, which had steadily in- 64 creased in recent years, declined 60 slightly. e next set of problems in- 2010Council 2011 of States 52 62 cludes environmental and energy is- 49 sues. While many people may have Public administration 46 forgotten about the Fukushima disas- 51 ter, environmental issues continue to 34 Political parties 37 be a worry, thanks to this year’s Rio 45

+ 20 environmental summit and par- 19 e European Union 20 ticularly to the debate about ending 34 the use of nuclear energy. General awareness of environ- Media mental issues increased slightly, to 51 2012 61 18 percent, relative to the previous Television 76 year. However, this is far from the cor- 50 responding numbers recorded for Radio 59 Switzerland between 1988 and 1995, 77 which averaged 56 percent, although 41 2010Paid 2011 newspapers 62 this gure is expected to increase. At 66 any rate, asked what the biggest prob- 35 Free newspapers 47 lems will be for future generations, re- 61 spondents listed the environment and 29 the climate as their top concerns, along Internet 54 with a lack of employment. 60 Since 1995, the Worry Barome- ter has asked whether business leaders, Other institutions 69 government or administrative leaders 2012 Police 60 fail in crucial respects often or relative- 70 ly seldom (gure 5 on page 48). e 64 2011 Federal 66 long-term trend has shown better re- Supreme Court 72 sults for business than for politicians. Employee 50 2010 64 is year, however, over half of organizations 53 the population has indirectly given pol- 48 iticians a vote of condence by respond- Banks 51 ing that they seldom fail; only once be- 60 fore, in 1998, was this the case. 45 Armed forces 49 Forty-eight percent of respondents in- 56 dicate that economic leaders, too, “sel- 41 Churches 55 dom fail,” but the percentages are con- 57 siderably lower than the long-term Employer 39 average. 62 organizations 46 A specic question about con-

dence (gure 4) revealed a general Question: “How much condence do you, personally, have in these institutions decline over the past two years. (condence – neither/nor – no condence – no response)?”

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 47 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

While condence in the o²cials men- trade associations, unions and employ- nary level of 64 percent for employees’ tioned was still at an average level of er organizations. Condence in banks, organizations and 62 percent for em- 60 percent in 2010, this gure had however, was at 48 percent, which was ployers’ groups in 2011. Now, however, dropped to 53 percent by last year and still higher than the average for the there is clear evidence of the begin - was only 47 percent in the current sur- past 18 years. Beginning in 2006, con- nings of disil lusionment; the decline in vey mainly driven by lower indicators dence in trade associations has steadi- trust is somewhat less pronounced for for condence in the media, banks, ly increased, reaching the extraordi- unions (-14 percentage points) than for employers (-23 percentage points).

Little Condence in the EU 5. Assessing the Performance of Politicians and Results for the media are extremely the Business Community volatile, although the reasons for this are not yet entirely clear. While free Are political and business leaders setting the right course for Switzerland’s medium- newspapers, for example, enjoyed a and long-term development? Are they making the right decisions at the right time? Despite the crisis, popular criticism has been muted. surprisingly high level of trust in 2009, by the end of 2010 condence in the 6 6 media had plummeted by 27 percent- 2 2 2 01 5 01 2 2 age points. It appears that the con- 20 20 11 11 dence hierarchy, at least, may have 21 21 35 35 stabilized, with the greatest trust being 44 38 placed rst in television, then in radio, 3 3 BUSINESS POLITICIANS paid newspapers, free newspapers and the Internet – and this order may con- 48 tinue to hold. 41 54 38 As in previous years, the Euro- pean Union is at the bottom of the list. The record-low percentages are in keeping with an increase in skepticism OFTEN RARELY NEVER DON’T KNOW toward foreigners in Switzerland. e Question: “Do you have a sense that the policies of the government and the administration and/or political parties, too, consistently rank the business community fail in crucial respects? Is this frequently true, rarely or never?” near the bottom. Results are better – in ascending order – for public administration, the National Council, the Council of States and the Federal 6. Immediate Goals for Politicians Council. e police and the Federal Supreme Court continue to top the list. e most important goals for politicians right now are to ensure the long-term security of pension benets, increase support for education and combat youth unemployment. By far the smallest percentage of respondents (55 percent) mentioned the integration of foreigners.

95 94 (+1) 93 (+3) (±0) 90 (–6) 81 81 (–11) (–7) 78 (–8) Old age and survivor’s insurance (AHV)/ insurance and survivor’s Old age (IV) disability insurance Federal forSupport education unemployment Youth Economic growth and family life Work Greenhouse emissions gas care Health costs

2012 2011

Question: “How important is it to you that the political goals mentioned above are achieved?” e responses “very important” and “important” are combined in the graphic. Other possible responses: “not particularly important,” “not important at all,” “don’t know.”

48 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

Special analysis 1 Many Reasons to Be Optimistic Five questions for Pascal Gentinetta, Dierent Languages, chairman of the economiesuisse executive board Dierent Problems What do you see as the three greatest strengths of the Swiss e people of French-speaking economy? Number1. one is the innovative capacity of our companies, a factor that com- Switzerland express little pares favorably with the rest of the world. Another major strength is the ³ex- national pride, while people in ibility that has always enabled our economy to adjust to changing conditions the German-speaking region – not least thanks to the long-term strength of our currency. ird, we are in are concerned about foreigners. an excellent position because of our economic diversity, which features a mix of industries, the symbiosis of small- and medium-sized enterprises and large ere are striking di¢erences corporations, and a variety of regional growth drivers. between the language regions.

Will these factors carry us through the current EU crisis? e Worry Barometer shows that there e very fact of our geographical location means that we cannot avoid are signicant di¢erences in how the being2. a¢ected by the crisis that many euro countries are experiencing. When country’s three language regions per- important trading partners have to tighten their belts, this inevitably a¢ects ceive Switzerland’s problems. All the our export-based economy as well. With the help of the strengths I mentioned, same, the talk of a gap between cultures however, as wel l as a libera l economic polic y and a conscious polic y of open and is not entirely warranted, since there is a free trade, particularly with up-and-coming growth markets, we will be able clear consensus that coexistence be- to meet this challenge more successfully than many other countries. tween cultures functions smoothly in Switzerland. What other dangers do you see? Unemployment is the number-one Success can lead to complacency; there is a risk that Switzerland might concern of the Swiss people. Forty-one 3.forget the underlying factors for its success. Innovation and ³exibility are not percent of respondents in the German- something that politicians can control. ey can only thrive where there are speaking region hold this view; the per- favorable conditions and entrepreneuria l freedom. Unfor t unately, the politica l centages are considerably higher in the trend is to limit such freedom by imposing ever more new regulations. We French- and Italian-speaking parts of must take a clear stand against this trend, while at the same time working to the country (67 percent and 72 percent, ensure that Switzerland continues to be an attractive business location. respectively). e issue of foreigners is also mentioned by 41 percent of the Ger- e Swiss people are very concerned about unemployment. man-speaking sample. In Italian-speak- Do you expect the unemployment rate to rise? ing Ticino the gure is even higher (46 e4. e¢ects of the EU’s economic crisis on our labor market may be somewhat percent), while other worries are more more pronounced in 2013 than they are now, particularly in tourism and cer- widespread in French-speaking Swit- tain sectors of the export industry. However, the domestic economy will con- zerland, where only 23 percent of re- tinue to exert a stabilizing in³uence. Overall, I don’t expect a dramatic in- spondents express concern about for- crease in unemployment. Once again, it is apparent that our dual system of eigners. education and training, and our relatively ³exible job market create a much e nationa l impor tance of a given better balance in the workforce, so unemployment remains at moderate levels topic is generally determined by the even in di²cult circumstances. German-speaking majority – with two exceptions: Retirement benefits take Do you share the optimism of Swiss voters with respect to third place, la rgely thank s to the French- economic development? and Italian-speak ing regions (43 percent Yes.5. Although dark clouds are gathering on the horizon in some Western and 40 percent, respectively), although countries, I’m fundamentally optimistic about our country. the issue achieves that ranking only because it is also of comparable importance to German-speaking Switzerland (33 Pascal Gentinetta studied economics and law at the University of St. Gallen. He has served as chairman of the executive board of economiesuisse, an umbrella percent). Personal safety, on the other group comprising 100 trade and industry associations, since 2007. economiesuisse hand, ranks only 10th in the German- represents a total of 100,000 Swiss companies and some two million jobs. speaking region (18 percent), but still takes seventh place overall because it is

Photo: economiesuisse Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 49 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

the fth most important concern in the nomic crisis (28 percent), along with they are proud to be Swiss, respondents French- and Italian-speaking areas drugs and racism (26 percent each). in the French-speaking region (18 per- (25 percent and 36 percent). While these are noteworthy ndings, cent) are considerably less likely to an - they should be viewed with caution be- swer in the a²rmative than their Ger- New Poverty Remains a Problem cause of the small sample size in Italian- man- and Italian-speaking compatriots Two problems are prominent in French- speaking Switzerland. (42 percent each). e research rm gfs. speaking Switzerland that are not among bern looked at national pride in the indi- the top 10 nationwide: bank client con- Coexistence Still a Strength vidual cantons during the period from dentiality (19 percent) and new poverty One-fifth of the Swiss population 20 07 to 2012: e most patriotic cantons (18 percent). However, the French- (19 percent) see the way cultures coexist are Obwalden (70 percent), Zug and speaking population is less concerned as one of Switzerland's main strengths. urgau (62 percent); at the bottom of about the European Union and environ- e French-speaking Swiss (31 percent) the list are the French-speaking cantons mental impacts (12 percent each), rank- are considerably more likely than the of Neuchâtel (22 percent), Geneva ing those issues even lower than the - German speakers (14 percent) to hold (17 percent), Vaud (14 percent) and Jura nancial crisis (16 percent) and nuclear this view, while responses from the Ital- (1 percent). energy and gas prices (15 percent each). ian-speak ing popu lation (20 percent) are Given the extent to which the lan- Di¢erences are even more evident somewhere in the middle. Only 1 in 20 guage regions di¢er in how they view in the Italian-speaking region, where residents sees coexistence as a source of Switzerland’s problems and in their health care (68 percent) ranks directly irritation (5 percent); the di¢erence be- sense of national pride, it is important to below unemployment. New poverty t ween the three regions is w ithin the sta- take a serious look at this situation, (16 percent) is also a major worry, out- tistical margin of error. Responses to a despite the fact that even the French- ranking the European Union, refugees, related question suggest that this situa- speaking minority is not fundamentally social security and environmental pollution is not likely to change appreciably questioning the way various cultures tion, but of particular concern is the eco- over the next 10 years. Asked whether coexist.

7. Issues of Greatest Concern to the Language Regions ere are increasing di¢erences in how much importance French and German speakers attach to specic problems.

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Unemployment 49 51 64 69 72 76 54 52 67 41

Old age and survivors’ insurance 51 33 44 34 48 42 35 23 43 33 (AHV)/Retirement provisions

Foreigners 22 24 20 25 24 33 39 36 23 41

Refugees/Asylum 37 27 25 13 2513 16 25 19 29 34

EU/integration 15 17 13 11 35 19 12 14 12 23

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

FRENCHSPEAKING SWITZERLAND GERMANSPEAKING SWITZERLAND

Question: “In your view, what are Switzerland’s most important worries today?”

50 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

Special Analysis 2 8. Concerns About Foreigners Shift Over the past four years, after concerns had quieted down during the preceding four years, Immigration there has been a substantial increase in concerns relating to foreigners.

Debate EU/BILATERAL ISSUES/FREE MOVEMENT OF PERSONS/INTEGRATION 45 45 43 FOREIGNERS/INTEGRATION 41 REFUGEES/ASYLUM One-third of the population 39 36 37 35 believes that “issues regarding 34 36 31 32 30 foreigners” are the most 32 30 28 24 27 26 23 important problem facing 22 22 23 21 24 20 21 20 Switzerland. e percentage 18 18 19 19 18 1717 19 15 14 is increasing. 12 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Over 1.7 million foreigners currently Question: “In your view, what are Switzerland’s most important worries today?” live in Switzerland, making up 22 percent of the popu lation. During the past 10 years, this number grew annually by an average of slightly more than 9. Life With Foreigners in the Future 30,000, while some 40,000 foreigners became Swiss citizens each year. is A majority of the Swiss fear that their relations with foreigners will worsen. However, positive responses are more common than in previous years. trend has accelerated dramatically since 2007, as people have been able 59 58 58 55 56 to move more freely across national 52 borders. 37 40 34 33 Increased immigration has had 30 31 an e¢ect on the results of the Worr y Ba- 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 rometer, which suggest that the Swiss MUCH BETTER OR SOMEWHAT BETTER MUCH WORSE OR SOMEWHAT WORSE population does not regard the free Question: “How well will Switzerland coexist with foreigners in 10 years?” movement of persons as entirely positive. Since 2003, the Worry Barometer has revealed a steady increase in the importance attached to issues regarding spondents (-2 percentage points) per- Only 3 percent of voters believe that foreigners (number/integration/free ceive immigration to be a threat to the most important problem for subse- movement of persons); gure 2 on page Switzerland’s identity (figure 13 on quent generations will be an increasing 46. is concern reached an all-time page 54). However, just one-tenth of re- number of foreigners; they mention a high in 2012 at 37 percent (+1 percent- spondents believe that this is triggering lack of jobs and the environment/cli- age point), and for the second time it a problematic level of xenophobia. mate as cr ucia l problems for the f ut ure. now ranks second only to unemploy- Among 18- to 19-year-olds this number When respondents are asked about ment as one of the top problems facing is slightly larger (14 percent), and it is their coexistence with Switzerland’s Switzerland. It is interesting to note signicantly higher among those on the foreigners in the next 10 years, their that the trend is di¢erent for “Asylum/ left of the political spectrum (21 per- views are relatively balanced: 40 per- Refugees”: After peaking at 56 percent cent). When asked about political goals, cent believe that things will improve, in 1999, mentions of this issue subse- a slight majority say that it is important while 52 percent expect the situation to quently declined in a zigzag pattern to to focus on the integration of foreigners. worsen. Last year the discrepancy was 17 percent (2009). ey increased again is share, 55 percent, is small com- 13 percentage points larger. during the past three years, rst only pared with the 95 percent of respon- slightly, and then jumping this year dents who consider it important to se- from 21 percent to 32 percent. is is cure the AHV system and the 94 related to the number of asylum seekers, percent who believe that it is important which has again increased, and also to to support education. the political debates this trend has Looking ahead to the future can sparked. Seventy-seven percent of re- shed light on the current situation.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 51 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer 10. Question: “Please name three things that symbolize Switzerland for you personally.”

Security/Peace 20 percent (+5)

Neutrality 20 percent (+6)

Countryside 15 percent (−6)

Watches 10 percent (+1)

Patriotism 10 percent (+4)

Sense of order 9 percent (−12)

Chocolate 9 percent (+0)

Banks 8 percent (+4)

Homeland 8 percent (−2)

Prosperity 8 percent (+6)

Freedom, freedom of opinion 7 percent (−2)

Independence 7 percent (+5)

Cleanliness 7 percent (+1)

School system 7 percent (+2)

Quality consciousness 7 percent (+4)

2012 Survey (Change from 2011 in percentage points)

Aline Koller, 33, with son Ian Balthazar, 11 months. Lausanne (canton of Vaud), psychotherapist “Fourteen weeks maternity leave is just not enough for such a life-changing event. There’s a lot of talk about the importance of children to the country, but Switzerland is still far from having a family-friendly 52 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 parental leave policy.” 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

Switzerland Still a Special Case e Swiss people take greater pride in their country than ever before. Indeed, they identify more closely with the nation than with their own local municipalities. It is di²cult to locate patriotism in a particular part of the political spectrum; those on the left are prouder of Switzerland than those in the center.

Eighty-six percent of the voting popula- tance in the 2012 survey, although they tion is proud of Switzerland (gure 11). remain ver y high on the list of important 11. National Pride e record results of 2007 have evened factors (gure 16 on page 55). At the very Only once before, in 2007, was national out; only 11 percent of the people do not top is the watch industr y, fol lowed close- pride as widespread as it is today. Still, the proportion of “very proud” responses express pride in their country, fewer ly by Switzerland’s international reputa- is several percentage points lower than than ever before. is result is due most tion for qua lit y, its strong sma l l- and me- it was last year. of all to those who lean to the right; 58 dium-sized enter prises, its strong brands percent of this group is very proud of and the machinery industry. e largest 2 01 Switzerland. In the political center, drop was in the mentions of public ser- 2 2 01 however, there seems to be increasing vice enterprises and bank client con- 1 disillusionment; the level of pride has dentia l it y (-16 and -10 percentage points, declined slightly for the past ve years. respectively). Interestingly, the trend is moving in the Responses to the question about other direction at the left of the political Switzerland’s five greatest strengths spectrum. Among this group, national also showed a slight shift toward politi- pride has increased by 24 percentage cal factors (gure 12 on page 54). At the points since 2005, for the first time top of the list are neutrality (+4 percent- reaching a higher level than among vot- age points) and education (+6 percent- ers in the center (gure 11). age points); their importance has nearly VERY PROUD DON’T KNOW SOMEWHAT NOT VERY PROUD doubled since 2006. Respondents also PROUD NOT PROUD AT ALL Politics Carries Greater Weight attach a great deal of importance to the National pride is based much more on right to express an opinion (+5 percent- La Suisse existe. Among the political left, political factors in 2012 than it was in age points). However, Swiss quality, national pride has steadily increased. e future will tell whether it is really more the previous year (gure 15 on page 55). which had ranked at the very top for widespread on the left than in the center At the top of the list of such factors are years, declined dramatically in impor- of the political spectrum. neutrality and independence. A large tance (-17 percentage points). Next were number of respondents also mention peace (+2 percentage points) as well as democratic rights and opportunities for order and cleanliness (+11 percentage participation. If we look only at rates of points), two related concepts that, fol- increase, results are particularly striking lowing a steady decline, have once again for the Federal Constitution and the mi- gained importance. Other strengths litia system. Overall, it is clear that the that have declined sharply in signi - Swiss people are again more conscious, cance include stability (-10 percentage as wel l as proud, of their countr y ’s specia l points) and particularly the way cultures political solutions. coexist (-17 percentage points), while LEFT CENTER RIGHT While greater significance has health care (+9 percentage points) is sud- been attached in recent years to econom- denly being identified as one of the Question: “Are you proud to be Swiss?” e lower graphic shows the percentage ic than to political issues, almost all eco- countr y ’s most impor tant streng ths. As of respondents who said that they were nomic topics have declined in impor- recently as last year, respondents said “very proud.”

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 53 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

that Switzerland’s main weakness was its overly complicated and expensive 12. Switzerland’s Strengths health care system. For the rst time, education, along with neutrality, is named as Switzerland’s greatest strength; But how do the Swiss people view the percentage has nearly doubled since 2003 (23 percent). In contrast, Swiss quality, the clear Switzerland in 2012? As a bulwark in the front runner from 2009 to 2011, has dropped dramatically in importance. storm, perhaps – as a special place where Neutrality 41 (+4) people continue to take security, peace Education 41 (+6) and neutrality for granted, while far too Right to express an opinion 38 (+5) many other countries are experiencing unrest and insecurity (figure 10 on Swiss quality 33 (–17) page 52). is c ertainly does not suggest Peace 30 (+2) that Switzerland has no weaknesses to (+11) overcome; but it cannot expect help to Order and cleanliness 30 come from outside, from the crisis- Stability 25 (–10) plagued EU or the US. Ultimately, Swit- Health care 25 (+9) zerland has to help itself. YEAR ON YEAR CHANGE IN PARENTHESES IN PERCENTAGE POINTS Security/peace (+5 percentage 2012 2011 points) and neutrality (+6 percentage Question: “In your view, what are Switzerland’s ve most important strengths?” points) ranked fourth and fth last year, but are now tied for rst, displacing to some extent the countryside associa- 13. A Sense of Belonging 6 2 01 tions. While people still attach a great 6 2 For the rst time, voters are more likely to 2 6 2 2 01 2 dea l of impor tance to the countr yside (-5 1 0132 report a sense of belonging to Switzerland as 6 14 20 2 percentage points), much less emphasis a whole than to their local municipalities – 13 2 2 2 01 is given to the related subject of the although there is no indication that people are 1 32 becoming alienated from their home towns. 14 20 mountains/Alps (-10 percentage points). 13 18 Watches and chocolate are still regarded Question: “To what geographical entity do you feel the greatest sense of belonging?” as the quintessential Swiss specialties. 18 Patriotism (+4 percentage points) has 18 44 overtaken the somewhat more neutral SWITZERLAND LANGUAGE REGION concepts of homeland (-2 percentage MUNICIPALITY WORLD 18 4425 OF RESIDENCE EUROPE points) and tradition (-3 percentage SWITZERLANDCANTON OF LANGUAGE REGION MUNICIPALITYRESIDENCE WORLD 25 points). OF RESIDENCE EUROPE CANTON OF RESIDENCE Municipality Under Pressure 14. Threats to Swiss Identity e Swiss have never viewed themselves primarily as Europeans or citizens of the It comes as no surprise that external factors are perceived as a threat to Swiss identity: immigration and an opening to the rest of the world. Yet a majority of Swiss citizens also regard world. ey refer to themselves in those excessive egotism as a threat and believe that political reforms should be accelerated. terms only rarely, although there has been a slight increase relative to the previous year. With respect to the respondents’ pride in their homeland, a strik ing shift has taken place (gure 13). For the rst time, people are identifying not primarily with their municipalities, but rather with the country as a whole. Over the past few years, local municipalities have been under steadily increasing pressure to consider merging, for nancial and administrative reasons. Since 1990, the number of municipali- IMMIGRATION INTERNATIONAL OPENING EGOTISM ties has dropped by 526, to slight ly under REFORM BACKLOG POLARIZATION 2,500. is, along with an increase in Question: “In your view, what factors threaten Swiss identity residential and job mobility, may explain (very much/somewhat – no response – not much/not at all)?”

54 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

why people are less likely to identify with grants. It therefore follows that a major- backlog of political reforms and polar- their municipalities. But no one antici- ity would like Switzerland’s political ization as problems as well. pated a drop of 19 percentage points in leaders to take a more active approach In 10 years, the Swiss expect that such responses, to the lowest levels ever. when dealing with other countries (72 the major political parties will be coop- e result was greater identication with percent), while less than a quarter (22 erating more successfully with one an - Switzerland as a whole (+12 percentage percent) want them to be more cautious. other and that the situation with respect points). e gap between these two perspectives to environmental pollution will improve. e Swiss people are self-con- increased by 6 percentage points relative Respondents expect coexistence with dent; this is clear from what they say to the previous year. the foreign population to remain fairly about how the rest of the world views As recent sur veys have shown, the stable (slight negative change), while them, as well as from their opinions greatest threat to Swiss identity comes they also believe that the age structure of about the proper approach for Swiss pol- from outside (gure 14). In this context society will worsen and poverty will be- iticians to take when dealing with other respondents are not so concerned about come more prevalent. countries. Eighty-three percent of vot- opening the country up to the outside Asked what problems coming ers describe Switzerland’s image abroad world, since this is something over generations will face, respondents paint as good or very good (gure 17); these which control can be exerted. However, a slightly di¢erent picture: ey expect numbers are virtually the same as in the Sw itzerland is la rgely at the merc y of the concerns to include a lack of jobs and the past three years. Overall, responses to problems of the EU and, in particular, of problem of environmental pollution, fol- the question of whether Switzerland’s immigration – despite the advantages of lowed at some distance by poverty and image had improved or worsened were in attracting skilled workers. For the last issues of retirement benets. Other pos- balance (35 percent better, 36 percent two years, responses have indicated that sible responses – too many foreigners, worse). Respondents appear to attach people are increasingly worried about socia l inequa lit y, an aging societ y, nan- less importance to critical reports in the the threat posed by domestic political cial issues – were hardly mentioned. media than to their actual experiences, factors. ey single out egotism as the which suggest that Switzerland is an at- worst problem (+10 percent), but half of tractive country, for example for immi- the population continues to regard the

15. Pride in Switzerland’s 16. Pride in Aspects of 17. Switzerland Is Politics the Economy Highly Regarded by Switzerland’s neutrality has gained steadily in While the percentages have declined somewhat, Other Countries popularity since 2006 (82 percent). ere have economic characteristics continue to be Eighty-three percent of the population believe also been distinct changes in the number of viewed more favorably than political factors. that Switzerland’s image abroad is very good re spondents who mention the Federal Constitu- Among the most frequently mentioned or at least quite good. is percentage has not tion (+10 percentage points) and the coexistence strengths, the watch industry has overtaken changed in the past four years. of the language regions (-16 percentage points). Switzerland’s international reputation for quality.

Neutrality 94 (+1) Watch industry 93 (–5) 1 2 13 01 International reputation 22 2 Self-reliance 92 (–3) for quality 91 (–8) 20 8 11 3 20 Successful small- and 8 1 Citizen’s rights (referendum etc.) 88 (–4) medium-sized businesses 91 (–7) Neutrality 41 (+4) Federal Constitution 88 (+10) Education Strong Swiss brands41 (+6) 90 (–7) FederalismRight to express an opinion 87 (+2) 38 (+5) Machinery industry 89 (–2) Swiss quality 33 (–17) 63 Coexistence of language groups 79 (–16) Peace 30Research (+2) 84 (–2) A government in which all 61 majorOrder partiesand cleanliness are represented 77 (+1) 30 (+11) Innovative capacity 82 (–4) VERY GOOD DON’T KNOW/ QUITE GOOD NO ANSWER SocialStability partnership between 25 (–10) QUITE POOR entrepreneurs and unions 71 (+3) VERY POOR Pharmaceuticals 82 (–2) Health care 25 (+9)

2012 2011 YEAR ON YEAR CHANGE IN PARENTHESES IN PERCENTAGE POINTS

Question: “Are there certain aspects of Question: “Are there aspects of the Swiss Question: “In your opinion, how positive is Swiss politics of which you are particularly economy of which you are particularly proud Switzerland’s image abroad?” proud (very/somewhat proud)?” (very/somewhat proud)?”

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 55 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

Main Objective – Improving the Image of Politics Maya Graf, the next president of the National Council and the highest-ranking woman in Switzerland, is pleased to note that Switzerland has the most economical and e²cient parliament in the world. Now she wants to improve the tarnished reputation of the country’s democratic institutions. Interview by Urs Reich and Andreas Schiendorfer

Ms. Graf, you are the third farmer in a buildings and installing solar systems. serve; we need to train skilled workers row to hold Switzerland’s highest As for nancial and tax issues, we need in Switzerland, and not only in political oce. Are farmers particularly to make a fresh start once and for all so academic elds. If we succeed in well suited to political leadership? that in the future, Switzerland will be doing that, we will no longer be MAYA GRAF: Let me note, rst, that I known for its clean money strategy and as dependent as we are today on trained as a social worker, and I have tax equity. Particularly important, in bringing in qualied workers from also worked in that capacity. For the my view, are urban and regional abroad. It is understandable, psycho- past 12 years, however, we have been planning and systematic development. logically, that people are worried operating our family farm as part of a For too long, we have simply stood by about retirement benets, but fortu- farming cooperative. But to get back to and watched the overdevelopment of nately there is little cause for such your question: Farmers have always concern at present. been very politically active and well organized. One reason, no doubt, is “I’m pleased to ere are major dierences in how the that agricultural policy is an important various language regions perceive the aspect of federal policy, and farmers see that love of country’s problems. Does this mean that are directly a¢ected by the decisions country is not the the so-called “Röstigraben” – the gap made in Berne. e fact that farming between Switzerland’s German speakers enjoys considerable respect and trust exclusive domain and the other language regions – still certainly plays a role as well. Perhaps of the right wing.” exists after all? that’s one reason why people trust us to MAYA GRAF: ere is no such gap, in my represent parliament across party lines. opinion. e French- and Italian- And my background and that of my our countryside, as more and more speaking regions and the German- two predecessors re³ect the enormous residential and infrastructure con- speaking part of Switzerland comple- variety found in farming today: struction has taken place. We need to ment each other extremely well. Our Jean-René Germanier (FDP) is a focus our construction, make our cities French-speaking compatriots are winegrower from French-speaking attractive places in which to live and demanding a greater commitment Switzerland, Hansjörg Walter (SVP) is work, and do everything in our power from the state. is perspective, a more traditional farmer from Eastern to protect our farmland and our unique which is keenly attuned to social Switzerland, and I’m an organic farmer natural environment. issues, is a good counterbalance to from Jura representing the Green sometimes extreme calls for privatiza- Party. e Worry Barometer shows that a tion from the German-speaking side. majority of the population has dierent But if there is a “Röstigraben,” it runs What do you see as Switzerland’s three priorities. through the middle of my home main concerns? MAYA GRAF: Unemployment is always a region. In the Basel area, we usually MAYA GRAF: Next year, we need to topic of discussion, despite the fact vote with French-speaking Switzer- prepare for a shift to alternative that Switzerland’s situation is very land. sources of energy. Clear legal provi- stable. But of course we are aware of sions will promote investment security the problems that exist all over How do you explain the fact that for the – not only for companies, but also for Europe. One of my fundamental goals rst time, people on the political left are private individuals who want to protect is to make sure that apprenticeships expressing greater national pride than the environment by modernizing are given the importance they de- those in the center?

56 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

ments and take specic steps to improve them as well as to seal further agreements – without allow- ing others to put pressure on us.

e issue of foreigners is becoming increasingly problematic, not least because of the highly skilled workers coming to Switzerland from the EU. MAYA GRAF: We wanted them to come, and now they’re here. is is a dilem- ma that we need to live with. It is important, in this context, to adhere to all of the regulations that relate to the free movement of persons. We need to take systematic steps to combat illegal employment of all kinds, and compliance with collective bargaining agreements is imperative. I’m con- vinced that Switzerland, which has been a country of immigration for over 100 years, is capable of integrating newcomers and that it will benet from them, both economically and Maya Graf (1962), a social worker and organic farmer, was elected to socially. Just look at our young national the National Council in 2001, representing the Green Party in football team, which includes many Basel-Land. She will become its president in 2013. She is a member of the National Council’s Committee for Science, Education and Culture players with immigrant backgrounds and of the parliamentary groups for animal protection, Tibet and who are playing for Switzerland with women’s sports. She is also involved in Swissaid and the Swiss Greina great success. Foundation for the preservation of Alpine rivers and streams, as well as the Basel-Olsberg Foundation for the disabled. www.mayagraf.ch What is your main goal as president of the National Council? MAYA GRAF: After spending over MAYA GRAF: I’m pleased to see that love particularly worrisome. ere is also 20 years in party politics, I appreciate of country is not the exclusive domain more and more danger of superciality. the opportunity, as a member of a of the right wing. We have achieved e unions and employer organizations non-governing party, to represent the a variety of political goals in Switzer- have gained trust over the past few diversity of our political system and land, and all of us, whatever our years, so I wouldn’t overestimate consensus between all sides. One of political persuasion, can be very proud recent declines. In general, of course, my main goals is to improve the image of those accomplishments. We on the you forfeit trust if you fail to meet of politics and political parties. e left, too, are very proud of our democ- expectations. people need to be able to trust their racy, which is characterized by equity democratic institutions. We have a rather than exclusion. Why are the Swiss so skeptical about the well-functioning Federal Council, and European Union and the euro? we have an excellent parliament – the Decision makers – including, this year, MAYA GRAF: is issue presents two most economical and e²cient in the particularly the media and the trade challenges to us as politicians. First, world, by the way. In the halls of the associations – have lost trust. we as Swiss citizens are simply mis- Federal Palace, I encounter many MAYA GRAF: Media diversity is a valuable taken if we don’t see ourselves as committed politicians who are seeking asset, and it has recently become Europeans, given that we are living in solutions to our country’s problems, increasingly threatened. Ultimately, the heart of Europe and have an rather than the media spotlight, as there are only a few media groups that essential interest in Europe’s fortunes. many would contend. play a decisive role; in this context the Second, we need to clarify Switzer- combination of information- and land’s relationship with the EU, and entertainment-based companies is we must examine our bilateral agree-

Photo: Jürg Waldmeier Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 57 — Identity — Glad and Proud to Be Swiss

Giovanni Orelli, an intellectual from Italian-speaking Switzerland and recipient of the Schiller Prize, discusses Swiss identity, the tense relationship of his home canton to the rest of the country and the question of joining the European Union. by Sandro Benini

58 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 Photo: Adrian Baer / NZZ — Identity —

Fifteen years ago you said in an interview the high schools of German-speaking that the Italian-speaking people of Switzerland are less and less likely to Ticino had practically no contact with the learn Italian, and while German- French-speaking region of the country, speaking politicians may talk about the Romandie, and that they weren’t particu- importance of Italian culture and larly fond of the people of German-speaking about respect for cultural minorities Switzerland. Have things improved when they give speeches on our national since then? holiday on August 1, they are in fact I don’t remember that interview, so I hardly interested. can’t say whether the situation has improved. But in terms of both quality and Is the Ticino dialect as important to the quantity, we have a better relationship identity of Italian-speaking Switzerland as with German-speaking Switzerland than Swiss German is for German speakers? with our cousins in Romandie. However, No. Swiss German has historically my impression is that the relationship had a dierent sort of signicance, as it between Ticino and the German-speak- played a more important role in distin- ing region is somewhat worse today than guishing Switzerland from Nazi barba- it was 30 or 40 years ago. rism than the Ticino dialect did in setting us apart from Italian Fascism. Why is that? I occasionally write in Ticino dialect for One reason is the declining importance musical, linguistic or literary reasons, of Italian in Europe. at has to do with but not out of any antipathy toward our political and economic trends that I’d neighbors in Lombardy, and certainly rather not go into, and with a weakening not because I have anything against the of Italian culture throughout the Western Italian-Mediterranean culture. Whenever world. Unbelievably, when French, I get together with my cousin Giorgio German or English authors write about Orelli – who is also a writer – we use European culture, they nearly always our Ticino dialect, even when we discuss forget Italian culture. Students in Roman Jakobson or Erich Auerbach.

e Credit Suisse Worry Barometer asked Swiss voters to name their greatest concern. What do you suppose they said? Giovanni Orelli was born in 1928 in Bed- No idea. But I would guess that they retto, a remote community in the Italian- expressed concern about what is happen- speaking canton of Ticino. He studied ing in the world right now, such as the medieval philology in Milan and Zurich. con¡ict between Western civilization and For many years he taught Italian at the the Islamic world. Personally, when I cantonal school in Lugano. He spent one term as a Socialist member of the Ticino think about the countries of the Middle cantonal parliament. His literary career East, and also the Far East, I feel a great began in 1965 with the novel “L’anno della sense of uncertainty. I’m curious, and I try valanga” (“e Year of the Avalanche”). to stay informed and use common sense Widely regarded as his most important as I think about these issues, but I’m often work is the novel “Walaschek’s Dream,” just exhausted. which the Neue Zürcher Zeitung newspaper called “a love letter to the country and its people, and an aecting re¡ection e most common response was that they on the dark regions of its history.” He has were worried about unemployment. also written lyric poetry, some of it in the Isn’t that strange, in a country where Ticino dialect. Giovanni Orelli is a cousin practically no one is unemployed? of the poet, translator and critic Gior- I think it’s understandable. If a 50-year- gio Orelli. Together with Peter Bichsel, old loses his job, nding another one is Giovanni Orelli was selected to receive the very di¢cult, even in Switzerland. Schiller Prize, Switzerland’s most important literary award, in 2012. ese situations sometimes lead to personal and family tragedies. In Italy, there have been increasing numbers

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 59 — Identity —

of suicides because of the economic crisis, What is at the heart of Swiss identity? might eventually spread throughout the even among the middle class. Values like freedom, tolerance and living world. But given the negative sides of together in peace. ese are virtues that globalization, the EU and particularly In the past, writers and intellectuals have deserve the respect and admiration of politicians, I have become much less often described Switzerland as a boring, other countries. certain. What the EU has done in the last narrow-minded country that lacks any few months and years is not very encour- tragic dimension, a place that artists need Not long ago the son of Giuliano Bignasca, aging. to escape from if they want to fulll their founder of the Ticino League, said that he potential. hoped he would soon see your obituary in the Should Switzerland join the EU? I’ve never felt that way. e best argument newspaper. Are Switzerland’s fundamental Not right now. But in two, ve or perhaps against that view is that two geniuses like virtues in danger from right-wing populist 10 years we may need to discuss this Kant and Socrates never left the small demagoguery, in Ticino and elsewhere? again. towns where they grew up. Greatness Demagoguery certainly exists, but I have does not depend on travel. But I’m famil- condence in the Swiss people and in Do you read contemporary Swiss authors? iar with such arguments from my days their sense of responsibility. I would also Yes, quite frequently. I particularly as a student, when my Italian friends appreciate and admire a number of would say that in Switzerland we didn’t German-speaking writers. For example, know what violence, war, death or killing I’ve read several stories by Pedro Lenz, really meant. And this was my answer: In and have been very impressed. But I’ve order to express an idea about war, I don’t also read Peter Stamm, Klaus Merz, actually need to go to war – which, as e people in Adolf Muschg and many others. Kafka accurately pointed out, is a German-speaking “monstrous failure of imagination.” It is Switzerland are New beginnings are a central theme in absurd for us to be ashamed of the fact contemporary Swiss literature. You have that we have been a peace-loving people more boring, but also lived all your life in Lugano in Ticino. Why? ever since the Battle of Marignano in better able to resist I just ended up there. It’s not that I’m in 1515, and that our neutrality spared us love with Lugano. I actually nd it boring the horrors of the last century. political demagoguery. compared with Milan or Zurich. In my next life I’ll look for a modest position You’ve never found it a burden to be Swiss? with the Swiss consulate in New York. No, never, absolutely not. I’ve always been Manhattan is one of the most beautiful glad and proud to be Swiss. And not just places in the world. for pragmatic reasons, as a character put it point out that, in this regard, I have in “e Betrothed,” the most important greater condence in the German-speak- book by the Italian author Alessandro ing Swiss than in their compatriots in the Manzoni: Home is where you feel at Italian-speaking region. home. But also because I admire Swiss culture, a culture of equality where people Why? live together in peace. Our culture may Because they are more reliable – perhaps have certain egoistic aspects, but for me more methodical, more pedantic and, yes, the positive sides have always outweighed more boring, but also better able to resist the negative. I taught Italian and Italian any form of political demagoguery. literature at a high school for 40 years. But asked whether I would rather be e left’s criticism of staid, bourgeois Swit- Italian, I would respond: No, denitely zerland has since given way to a kind of not. I want to remain Swiss. progressive patriotism – because Europe is in the midst of an existential crisis, which has made the idea of an opening toward Europe less appealing. Some time ago, I thought that Switzer- land should become more open to Eu- 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer rope. It seemed to be only right for us to make a brave, perhaps somewhat utopian contribution to this ideal of solidarity, an of86 voters p areer proudcent to be Swiss. initially European ideal, but one that

60 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Swiss List —

Switzerland in Figures (3/4) 10 Railway Records

Japan Switzerland Seikan 1. e Swiss are world champion train riders, Gotthard racking up 2,258 kilometers per person in 2010, Vereina beating the Japanese. In terms of number of train trips, they rank second behind the Japanese. 2. e Swiss are also in a neck-and neck race with the Japanese when it comes to tunnels: the Seikan tunnel (54 km) is currently the world’s longest, but the Gotthard Base Tunnel (57 km) will take its place by the end of 2016. e longest narrow gauge tunnel in the world is the Vereina (19 km).

3. e highest train station in Europe is located on the Jungfraujoch (3,454 m). e highest spot in Europe reachable with a funicular railway is the Klein Matterhorn (3,883 m).

4. e world’s steepest cog railway is the 5. e Bernina Railway is in a beautiful location and, Pilatus Railway starting in Alpnachstad: At just together with the Albula Railway, has been declared a 4,618 meters in length, it covers an altitude Unesco World Heritage Site. What’s more, it holds a dierence of 1,635 meters. At times the train is European record: No other railway reaches such a high on an incline of up to 48 percent. altitude without a cog wheel (Ospizio Bernina, 2,253 m).

6. e Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) have the highest rate of network usage eciency in 7. e rst cog railway (in fact the rst mountain the world: On average, every section of rail is used railway) in Europe was the Vitznau-Rigi Railway, by approximately 95 trains a day. which began operating in 1871. At 19 kilometers, the longest continual cog railway in Europe is the Wengernalp Railway running between Lauter- brunnen over the Kleine Scheidegg to Grindelwald.

128 m

99 percent 1 km¯ 8. In 1982, the SBB became the rst railway 9. Two European records for funicular railways: 10. Ninety-nine percent of the Swiss railway company in the world to introduce a regular- e steepest is the Gelmer Railway near the network is electried – a world record. With an interval timetable nationwide. Today, this Grimsel Pass (106 percent incline), the longest operating length of approximately 128 meters timetable is in eect for all railway and postbus extends from Sierre to Crans Montana per square kilometer, Switzerland also has the lines, with only a handful of exceptions. (4.2 km). densest railway network in Europe.

by Matthias Plüss, 1kilo (illustration) Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 61 — Image —

Another View

How do photographers from around the world view Switzer- land? Many things come to mind: the Matterhorn – the world’s most-photographed mountain – and tourists snap- ping away on Lucerne’s Chapel Bridge, or postcards of the Lavaux Vineyard Terraces, a UNESCO World Heritage Site on the shores of Lake Geneva. nternationally renowned photographers show a dierent Switzerland, as you can see from the pictures in this photo essay. is alternate view of Switzerland begins in Ithe 1930s, starting with Herbert List’s love letter to the country’s lakes and young men. e most recent picture here is by Mark Henley, an Englishman who lives in Switzerland, from his award-winning long-term observation of Zurich’s Paradeplatz. And there is also a small snack, as satirical photographer Martin Parr discovered a new subject in 1997: grilled veal sausage. is photo essay was put together by Bulletin photo editors Andreas Wellnitz and Maria Leutner. poem by Jorge Luis Borges concludes this artistic overview. e Argentinian poet (1899–1986) spent a great deal of his youth in French-speaking Swit- Azerland. He later returned to Geneva, where he died and is buried. “Los conjurados” (“e Conspirators”) is an ode to Switzerland, a nation by choice, which he saw as a model for a global community.

e editors

2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer

believe83 thatpe Switzrcerelandn t is well-regarded abroad.

62 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Image —

VINCENT FOURNIER FRANCE

THE SCHILTHORN is picture comes from Fournier’s rst volume of photographs, “Tour Operator,” which is inspired by Jules Verne’s book “Around the World in 80 Days” and is intended to show “tamed nature” around the world. Art photographer Vincent Fournier, 42, was born in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. He shot this picture in 2004.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 63 — Image —

MARTIN PARR UK

ZURICH British documentary photo g- rapher Martin Parr, 60, loves to provoke others with his pictures. In 1994 he joined the famous Magnum Photos agency – despite vehement resistance from some of its members. Today he is world-renowned and greatly in¡uences contemporary photography. is picture was taken in 1997.

64 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 Photo: Martin Parr / Magnum Photos — Image —

MARK HENLEY UK

ZURICH, PARADEPLATZ is image comes from “Bank on Us,” a long-term project by Mark Henley, 46, for which he received the Swiss Press Photographer of the Year 2012 award. Henley studied literature in York before traveling to China and documenting the student unrest there. Since then, he has worked in 50 different countries; he focuses on global current events.

Photo: Mark Henley / Panos Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 65 — Image —

ANDREAS GURSKY GERMANY

MALOJA Andreas Gursky, 57, is one of the world’s most successful contemporary photographers. His unique style and means of expression combines digital image editing, an extremely large format and color land scape pictures. Gursky has a close relationship with Switzerland; two of his early exhibitions were held in Geneva and Zurich.

66 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 Photo: Andreas Gursky, Maloja, 1989, C-print. Courtesy Sprüth Magers Berlin London © Andreas Gursky / 2012, ProLitteris, Zurich — Image —

ANOUSH ABRAR IRAN

PAYERNE is 2001 series documents Payerne’s military airport. Abrar, 36, has lived in Switzerland for some time and teaches at the Haute école d’arts appliqués (ECAL) in Lausanne.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 67 — Image —

HERBERT LIST GERMANY

LAKE LUCERNE e picture was taken in 1936. List (1903–1975) was highly in¡uential for modern photo g- raphy. List took his cues from surrealism and the Bauhaus school, as he created austere still lifes and classically composed portraits of his friends.

68 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 Photo: Herbert List / Magnum Photos — Image —

JORGE LUIS BORGES BUENOS AIRES / GENEVA, 1899 1986

Los conjurados En el centro de Europa están conspirando. El hecho data de 1291. Se trata de hombres de diversas estirpes que profesan diversas religiones y que hablan en diversos idiomas. Han tomado la extraña resolución de ser razonables. Han resuelto olvidar sus diferencias y acentuar sus anidades. Fueron soldados de la Confederación y después mercenarios, porque eran pobres y tenían el hábito de la guerra y no ignoraban que todas las empresas del hombre son igualmente vanas. Fueron Winkelried que se clava en el pecho las lanzas enemigas para que sus camaradas avancen. Son un cirujano, un pastor o un procurador, pero también son Paracelso y Amiel y Jung y Paul Klee. En el centro de Europa, en las tierras altas de Europa, crece una torre de razón y de rme fe. Los cantones ahora son veintidós. El de Ginebra, el último, es una de mis patrias. Mañana serán todo el planeta. Acaso lo que digo no es verdadero, ojalá sea profético.

e Conspirators ere is a conspiracy right in the middle of Europe. It began in 1291 and brought together people of dierent backgrounds, dierent religions and dierent languages. ey made the strange decision to be reasonable. ey chose to set aside their dierences and emphasize their similarities. ey were soldiers of the confederation and later mercenaries. Poor and accustomed to war, they understood that all human undertaking is but earthly vanity. ere was Winkelried, who took the enemy’s pikes to the chest so that his comrades could advance. Among them was a surgeon, a shepherd and a lawyer; but also Paracelsus and Amiel and Jung and Paul Klee. Right in the middle of Europe, in Europe’s mountains, a tower of rationality and of rm belief has been built. Today it has twenty-two cantons. at of of Geneva, the last one, is one of my homelands. Tomorrow they will grow to encompass the whole planet. What I say may not be true, but may it be prophetic.

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 69 — Image —

image to include these dimensions, but And what do Swiss companies need to be we should not tinker with the established aware of in China? What China image. e central question is “do I have the right product?” For example, a shampoo Can Switzerland learn from the Chinese producer started o by placing the inks and their highly acclaimed ability to think same sized bottles in the stores as the very long-term and strategically? ones we have here. But they stayed of Us Yes. When I negotiated with the Chinese on the shelves, because the purchasing on behalf of the elevator manufacturing power was too low at that time. e Neutral Switzerland company Schindler in 1979, they said: Chinese bought single-day sizes and was held in great esteem by “We need your technology today, but in a preferred to go shopping two or three hundred years, you will need our technol- times a week. However, as a foreigner, Mao’s China. Former ogy.” On the other hand, the Chinese earning the respect of the Chinese a mbassador Uli Sigg tells are “doers” – they get to work on things is just as important as the product. without spending a great deal of time how the new China, weighing up the pros and cons. e How does this work? courted by the whole world, reformer Deng Xiaoping liked to use the On an individual level, one earns this image of a river for this: “Cross the river respect through knowledge about China. views Switzerland. by feeling the stones.” at sounds mundane, but it takes quite By Michael Krobath a lot of time. Nothing is quite as insulting What role does Switzerland play in the to the Chinese as when people or politi- Chinese economy’s long-term plans? cians provide uninformed advice. at Looking forward, China’s biggest problem also applies to human rights issues, where will be how to satisfy the country’s enor- there is a great deal that needs to be Mr. Sigg, how well-known is Switzerland mous appetite for raw materials. In this addressed. But when this is brought up in China? regard, Switzerland is uninteresting. by people who lack detailed knowledge, Switzerland’s reputation goes well beyond However, Switzerland does play a certain barely anything is achieved. its dimensions in terms of size. A survey role as a technology contributor. Many held before the 2010 expo in Shanghai Swiss companies are leaders in their elds And economically? measured the reputation of the European and highly attractive to China’s economy. Switzerland has an excellent reputation nations. In terms of public image, Switzer- Switzerland’s chances as the European in this respect thanks to the many land was number one. headquarters for Chinese companies are companies that distinguish themselves also improving, even if it may not be through their good products and reli- Why is that? obvious to a Chinese company why its ability. But there are two state visits per Historically, Switzerland was highly European headquarters should be set up week in China, as all countries are vying respected for the fact that it remained in a country that is not part of the EU. for the attention of China’s top politi- strictly neutral during the Cold War. cians – in a situation like this, we cannot Switzerland was one of the rst countries If Switzerland succeeds in attracting many let up. Signing a free trade agreement to recognize Mao’s China in 1950; in Chinese companies, will they create Chinese with China would be pivotal for Switzer- 1975, Swissair was the second airline in districts or villages in the medium term, like land. It is currently in negotiation and the world to establish air connections those in Africa? would provide new momentum to with the People’s Republic. Today, Chinese e Chinese like to form clusters, you the Sino-Swiss economic relationship. consumers like Swiss products such as can see that in the major European cities. clocks and chocolate. And they love Such clusters are mostly made up of Switzerland as a holiday destination, as its Chinese from the same province – some unspoiled natural surroundings oer groups go to Italy, others to Paris. at them something they can’t nd at home. also applies to companies. When a company has a good experience at one Uli Sigg, 66, was ambassador to at sounds more like a traditional view location, the next one is more likely to go the People’s Republic of China, of Switzerland. there, too. However, a development like North Korea and Mongolia in Beijing (1995–1998). He founded the rst We Swiss often prefer quite another the one currently seen in Africa, where joint venture between a western image. We would like to be seen above all they are building company towns for industrial company and a Chinese as an innovative, high-tech country, far their skilled workers, will never occur in state-owned company (1980), and he is considered one of the world’s greatest collectors of Chinese from cheese, chocolate and clocks. I think Switzerland. But a certain concentration contemporary art. He holds a doctorate in law and this is a mistake. We need to expand our is denitely possible. lives at Schloss Mauensee (canton of Lucerne).

70 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 Photo: Kurt Reichenbach / SI / RDB — Swiss List —

Switzerland in Figures (4/4) 10 Special Cases

1. Switzerland has no ocial capital city – Berne is merely the “federal 4. e Alemannic dialect is spoken throughout German-speaking city,” meaning it is home to the most important federal institutions. Switzerland – except in Samnaun in the canton of Graubünden, is was a result of a compromise reached in 1848 to ensure that no city where a southern Bavarian dialect is spoken. Stadtbaseldeutsch or the would become too strong. German spoken in the city of Basel is another special case: It is the only Swiss dialect that belongs to the northern Alemannic dialects. 2. Bivio in the canton of Graubünden is the only trilingual (German, Italian and Romansh) municipality in Switzerland and the only village 5. e Aare is not just a Swiss river – it also carries French water from the north of the Alps where Italian is spoken. Orbe, the source of which is just across the border. It is also not entirely true that the Rhine begins in Switzerland: One of its 14 source rivers, the 3. e Appenzell region abounds with special cases. e two semi- Reno di Lei, originates in Italy. cantons are the only ones in Switzerland not connected to the SBB rail system or the highway system. In the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden, parking is free and there are no tra¢c lights.

6. e Swiss railways all run on normal or narrow gauge. e only 9. When it comes to card games, French cards are used west of the exception: In Neuchâtel, a broad-gauge funicular railway of just over so-called “Brünig-Napf-Reuss line” and German-Swiss cards are 300 meters in length connects the university with the train station. used east of it. Exceptions to this are the canton of Graubünden and parts of urgau, where the inhabitants prefer French cards. 7. e Piz Bernina (4,049 m) is the only 4,000-meter peak in the Grau- bünden Alps, and in fact in all of the Eastern Alps. All of the other 10. ere are only two countries in the world with square ags: the 4,000-meter peaks in Switzerland are located in the Bernese Oberland or Vatican and Switzerland. in Valais.

8. Swiss German is practical: It has no future or simple past tenses, and no genitive. Well, almost. In some locations in Valais, the inhabitants have maintained the Old High German genitive endings: Psinntsch di no der ottu Tago im letschtu Jaar? (“Do you remember the nice days we had last year?”).

By Matthias Plüss, 1kilo (illustration) Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 71 — Education —

Good, But Could Do Better In an international comparison, Switzerland has an excellent standing as a location for education. But further steps are needed to catch up with the top US universities. An analysis by the president of the École polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). By Patrick Aebischer

1 — Transformation of And we have our nger on the pulse: e of just how a small innovation can change International Science EPFL neuroprosthesis center is a wonder- the perspective of the world. Another ex- ful example of interdisciplinary coopera- ample is Siri, the iPhone voice recognition Changing energy systems, the revolution tion required today. Here, IT specialists, program, which was co-developed by one of neurosciences, skepticism about current neuroscientists, doctors and engineers of our researchers in the US. ere are physical models, hyper-personalization: collaborate closely. Without the desire to also examples from German-speaking e problems of our world are simply too communicate in working toward a com- Switzerland, of course, such as Doodle, complex today for any single scientic eld mon objective, our teams would never Optotune, Molecular Partners and many to provide conclusive answers. Research- have created the phenomenal interfaces others. ers have to learn to talk to one another in between man and machine that allow a Besides supporting start-ups, we order to bring together their areas of ex- wheelchair to be driven solely by the pow- have expanded our collaboration with pertise – but unfortunately, IT specialists, er of thought. To achieve this, an elec - multinational companies and SMEs in a biologists, sociologists and engineers do trode cap transfers the brainwaves of a wide variety of areas such as medicine, IT, not always speak the same language. paraplegic patient to the wheelchair via automotive and, of course, banking, We need to have greater interaction computer, and the patient gains back a through Credit Suisse’s IT Development between the elds. But science – singular freedom of movement and autonomy once Center, which is located in the heart of – has become fragmented into so many thought lost. EPFL’s campus. elds in just a few centuries that it is more Our researchers succeeded in nd- Scientists have nothing to lose by realistic today to speak of sciences in the ing a common language to break through facing the realities of industry; in fact they plural. Research has to navigate the wind- the walls of their respective elds. Hear- can only gain. And in our laboratories, ing path between hyper-specialization of ing prosthetics, retina implants, prosthet- companies nd things they can build upon our researchers, between our will to un- ic arms – all of these highly complex feats for subsequent innovations. is cycle is ceasingly expand the boundaries of our of engineering will soon be part of our ev- beneficial to all involved. For example, knowledge and the necessity to improve eryday life, giving rise to a myriad of tech- data centers make up more than 2 percent the dialogue between the disciplines. nology centers and patents. ere is only of energy consumption in the US, and Eu- one body part that cannot be replaced, rope is doubtlessly keeping pace. is issue namely, our brain. can only compound, as energy consump- 2 — e State of Education tion is growing exponentially. Two EPFL in Switzerland scientists have now developed a solution to Within this global trend, Switzerland 3 — Cooperation With convert waste heat from data centers into demonstrates a pioneering spirit both in Industry energy. research and creativity. It is worth point- e willingness to cross the boundaries of ing out that Switzerland has generated the the individual elds is giving rise to nu- most scientic publications per resident in merous start-ups. In western Switzerland, 4 — e Future of the the world in recent years, although this Endoart, a company in the biotechnology Classroom fact is often overlooked in Europe. Our sector, was sold for over 100 million Swiss Another breakthrough innovation from European neighbors, however, regard francs in 2007. Others companies such as the US is revolutionizing the classroom: Switzerland as performing well in multi- Kandou, HouseTrip, Typesafe, Aleva MOOCs or massive open online courses. ple areas: with our dual system, which Neurotherapeutics and Nexthink have Stanford and MIT (Massachusetts Insti- gives equal weighting to apprenticeships proven the innovative potential of our re- tute of Technology) spearheaded the ini- and university studies, our democratic gion. A success story like that of Sense¡y, tiative by oering top-of-the-line univer- model of government and how scientic a company that produces low-cost drones sity courses via the Internet for free, research is funded. able to map terrain in 3D, provides proof crossing boundaries previously considered

72 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Education —

SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ZURICH ¼ETH½ AND ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE ¼EPFL½

Starting Point of Successful Start-Ups MOLECULAR PARTNERS One of the “most successful DOODLE Swiss biotech companies” e scheduling platform is (Finanz und Wirtschaft), considered “Switzerland’s cooperations with Allergan and best-known start-up” Johnson & J ohnson. OPTOTUNE (startwerk.ch). Tamedia Lenses made from elastic acquired 49 percent of the polymers that focus like company last year. the human eye, expected to revolutionize optics. Switzerland’s best start-up in 2011 (startup.ch). ETH SENSEFLY Manufactures ultra-light drones for civilian use. ENDOART Was recently acquired by EPFL Developed a remotely the market leader in cordless c ontrolled gastric band for devices for mobile phones. the treatment of extremely obese patients and the company HOUSETRIP KANDOU was sold for over 100 million Europe’s largest online Innovative semiconductor Swiss francs. vacation rental booking site, company with over Switzerland’s best start-up 100 patents obtained in 2012 (startup.ch). or pending.

taboo. e universities of the future will However, this project brought to light in- inventive spirit of US universities and the most likely change their size, moving from teresting intellectual possibilities. Ordi- up-and-coming Asian universities. 400 students in a single auditorium to sev- nary Internet users developed a complex Our trump card? Interestingly, Swit- eral thousand in front of computer screens. theory in a virtual space, and came up with zerland’s low taxes have not been the pri- Professor Odersky produced our rst on- solutions that even a supercomputer would mary attraction for US and European re- line course and more than 46,000 people not have been able to create. searchers in recent years, but rather the signed up for it within just a few weeks. culture, the freedom to conduct research e software behind this was written in and the unique intellectual environment at “Scala,” the programming language also 5 — Opportunities for our universities are the main draws. But used for Twitter. Europe and Education we cannot allow ourselves to rest on our W hen talking about the opening and in Switzerland laurels. We have to continue to uphold our democratization of the universities, it belief in a scientic Switzerland and invest should also be mentioned that rapid chang- I have the feeling that our continent has in creating a climate of innovation. We do es are occurring in how innovations are stopped believing in itself. However, the not want a Switzerland that thinks in the viewed globally. MIT biologists developed example of Switzerland – as well as Ger- short term but rather an imaginative one, a game which allows thousands of Internet many and Scandinavia – shows that Eu- and one deeply supportive of the human users – biologists as well as lay-persons – to rope is in no way condemned to sitting on dimension and social interactions. The participate indirectly in modeling a pro- the side lines while others create and in- goal is to create high-quality jobs and to tein. Of course there are natural limits to novate. e Federal Institute of Technol- improve education for the younger gen - this participative research method, and it ogy, Zurich (ETH), and the EPFL are e rations, now and in the future. can in no way replace traditional research. now regarded as exemplary across the entire continent. Both have mastered the challenge of interdisciplinarity; they have opened themselves to industry and at- 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer tracted the world’s best researchers. But now they must join forces with the best At 41 percent, universities in order to contribute to an ac- respondents consider education as ademically strong Europe, in order to Patrick Aebischer is president of the École Poly- Switzerland’s biggest strength. compete with the economic strength and technique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).

Photos: [m] ETH Zürich / Esther Ramseier; [m] Alain Herzog / EPFL Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 73 Who Will Pay My Pension ? At the time Switzerland’s Old Age and Survivors’ Insurance was introduced, life expectancies were much lower than they are today. Raising the retirement age is inevitable. By Sara Carnazzi Weber

74 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 — Pensions —

t is a fact that we are living longer age of 65 for both men and women was eral Social Insurance O¢ce, more and and longer. When the Old Age and rejected with the 11th AHV revision of more working people in Switzerland are Survivors’ Insurance (AHV) was 2010. What needs to be done in order to continuing to work past the retirement introduced in Switzerland in 1948, also secure pensions in the long term for age. From 2008 to 2011, this number av- conditions were quite different. The future generations? Reforms of the AHV eraged just over one-third. In contrast, the I majority of the population never reached can basically target either funding or trend toward extending early retirement retirement age, set at 65 at the time. To - benefits. has weakened, although in past decades, day, statistically speaking, a 65 year-old retirement provision regulations and a man has a remaining life expectancy of Working Past the Retirement Age concerted focus on youth in the job mar- 17.1 years; a woman, 20.9 years. Discussions on funding focus mainly on a ket fostered this trend. It is a fact that we are living longer higher percentage of wages or tax increases ere is therefore a substantial po- and longer, and our health is better. In (usually a value-added tax increase). But tential pool of workers who would like to Switzer land, the so-called healthy life raising the percentage of wages increases continue working. However, the job mar- expec tancy is currently 73.7 years for men the labor production factor. As a result, it ket lacks a systematic human resources and 76.8 years for women. burdens only the current workforce and policy to address this proven need. In or- It is a fact that life patterns are chang- has a more drastic impact on competitive- der to promote the employment of older ing. e boundaries between the individu- ness than a value-added tax increase. A workers by creating more ¡exible condi- al life stages are becoming increasingly higher value-added tax, however, also has tions to take full advantage of their expe- blurred. So are the lines bet ween education and gainful employment – thanks to longer study programs and lifelong learning – and those between work and retirement, as a BY 2040, THERE WILL BE ONLY TWO EMPLOYED PERSONS FOR EACH RETIREE result of ¡exible retirement options. e Potential Support Ratio shows the ratio of those 65 and older to those between the ages of 20 and 64. e equivalent retirement age is the retirement age when the value of the Potential Support Ratio is held steady Until now, the regulatory frame -((Renten))at the 2010 level. In 2040, this would need to be 73 years of age. work of AHV has only reacted cautiously to these changes and challenges. Aston- in % Equivalent retirement age ishing, considering that we can forecast 85 100 fairly reliably that the population will age. 75 80 70 73 65 68 Depending on the assumptions, scenarios 65 Total population 60 and models can dier slightly, but they re- 55 Population of 40 Swiss nationality main the same in their basic message: e 45 Working population 20 ratio of older people to people of working 35 Working population age has increased steadily over the course 25 0 of Swiss nationality of time and will, in the future, change 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 even more rapidly to the detriment of the Source: Credit Suisse Economic Research younger generation. is trend places a growing strain on the pay-as-you-go AHV and charts the road into deficit. ough in an international comparison, Switzerland is still doing very well in a negative economic impact in that it rais- rience and expertise, employers will have terms of their retirement provision with es the cost of private consumption. On the to rethink their position. is is in their the three-pillar system composed of oc- benets side, pension standards can be ad- own interest, too, as they will soon be cupational and private pension schemes, justed, limiting expenses to some extent. confronted with an increasingly aging in addition to the AHV state pension. But this does nothing to change the grow- sta. In around half of OECD countries, ing burden on the active generations from people will need to work longer in the the growing number of retirees under the future before they can retire. In contrast, pay-as-you-go system. is burden can little has changed in Switzerland since only be counteracted in a sustainable increasing the retirement age for women manner by changing the mathematical ra- from 62 to 64 years of age under the 10th tio between those entitled to a pension AHV revision. The uniform retirement and those contributing. ere is no alternative to raising the statutory retirement age or making it ¡exible in an upward direction. Implement- 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer ing a debt brake for social insurance along with adequate automated processes would At be helpful in achieving this. And extend- secur95ing retir pementerc proevisionnst, is ing the length of working life has long considered to be the most important since ceased to be a revolutionary idea. Sara Carnazzi Weber is the Head of Macroeconomic task of politicians. According to a recent study by the Fed - and Policy Research at Credit Suisse.

Photo: Knotan Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 75 — History —

How Switzerland Came to Be Ten historical events that played a crucial role in making Switzerland the country it is today. (No, they don’t include the founding of the confederation in 1291.) By omas Maissen 

e Swiss Confederation developed over time from a network of city alliances, which were common in the Holy Roman Empire during the 14th century. What was unusual was that it grew into a unied confederation of adjacent territories not only through partnerships, but also through subjugation. It became a sovereign entity under international law in the 17th century, achieving the status of a nation-state in the 19th century. During the period of revolution from 1798 to 1848, the ruling German-speaking alliance of 13 cantons (Dreizehn Orte) developed into a multilingual federation, in which equal rights were Bridging the Gap Between aorded to the French- and Italian-speaking subjects. Urban and Rural, and Between e premodern sovereignty of the cantons was East and West re¡ected in a federalist constitution that provided for Berne formed an alliance with Uri, both a national council and a council of states; Schwyz and Unterwalden, which and, to prevent centralist control at the national had allied themselves with Zurich level, in 1874 Switzerland’s direct democracy was two years earlier. Such temporary introduced with its “Ständemehr” feature, which agreements between free cities and required the support of a majority of the cantons. wealthy farmers and mercenary leaders were not expected to en- dure, just as now-forgotten alliances of the past (such as the one concluded in 1291) had not. However, a loose network gradually became a group of neighbors, as Zurich, 2012 Credit Suisse Worry Barometer Lucerne and particularly Berne Security and neutrality are the most important concepts associated with acquired large territories through Switzerland; each was mentioned by purchases and naturalizations, and largely without resorting to 20 percent violence. of respondents.

76 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 Images: Bernisches Historisches Museum, Berne — History —

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Reinterpreting the Past In 1415, the “Eight Old Cantons” (with Zug and Glarus) conquered  the Habsburg district of Aargau. An assembly known as the “Tag- satzung,” the only collective institution that existed prior to 1798, was formed to administer the “Gemeine Herrschaft,” a territory under the administration of several cantons. During the so-called “Old Zurich War” (1440–1450), however, Zurich invoked its alliance-free status and sought help Entering the World of Nations from the Habsburgs. When e rift between Protestants and the people of central Switzerland Catholics paralyzed the confed- prevailed in 1450, they viewed eration and prevented it from taking Inability to Act in Foreign Aairs that step as a betrayal. ey soon sides in the irty Years’ War. During the Burgundian Wars created a legend about Swiss In 1648, as the war came to an end, (1476) and the Swabian War (1499), l iberation that featured William the confederation was granted the Swiss employed a tactic akin to Tell, an oath of allegiance and privileges by the emperor, almost the Roman phalanx to defeat the so-called “Burgenbruch,” the by accident, that gradually came to armies of nobles on horseback. is destruction of the local bailis’ take on the character of sovereignty tactic made infantry troops a pow- castles. e legend sought to create in the decades that followed. en, erful factor in their own right until the impression that hostility in 1674, the Tagsatzung declared 1515, when French artillery, a to the Habsburgs was rooted in itself to be a neutral state – evidence costly new weapon of war, defeated a distant past. that Switzerland had (nally) the fragmented Swiss in what is become an entity under interna- now Melegnano. From then on, the tional law that was not bound to Swiss fought only as mercenaries the emperor or the empire. in the service of foreigners. A joint foreign policy became impossible, as Zwingli’s 1523 reformation pitted Catholics and Protestants against each other.

Images: Gerd Edlibach/“Kreuz und quer” Bubikon museum guide, 2000; [m] Maître à la Ratière; Bpk Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 77 — History —

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A Federal State, anks to the Revolution Radical liberals and Catholic conservatives escalated their disputes in the 1840s, with both sides over- e Experiment of stepping the law. is led to the a Nation-State dissolution of the monasteries, the With the Swiss revolution came recalling of the Jesuits, the armed popular sovereignty and a separa- radicals and the Swiss civil war tion of powers, Switzerland’s rst of 1847, known as the Sonderbund government and a national parlia- War. General Dufour’s swift ment, as well as equality under the v ictory did not mark the end of a law for those who had previously religious war; it was a political lacked equal rights in the territo- decision in favor of a liberal consti- ries. Switzerland’s elites had been tution that established a nation- both unwilling and unable to carry state. e constitution provided for out such reforms. At the same Napoleon Establishes Cantons federal institutions under the bi- time, this period of Swiss history, With the Act of Mediation, Napo- cameral system (modeled after that up to the end of the Helvetic leon ended the civil wars between of the US); a national army; free- Republic in 1803, left a legacy of the reformers of the Enlightenment dom of the press, association, trade unpleasant memories: the central- and conservatives, eectively estab- and establishment; and uniform ized state, the “French period,” the lishing modern Swiss federalism. currency, customs duties, measures “terror of Stans” and the country e country now included the new and weights. as a stage on which the European cantons of St. Gallen, Aargau, powers carried out their wars. urgau, Graubünden, Ticino and Vaud, largely formed out of “subject lands” that had previously been controlled by other cantons. In 1814, Berne and central Switzerland sought to reestablish the inequality that had existed in the past, but Russia’s Czar Alexander I oered protection to the new cantons and was able to prevent civil war.

78 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 Images: Balthasar A. Dunker / DIG-2114 / Swiss National Museum; Acte de Mediation; Str / Photopress archive /Keystone — History —

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United in Achievements and Guilt e war had many sides. Switzer- A Rude Awakening land’s primary goals were to main- e fall of the Berlin Wall shook tain its independence and secure the the fundamental consensus that  country’s basic needs. ere was a had existed during the Cold War, focus on defense readiness through based on neutrality and anti-Com- the “National Redoubt” strategy munism, as well as the so-called and economic integration into “magic formula” for allocating seats German-dominated Europe, which on the Federal Council among the also included purchasing Nazi ruling parties. e resignation of gold. Other factors included prot- Elisabeth Kopp, the rst woman focused thinking and eorts to on the Federal Council, re¡ected prevent a repeat of the social crisis the decline of the Liberals (FDP). of 1918. ere was anti-Nazism e secret-les scandal known as A Divided Country as well as anti-Communism and the “Fichenskandal,” along with an During World War I, divided anti-Semitism. Private individuals unexpectedly high level of support loyalties drove a wedge between the provided humanitarian aid. At for an initiative to abolish the army, French- and German-speaking the same time the country’s borders clearly showed that a new era had regions of Switzerland. Laborer were closed to Jewish refugees. dawned – and Switzerland has cho- families bore the burden of active sen to maintain its special status service, with no income compen- following its rejection of the Euro- sation, no rationing and dramatic pean Economic Area. Globaliza- in¡ation. A nationwide general tion has produced losers as well as strike was called in November 1918, winners: structural unemployment, but was suppressed when General Swissair, the bank crisis, migration. Wille called out the troops. From then on, there was profound mis- trust between the left wing and the centrist coalition, made up of liber- omas Maissen is a professor of modern history als, Catholic conservatives (repre- at the University of Heidelberg. His book “Geschichte der Schweiz” (“History of Switzerland”), published sented in the Federal Council since in 2010 by hier+jetzt, Baden, is currently in its fourth 1891) and now also the farmers’ printing; Maissen’s illustrated volume “Schweizer Geschichte im Bild” (“Swiss History in Pictures”) party (later the Swiss People’s Party). was released by the same publisher in 2012.

Photos: Str / Keystone; Str / Photopress Archive /Keystone; Lutz Schmidt / AP Photo / Keystone Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 79 — The Last Page — On the Oensive Seventy-two percent of voters would like to see their government take a more aggressive stance toward other countries.

ANDREAS GEFE “e picture shows two players on a tennis court. One of them is serving and the other is getting ready for the return. It’s worth noting that the player returning the ball is o the baseline, fairly close to the net, demonstrating his oensive game.” Andreas Gefe is known for his work in Die Weltwoche, NZZ Folio and NZZ am Sonntag. His graphic novels have been published by Edition Moderne.

80 — Bulletin 6 / 2012 LES AMIS DU

Inserat

IT’S WORTH INVESTING IN THE FUTURE – AND IN CLASSICAL MUSIC, TOO. Credit Suisse helps talented young musicians fulfill their dreams.

That is why the Credit Suisse Foundation has been a supporter of the Swiss Youth Music Competition for many years, presenting both the Credit Suisse Young Artist Award and the Prix Credit Suisse Jeunes Solistes.

credit-suisse.com/responsibility

Bulletin 6 / 2012 — 81

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