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Soaring Weather
Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven contributions to meteorology. For example, soar tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft. -
The Secrets of the Best Rainbows on Earth Steven Businger
Article The Secrets of the Best Rainbows on Earth Steven Businger ABSTRACT: This paper makes a case for why Hawaii is the rainbow capital of the world. It begins by briefly touching on the cultural and historical significance of rainbows in Hawaii. Next it provides an overview of the science behind the rainbow phenomenon, which provides context for exploring the meteorology that helps explain the prevalence of Hawaiian rainbows. Last, the paper discusses the art and science of chasing rainbows. KEYWORDS: Tropics; Atmospheric circulation; Dispersion; Orographic effects; Optical phenomena; Machine learning https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0101.1 Corresponding author: Dr. Steven Businger, [email protected] In final form 15 October 2020 ©2021 American Meteorological Society For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy. AFFILIATION: Businger—University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY FEBRUARY 2021 E1 ainbows are some of the most spectacular R optical phenomena in the natural world, and Hawaii is blessed with an amazing abundance of them. Rainbows in Hawaii are at once so common and yet so stunning that they appear in Hawaiian chants and legends, on license plates, and in the names of Hawaiian sports teams and local businesses (Fig. 1). Visitors and locals alike frequently leave their cars by the side of the road in order to photograph these brilliant bands of light. Fig. 1. Collage of Hawaii rainbow references. The cultural importance of rainbows is reflected in the Hawaiian language, which has many words and phrases to describe the variety of manifestations in Hawaii, a few of which are provided in Table 1. -
AC 00-57 Hazardous Mountain Winds
AC 00-57 Hazardous Mountain Winds And Their Visual Indicators U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Federal Aviation Administration Office of Communications, Navigation, and Surveillance Systems Washington, D.C. FOREWORD This advisory circular (A C) contains Comments regarding this publication information on hazardous mountain winds should be directed to the Department of and their effects on flight operations near Transportation, Federal Aviation mountainous regions. The primary Administration, Flight Standards purpose of thls AC is to assist pilots Service, Technical Programs Division, involved in aviation operations to 800 Independence Avenue, S.W. diagnose the potential for severe wind Washington, DC 20591. events in the vicinity of mountainous areas and to provide information on pre-flight planning techniques and in-flight evaluation strategies for avoiding destructive turbulence and loss of aircraft control. Additionally, pilots and others who must deal with weather phenomena in aviation operations also will benefit from the information contained in this AC. Pilots can review the photographs and section summaries to learn about and recognize common indicators of wind motion in the atmosphere. The photographs show physical processes and provide visual clues. The summaries cover the technical and "wonder" aspects of why certain things occur what caused it? How does it affect pre-flight and in-flight decisions? The physical aspects are covered more in-depth through the text. v Acknowledgments Thomas Q. Carney Purdue University, Department of Aviation Technology and Consultant in Aviation Operations and Applied Meteorology A. J. Bedard, Jr. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Technology Laboratory John M. Brown National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Forecast Systems Laboratory John McGinley National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Forecast Systems Laboratory Tenny Lindholm National Center for Atmospheric Research Research Applications Program Michael J. -
Talking Points for “Satellite Interpretation of Orographic Clouds / Effects”
Talking points for “Satellite Interpretation of Orographic clouds / effects” 1. Title page 2. Objectives 3. Topics 4. Gap wind event over New Mexico. Strong winds affect Albuquerque and introduce moist airmass which may impact convective forecast the next day. 5. Topography of New Mexico. In easterly flow, winds may be funneled through Tijeras gap east of Albuquerque and produce locally strong winds in the city. 6. Surface observations (METARs) from 00:00 – 12:00 UTC (3 hour increments) 12 June 1999. At 00:00 UTC we observe a warm and dry air mass and southwest flow over most of central New Mexico (including Albuquerque). As time goes on, the easterly flow advects westward. Eventually, the easterly flow makes it to Albuquerque where the dewpoint goes from the 20’s to the low 50’s. The gap wind effects are very localized, at the Albuquerque airport winds gusted up to 30 mph, while on the west side of town at Double Eagle airport winds were southeast at 10 mph. 7. Fog Product 02:46 – 10:30 UTC 12 June 1999. This loop shows the origin of the easterly flow which helped produce the gap winds in Albuquerque. Deep convection on the plains of eastern New Mexico produced strong outflow that moved westward. Since this loop is at night, we can utilize the fog product to identify the outflow boundaries readily. The fog product is good at distinguishing low-level outflow boundaries at night. The outflow pushes westward towards Albuquerque, as it reaches the Tijeras gap the gap wind event begins. The fog product can be used in this way (at night) to determine when the conditions favorable for gap winds will begin. -
Metar Abbreviations Metar/Taf List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
METAR ABBREVIATIONS http://www.alaska.faa.gov/fai/afss/metar%20taf/metcont.htm METAR/TAF LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS $ maintenance check indicator - light intensity indicator that visual range data follows; separator between + heavy intensity / temperature and dew point data. ACFT ACC altocumulus castellanus aircraft mishap MSHP ACSL altocumulus standing lenticular cloud AO1 automated station without precipitation discriminator AO2 automated station with precipitation discriminator ALP airport location point APCH approach APRNT apparent APRX approximately ATCT airport traffic control tower AUTO fully automated report B began BC patches BKN broken BL blowing BR mist C center (with reference to runway designation) CA cloud-air lightning CB cumulonimbus cloud CBMAM cumulonimbus mammatus cloud CC cloud-cloud lightning CCSL cirrocumulus standing lenticular cloud cd candela CG cloud-ground lightning CHI cloud-height indicator CHINO sky condition at secondary location not available CIG ceiling CLR clear CONS continuous COR correction to a previously disseminated observation DOC Department of Commerce DOD Department of Defense DOT Department of Transportation DR low drifting DS duststorm DSIPTG dissipating DSNT distant DU widespread dust DVR dispatch visual range DZ drizzle E east, ended, estimated ceiling (SAO) FAA Federal Aviation Administration FC funnel cloud FEW few clouds FG fog FIBI filed but impracticable to transmit FIRST first observation after a break in coverage at manual station Federal Meteorological Handbook No.1, Surface -
Chapter 6 Clouds
Chapter 6 Clouds Chapter overview • Processes causing saturation o Cooling, moisturizing, mixing • Cloud identification and classification • Cloud Observations • Fog Why do we care about clouds in the atmosphere? Cloud Development Clouds form when air becomes saturated. How can unsaturated air become saturated? • Cooling • Adding moisture • Mixing Cooling and moisturizing The amount of cooling needed for air to become saturated is given by ΔT = Td - T The amount of additional moisture needed for air to become saturated is given by Δr = rs - r The change in temperature (ΔT) or the change in moisture (Δr) can be determined by evaluating the heat or moisture budget of an air parcel. Most clouds form as a result of rising air. How does the temperature and relative humidity of an air parcel change as it rises adiabatically? What processes are responsible for causing air to rise? Cumuliform clouds form in air that rises due to its buoyancy. Stratiform clouds form in are that is forced to rise. Mixing Mixing of two unsaturated air parcels can result in a saturated mixture. Why can the mixing of unsaturated air result in air becoming saturated? What are some examples of air becoming saturated in this way? The temperature and mixing ratio of the mixture can be calculated using: mx = mB + mC mBTB + mCTC Tx = mx mBrB + mCrC rx = mx Where the m is the mass of the air parcel, subscripts B and C indicate the two original air parcels, and subscript X indicates the mixture. Vapor pressure or specific humidity can be used in place in mixing ratio. -
Clouds and Precipitation
Chapter 9 CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION Fire weather is usually fair weather. Clouds, fog, and precipitation do not predominate during the fire season. The appearance of clouds during the fire season may have good portent or bad. Overcast skies shade the surface and thus temper forest flammability. This is good from the wildfire standpoint, but may preclude the use of prescribed fire for useful purposes. Some clouds develop into full-blown thunderstorms with fire-starting potential and often disastrous effects on fire behavior. The amount of precipitation and its seasonal distribution are important factors in controlling the beginning, ending, and severity of local fire seasons. Prolonged periods with lack of clouds and precipitation set the stage for severe burning conditions by increasing the availability of dead fuel and depleting soil moisture necessary for the normal physiological functions of living plants. Severe burning conditions are not erased easily. Extremely dry forest fuels may undergo superficial moistening by rain in the forenoon, but may dry out quickly and become flammable again during the afternoon. 144 CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION Clouds consist of minute water droplets, ice crystals, or a mixture of the two in sufficient quantities to make the mass discernible. Some clouds are pretty, others are dull, and some are foreboding. But we need to look beyond these aesthetic qualities. Clouds are visible evidence of atmospheric moisture and atmospheric motion. Those that indicate instability may serve as a warning to the fire-control man. Some produce precipitation and become an ally to the firefighter. We must look into the processes by which clouds are formed and precipitation is produced in order to understand the meaning and portent of clouds as they relate to fire weather. -
MET 200 Lecture 7 Cloud Forms Colorado's “Biblical”
MET 200 Lecture 7 Cloud Forms Cloud forms and what they tell us. 1 2 Colorado’s “biblical” flood Colorado’s “biblical” flood 3 4 230.6 mm (9.08 in) Colorado’s “biblical” flood Boulder Co. Flood Estimating the return interval of the Boulder Flood 5 6 Boulder Co. Flood Boulder Co. Flood Rainfall amounts for the seven days ending at noon MDT on Friday, September 13, ranged from 5 to 10-plus inches across large swaths of the Colorado Front Range, with similar amounts eastward into northwest Kansas. 7 8 Boulder Co. Flood Boulder Co. Flood • Boulder’s previous record for wettest calendar day—4.80” (July 31, 1919)—was shattered. • The single day of rain on Thursday was also nearly twice as much as any other entire September has produced (5.50”, in 1940). • The full week’s rainfall easily topped the 9.59” observed in May 1995, Boulder’s wettest month up to now. Between 00Z Thursday 9/12 (6 PM Mountain Daylight Time on • This week’s precipitation also exceeded the 12.96” that fell in Boulder Wednesday) and 00Z Friday 9/13, a total of 9.08” was measured at the during this entire year up to September 8. It put the city within ofcial Boulder site. From 6 PM Monday 9/9 through 6 PM Friday 9/13, striking distance of wettest year on record (29.93”, set in 1995), with the grand total was a whopping 14.71”. only about 2” more needed by December 31 to break that mark. 9 10 Cloud Stories Previous Lecture: Cloud Formation Clouds can tell us many things about our atmospheric environment including – Atmospheric stability – Cloud microphysics, e.g., ice vs liquid – Ice can survive a long time outside of a cloud boundary making the cloud edges diffuse. -
Cloud Stories Cloud Stories
Lecture 11 Cloud Stories Cloud Stories Cloud forms and what they tell us. 1 2 Cloud Stories Cloud Stories ! Clouds can tell us many things about our atmospheric environment including – Atmospheric stability – Cloud microphysics, e.g., ice vs liquid – Ice can survive a long time outside of a cloud boundary making the cloud edges diffuse. – Winds at level of the cloud – Others? 3 4 Cloud Formation ! Clouds impact the environment in many ways – Cloud Formation ! Radiation balance, water cycle, pollutant processing, earth-atmosphere charge balance, etc… All clouds require 3 things ! And they can be beautiful. 1. Water vapor 2. Cloud Condensation nuclei (CCN) 3. Cooling - heat transfer out of air parcel or work done by air molecules in parcel. 5 6 Sources of Water Vapor Sources of Water Vapor • The subtropical Ocean • Lakes and Rivers • Evapotranspiration from plants. • Sublimation from snow and ice. The subtropical Ocean is the largest source of water vapor 7 8 Impact of Surface Tension Mechanisms for Cooling the Air (1) Lifting – most clouds form when air is lifted. ! a) Convergence – low press center – stratus ! b) Mountains – lifting by terrain ! c) Fronts – lifting over denser air. ! d) Warm air relative to surroundings ! ! i) Fires, volcanoes – cumulus ! ! ii) Latent heat (2) Mixing – seeing your breath on cold day (3) Contact – with cold surface – advection fog Surface Tension makes it hard for water molecules to enter droplets, just as this pin is having trouble. (4) Radiation – ground fog 9 10 Saturation Vapor Pressure vs Temp. Cooling increases Relative Humidity • The saturation vapor pressure of water increases rapidly with temperature. -
CLOUDS Phenomena an Entirely New Edition
C. J. P. CAVE r & Weather CLOUDS Phenomena An Entirely New Edition Cambridge University Press I lu- sky with its clouds is everybody's wonder, and Mr Cave's book, by its lortyodtl li'di.m pictures, cannot but mil' m Immediate and general appeal. Wli. n M w.r. In -.i published In 1926 ic was quickly and several times reprinted; bul « lii*. new edition quite supersedes IIM old the reading matter has been re- vliod, augmented, and re-set, and all of Mi- bloi ks have been new-made, clearer, lirgcr, nul many of them—from fresh photogi aphs. I he bl iel text, besides acquainting the Unlnstructed render with the natures and names Ol the various clouds that dapple 01 blot t he sky, also gives accounts and ex- pllm.u ions of sunset, the moon's changes, i.iuibows, the mirage, haloes, coronae, brocken spectres, and (a new marvel) the condensation trails of high-flying planes. ' - 5s. net ~^'^LM^i CLOUDS & WEATHER PHENOMENA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON: BENTLEY HOUSE NEW YORK, TORONTO, BOMBAY CALCUTTA, MADRAS: MACMILLAN All rights reserved Fie. I. Lone band of cirrus CLOUDS & WEATHER PHENOMENA BY C.J. P. CAVE, M.A. President of the Royal Meteorological Society 1913-1915 & 1924-1926 Late Captain, Meteorological Section, Royal Engineers A NEW EDITION Revised and with many new photographs CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1943 To M. C. First Edition 1926 Repritited, twice, 1926 Second Edition 1943 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY W. LEWIS, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE CONTENTS Preface page vi List of Illustrations vii Clouds i The Colour of the Sky 10 Sunset Colours n Sunset Rays 13 The Green Ray 13 Rainbows 14 Halos 16 Coronae 17 Iridescent Clouds 18 Brocken Spectres 18 Mirages 19 The Moon 20 The Apparent Size of the Sun and Moon on the Horizon 22 Index 23 PREFACE CERTAIN knowledge about clouds, rainbows, halos, mirages and other phenomena of the atmo- A. -
Aviation Weather Course Designed by Aaron Schoolcraft and Brock Hindman
Aviation Weather Course designed by Aaron Schoolcraft and Brock Hindman Aviation Weather #0 Course Objectives Student will be able to: • Identify weather conditions that may adversely affect the safety of aviation operations. • Describe mitigations that can be applied when working in unfavorable weather conditions. • List at least two aviation weather resources that can assist in making informed decisions. Aviation Weather #1 Aviation Weather • General Weather Overview • Mitigations • Aviation Weather Resources Aviation Weather #2 We Will Learn About • Weather Basics • Frontal Systems • Wind/Wind Shear • Fire • Visibility • Topographic • Clouds Influences • Fog • Density Altitude • Inversions • Wake Turbulence • Thunderstorms • Weather as a • Icing Contributing Factor in Aircraft Mishaps. Aviation Weather #3 Proceed to the AOPA Weather Wise training program And complete lesson on “Air Masses and Fronts” http://flash.aopa.org/asf/wxwise_fronts/wxwise_fronts.cfm? Aviation Weather #4 What is the Atmosphere? • The earth’s atmosphere is like a fluid by the way it moves and is affected by objects on the surface. It can however be expanded and contracted due to the pressures of the gasses. • Only one to four percent of the atmosphere is moisture, fundamentally speaking, everything that happens in the atmosphere is a function of temperature and moisture. Aviation Weather #5 Atmospheric Flow Air masses are large bodies of air that have the same moisture and temperature characteristics. These characteristics will determine the kind of weather that can be expected and produce A Surface Analysis Chart Depicts High interactions with other Pressure and Low Pressure systems Warm and Cold Fronts. Aviation Weather #6 Aviation Weather Based On • Temperature • Density • Pressure • Moisture Aviation Weather #7 Temperature • Measured in both degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. -
Clouds and Precipitation
Chapter 9 CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION Fire weather is usually fair weather. Clouds, fog, and precipitation do not predominate during the fire season. The appearance of clouds during the fire season may have good portent or bad. Overcast skies shade the surface and thus temper forest flammability. This is good from the wildfire standpoint, but may preclude the use of prescribed fire for useful purposes. Some clouds develop into full-blown thunderstorms with fire-starting potential and often disastrous effects on fire behavior. The amount of precipitation and its seasonal distribution are important factors in controlling the beginning, ending, and severity of local fire seasons. Prolonged periods with lack of clouds and precipitation set the stage for severe burning conditions by increasing the availability of dead fuel and depleting soil moisture necessary for the normal physiological functions of living plants. Severe burning conditions are not erased easily. Extremely dry forest fuels may undergo superficial moistening by rain in the forenoon, but may dry out quickly and become flammable again during the afternoon. 144 CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION Clouds consist of minute water droplets, ice crystals, or a mixture of the two in sufficient quantities to make the mass discernible. Some clouds are pretty, others are dull, and some are foreboding. But we need to look beyond these aesthetic qualities. Clouds are visible evidence of atmospheric moisture and atmospheric motion. Those that indicate instability may serve as a warning to the fire-control man. Some produce precipitation and become an ally to the firefighter. We must look into the processes by which clouds are formed and precipitation is produced in order to understand the meaning and portent of clouds as they relate to fire weather.