Airport Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities for Public Private Partnerships
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Research Report 22 June 2016 Airport Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Opportunities for Public Private Partnerships Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management in Finance and Investment Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management Wits Business School University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa Submitted by: Marcel Langeslag Student number: 1229142 Supervisor: Dr. Odongo Kodongo Research Report Abstract The development of transportation infrastructure, including airports, plays a vital role in economic growth in emerging markets. However, government budget allocations for this purpose are often insufficient to realise the full benefits. Project finance and Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in particular, have been used to enable private sector participation in the financing of airport development. Airports PPPs have successfully been implemented worldwide, including, to a lesser extent, in emerging markets and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There is a lack of literature on the benefits, risks, challenges and opportunities associated with airport PPPs in SSA, which this research aims to address. Case studies of recent airport PPPs in Brazil and India provide an outline of the emerging market context and insight into factors that affected these airport PPPs. In-depth interviews with two representatives of governments in SSA provide a rich view on the perceived benefits, risks, challenges and opportunities associated with airport PPPs in Africa. This research has found that airport PPPs can contribute to airport developments in SSA by enabling the private funding of airport upgrades and expansions. However, governments have an important role to play in providing an enabling environment for private investors by improving investability and implementing clear and practical PPP legislation, aviation policies and economic regulation of airport services. The limited institutional capacity and domain expertise of SSA governments is perceived as a challenge to the implementation of airport PPPs in the region. The low level of air traffic and small number of airports that handle more than one million passengers per annum further limit the opportunities for airport PPPs in SSA, although strong GDP growth provides an encouraging sign. Successful airport PPPs require the participation of private consortia with expertise in airport operations, construction and infrastructure concessions. Financing of airport PPPs is done preferably from domestic sources and development finance can play an important role. There are risks associated with the foreign ownership of key national infrastructure and a reliance on private sector to provide public infrastructure. Lighter forms of PPPs that limit the private sector risk exposure may be more suitable to the low-traffic and high-risk environment in SSA. Marcel Langeslag ii Research Report Declaration I, Marcel Langeslag declare that this research report is my own unaided work. It is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management in Finance and Investment at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in this or any other University. Marcel Langeslag iii Research Report Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Odongo Kodongo for his valuable comments and guidance. Secondly, this research would not have been possible without the kind contributions of the respondents, for which I am grateful. Thirdly, thanks go out to Tessel Severs and the management of NACO for providing me with the opportunity to pursue the MMFI degree. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and sister for their continued support and for being a great source of motivation and inspiration. Marcel Langeslag iv Research Report Contents Page 1. Introduction and Motivation ...................................................................................... 1 1.1. Airports in Africa ......................................................................................................... 2 2. Problem Statement ................................................................................................... 6 3. Research Objectives and Questions ............................................................................ 8 4. Benefits of the Research ............................................................................................ 9 5. Literature Review .................................................................................................... 10 5.1. Contribution of airports to economic development ................................................. 10 5.2. Investment in infrastructure and project finance ..................................................... 12 5.3. Public Private Partnerships ....................................................................................... 17 5.4. Airport Business ........................................................................................................ 20 5.5. Airport PPPs ............................................................................................................... 21 5.6. Bankability of Airport PPPs in Sub-Saharan Africa .................................................... 27 5.7. Discussion .................................................................................................................. 29 6. Research Design and Methodology .......................................................................... 30 6.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 30 6.2. Case Studies .............................................................................................................. 31 6.3. Interviews .................................................................................................................. 34 7. Case Study Brazil ..................................................................................................... 43 7.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 43 7.2. Concessions ............................................................................................................... 44 7.3. Role of government ................................................................................................... 45 7.4. Concession parties .................................................................................................... 47 7.5. Concession financials ................................................................................................ 52 7.6. GDP and air traffic ..................................................................................................... 53 7.7. Outcomes and findings ............................................................................................. 57 7.8. Discussion .................................................................................................................. 58 7.9. Lessons learnt for financing airport developments in SSA ....................................... 58 8. Case Study India ...................................................................................................... 60 8.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 60 8.2. Concessions ............................................................................................................... 61 Marcel Langeslag v Research Report 8.3. Role of government ................................................................................................... 62 8.4. Concession parties .................................................................................................... 65 8.5. Concession financials ................................................................................................ 69 8.6. GDP and air traffic ..................................................................................................... 71 8.7. Outcomes and findings ............................................................................................. 74 8.8. Discussion .................................................................................................................. 76 8.9. Lessons learnt for financing airport developments in SSA ....................................... 76 9. Interview Results and Analysis ................................................................................. 78 9.1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 78 9.2. Data Collection and Respondents ............................................................................. 78 9.3. Background ................................................................................................................ 79 9.4. Content Analysis ........................................................................................................ 84 9.5. Findings ..................................................................................................................... 84 10. Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 91 10.1. How can PPPs be used for airport development in emerging markets? .............. 91 10.2. What are the requirements for successful airport PPPs