Understanding the Sky a Sport Pilot's Guide to Flying Conditions
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
Soaring Weather
Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven contributions to meteorology. For example, soar tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft. -
High Temperature Heat Pump Integration Using Zeotropic Working Fluids for Spray Drying Facilities
High Temperature Heat Pump Integration using Zeotropic Working Fluids for Spray Drying Facilities Benjamin Zühlsdorfa*, Fabian Bühlera, Roberta Mancinia, Stefano Cignittib, Brian Elmegaarda aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Alle, Building 403, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark bCAPEC-PROCSES, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Abstract This paper presents an analysis of high temperature heat pumps in the industrial sector and demonstrates the approach of using zeotropic mixtures to enhance the overall efficiency. Many energy intensive processes in industry, such as drying processes, require heat at a temperature above 100 °C and show a large potential to reuse the excess heat from exhaust gases. This study analyses a heat pump application with an improved integration by choosing the working fluid as a mixture in such a way, that the temperature glide during evaporation and condensation matches the temperature glide of the heat source and sink best possibly. Therefore, a set of six common working fluids is defined and the possible binary mixtures of these fluids are analyzed. The performance of the fluids is evaluated based on the energetic performance (COP) and the economic potential (NPV). The results show that the utilization of mixtures allows a heat pump application to preheat the drying air to 120 °C with a COP of 3.04 and a NPV of 0.997 Mio. €, which could reduce the natural gas consumption by 36 %. © 2017 Stichting HPC 2017. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the organizers of the 12th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2017. -
Mistral and Tramontane Wind Speed and Wind Direction Patterns In
Mistral and Tramontane wind speed and wind direction patterns in regional climate simulations Anika Obermann, Sophie Bastin, Sophie Belamari, Dario Conte, Miguel Angel Gaertner, Laurent Li, Bodo Ahrens To cite this version: Anika Obermann, Sophie Bastin, Sophie Belamari, Dario Conte, Miguel Angel Gaertner, et al.. Mistral and Tramontane wind speed and wind direction patterns in regional climate simulations. Climate Dynamics, Springer Verlag, 2018, 51 (3), pp.1059-1076. 10.1007/s00382-016-3053-3. hal-01289330 HAL Id: hal-01289330 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01289330 Submitted on 16 Mar 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Clim Dyn DOI 10.1007/s00382-016-3053-3 Mistral and Tramontane wind speed and wind direction patterns in regional climate simulations Anika Obermann1 · Sophie Bastin2 · Sophie Belamari3 · Dario Conte4 · Miguel Angel Gaertner5 · Laurent Li6 · Bodo Ahrens1 Received: 1 September 2015 / Accepted: 18 February 2016 © The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The Mistral and Tramontane are important disentangle the results from large-scale error sources in wind phenomena that occur over southern France and the Mistral and Tramontane simulations, only days with well northwestern Mediterranean Sea. -
Comments on “Is Condensation-Induced
JULY 2019 C O R R E S P O N D E N C E 2181 CORRESPONDENCE Comments on ‘‘Is Condensation-Induced Atmospheric Dynamics a New Theory of the Origin of the Winds?’’ a,b a,b,f c a d A. M. MAKARIEVA, V. G. GORSHKOV, A. D. NOBRE, A. V. NEFIODOV, D. SHEIL, e b P. NOBRE, AND B.-L. LI a Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia b U.S. Department of Agriculture–China Ministry of Science and Technology Joint Research Center for AgroEcology and Sustainability, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California c Centro de Ciencia^ do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil d Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway e Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil (Manuscript received 19 December 2018, in final form 27 May 2019) ABSTRACT Here we respond to Jaramillo et al.’s recent critique of condensation-induced atmospheric dynamics (CIAD). We show that CIAD is consistent with Newton’s laws while Jaramillo et al.’s analysis is invalid. To address implied objections, we explain our different formulations of ‘‘evaporative force.’’ The essential concept of CIAD is condensation’s role in powering atmospheric circulation. We briefly highlight why this concept is necessary and useful. 1. Introduction energy of wind (Makarieva and Gorshkov 2009, 2010; Makarieva et al. 2013b, 2014a). Jaramillo et al. (2018) critiqued our theory of Jaramillo et al. (2018) stated that CIAD modifies the condensation-induced atmospheric dynamics (CIAD). -
Persistent Contrails and Contrail Cirrus. Part I: Large-Eddy Simulations from Inception to Demise
DECEMBER 2014 L E W E L L E N E T A L . 4399 Persistent Contrails and Contrail Cirrus. Part I: Large-Eddy Simulations from Inception to Demise D. C. LEWELLEN,O.MEZA,* AND W. W. HUEBSCH West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia (Manuscript received 2 October 2013, in final form 10 March 2014) ABSTRACT Large-eddy simulations with size-resolved microphysics are used to model persistent aircraft contrails and contrail-induced cirrus from a few wing spans behind the aircraft until their demise after many hours. Schemes for dynamic local ice binning and updating coupled radiation dynamically as needed in individual columns were developed for numerical efficiency, along with a scheme for maintaining realistic ambient turbulence over long times. These capabilities are used to study some of the critical dynamics involved in contrail evo- lution and to explore the simulation features required for adequate treatment of different components. A ‘‘quasi 3D’’ approach is identified as a useful approximation of the full dynamics, reducing the computation to allow a larger parameter space to be studied. Ice crystal number loss involving competition between different crystal sizes is found to be significant for both young contrails and aging contrail cirrus. As a consequence, the sensitivity to the initial number of ice crystals in the contrail above a threshold is found to decrease signifi- cantly over time, and uncertainties in the ice deposition coefficient and Kelvin effect for ice crystals assume an increased importance. Atmospheric turbulence is found to strongly influence contrail properties and lifetime in some regimes. Water from fuel consumption is found to significantly reduce aircraft-wake-induced ice crystal loss in colder contrails. -
Afrofuturism: the World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy Culture
AFROFUTURISMAFROFUTURISM THE WORLD OF BLACK SCI-FI AND FANTASY CULTURE YTASHA L. WOMACK Chicago Afrofuturism_half title and title.indd 3 5/22/13 3:53 PM AFROFUTURISMAFROFUTURISM THE WORLD OF BLACK SCI-FI AND FANTASY CULTURE YTASHA L. WOMACK Chicago Afrofuturism_half title and title.indd 3 5/22/13 3:53 PM AFROFUTURISM Afrofuturism_half title and title.indd 1 5/22/13 3:53 PM Copyright © 2013 by Ytasha L. Womack All rights reserved First edition Published by Lawrence Hill Books, an imprint of Chicago Review Press, Incorporated 814 North Franklin Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 ISBN 978-1-61374-796-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Womack, Ytasha. Afrofuturism : the world of black sci-fi and fantasy culture / Ytasha L. Womack. — First edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61374-796-4 (trade paper) 1. Science fiction—Social aspects. 2. African Americans—Race identity. 3. Science fiction films—Influence. 4. Futurologists. 5. African diaspora— Social conditions. I. Title. PN3433.5.W66 2013 809.3’8762093529—dc23 2013025755 Cover art and design: “Ioe Ostara” by John Jennings Cover layout: Jonathan Hahn Interior design: PerfecType, Nashville, TN Interior art: John Jennings and James Marshall (p. 187) Printed in the United States of America 5 4 3 2 1 I dedicate this book to Dr. Johnnie Colemon, the first Afrofuturist to inspire my journey. I dedicate this book to the legions of thinkers and futurists who envision a loving world. CONTENTS Acknowledgments .................................................................. ix Introduction ............................................................................ 1 1 Evolution of a Space Cadet ................................................ 3 2 A Human Fairy Tale Named Black .................................. -
The Impact of Air Well Geometry in a Malaysian Single Storey Terraced House
sustainability Article The Impact of Air Well Geometry in a Malaysian Single Storey Terraced House Pau Chung Leng 1, Mohd Hamdan Ahmad 1,*, Dilshan Remaz Ossen 2, Gabriel H.T. Ling 1,* , Samsiah Abdullah 1, Eeydzah Aminudin 3, Wai Loan Liew 4 and Weng Howe Chan 5 1 Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81300, Malaysia; [email protected] (P.C.L.); [email protected] (S.A.) 2 Department of Architecture Engineering, Kingdom University, Riffa 40434, Bahrain; [email protected] 3 School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81300, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 School of Professional and Continuing Education, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81300, Malaysia; [email protected] 5 School of Computing, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor 81300, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.H.A.); [email protected] (G.H.T.L.); Tel.: +60-19-731-5756 (M.H.A.); +60-14-619-9363 (G.H.T.L.) Received: 3 September 2019; Accepted: 24 September 2019; Published: 16 October 2019 Abstract: In Malaysia, terraced housing hardly provides thermal comfort to the occupants. More often than not, mechanical cooling, which is an energy consuming component, contributes to outdoor heat dissipation that leads to an urban heat island effect. Alternatively, encouraging natural ventilation can eliminate heat from the indoor environment. Unfortunately, with static outdoor air conditioning and lack of windows in terraced houses, the conventional ventilation technique does not work well, even for houses with an air well. Hence, this research investigated ways to maximize natural ventilation in terraced housing by exploring the air well configurations. -
Analysis of the Precipitation Regime Over the Ligurian Sea
water Article Analysis of the Precipitation Regime over the Ligurian Sea Sara Pensieri 1,* ID , Maria Elisabetta Schiano 1, Paola Picco 2, Marco Tizzi 3 and Roberto Bozzano 1 ID 1 National Research Council of Italy, via De Marini 6, 16149 Genoa, Italy; [email protected] (M.E.S.); [email protected] (R.B.) 2 Istituto Idrografico della Marina, Passo dell’Osservatorio 4, 16134 Genoa, Italy; [email protected] 3 Regional Environmental Protection Agency of Liguria, viale Brigate Partigiane 2, 16129 Genoa, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-010-6475626 Received: 30 March 2018; Accepted: 25 April 2018; Published: 27 April 2018 Abstract: The regions surrounding the North West Mediterranean Sea are often sites of intense precipitation events, particularly during the autumn months. The many casualties and the high economic costs due to these events demand a continuous improvement in forecasting models in support of early warning systems. The main weather conditions that determine episodes of heavy rain over these regions are known, but the high number of processes and interactions taking place at different time and space scales makes it extremely difficult to increase the skill pertaining to their predictability. To deepen the knowledge of the phenomena, both numerical simulations and analysis of historical data sets are required. This paper presents the analysis of a five-year-long time series of rain data collected in the open Ligurian Sea from the fixed platform W1M3A and coastal stations. The analysis aims to characterize the main features of the precipitation over this area and its seasonal and annual variability. -
On the Possibility of Weather Modification by Aircraft Contrails
October 1970 745 UDC 651.&€19.6’3:551.576.1:629.135.2(798) ON THE POSSIBILITY OF WEATHER MODIFICATION BY AIRCRAFT CONTRAILS WALLACE B. MURCRAY Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, College, Alaska ABSTRACT The possible effect of contrails in modifying the weather is reconsidered in the light of information obtained from ground-level contrails in Alaska. It appears likely that inadvertent cloud seeding by jet aircraft may be of the same order of magnitude as that attained in commercial cloud seeding operations. Further investigation is needed; but in the meantime, the possibility of contrail contamination should be kept in mind when evaluating the results of seeding operations. 1. INTRODUCTION frequently such that a contrail is left while the aircraft is taxiing and taking off or landing so that it is easily Aircraft contrails first attracted public attention during accessible for study. (On the ground, the contrail is called World War 11; but as air traffic has built up to its present ice fog, and it can become a serious problem in flight of the environ- level, they have come to be accepted as part operations.) This discussion is based on observations made ment. Even during World War 11, it kas difficult to watch under the direction of Ohtako (1967; see also Huffman the cloud cover laid down by a large bomber formation 1968) during the course of investigations of ice fog from without wondering what it might be doing to the weather; this and other sources. As a result of these observations, at present, there is widespread belief among the general enough is known about the way the contrail is formed to public and some feeling among scientists (Fletcher 1969, make it safe to state that the contrail formed at cruising Reinking 1968, Livingston 1969, and Schaefer 1969) that altitude is very unlikely to differ greatly from that formed contrails are increasing cloudiness, if nothing more, in on the ground. -
The Calhoun School
THE CALHOUN SCHOOL TABLE OF CONTENTS Important Information 3 ❏ Course Registration Process ❏ Independent Study ❏ Adding or Dropping Classes ❏ External Academic Work ❏ Accelerating Mathematics Coursework Academic Planning Advice 6 ❏ For All Upper Schoolers ❏ For Rising Ninth Graders ❏ For Rising Tenth Graders ❏ For Rising Eleventh Graders ❏ For Rising Twelfth Graders 2019-2020 US Course Offerings & Descriptions ❏ New Courses for 2019-2020 9 ❏ English 10 ❏ Social Studies 18 ❏ Mathematics 26 ❏ World Languages 32 ❏ Science 39 ❏ Computer & Information Science 45 ❏ Music 46 ❏ Theater Arts 51 ❏ Visual Arts 55 ❏ Community Service 62 ❏ Physical Education 63 ❏ Special Courses 64 Other Academic Policies 66 ❏ Language Waiver Criteria ❏ Incompletes ❏ Academic/Social Probation COVER ILLUSTRATION: Oliver Rauch, Calhoun Class of 2019 2 IMPORTANT INFORMATION COURSE REGISTRATION PROCESS Each year during Mod 5, there will be a ten-day registration period during which students in grades 9-11 will select courses for the following school year. The registration process will begin at a special Town Meeting, which will be devoted to the introduction of the online Course Catalogue (including a preview of new courses) and an overview of the course registration process. Following the Town Meeting, cluster advisers will share a Course Registration Packet with each of their advisees. The packet will include the student’s current academic transcript, a Transcript Audit Review Form, and a Course Selection Form. Although it is ultimately the student’s responsibility to complete his/her Course Selection Form, this process works best when students consult with teachers, cluster advisors, and parents/guardians to make informed decisions. It is advised that each student utilize the Transcript Review Audit Form to ensure that adequate progress is being made toward all Calhoun graduation requirements. -
The Secrets of the Best Rainbows on Earth Steven Businger
Article The Secrets of the Best Rainbows on Earth Steven Businger ABSTRACT: This paper makes a case for why Hawaii is the rainbow capital of the world. It begins by briefly touching on the cultural and historical significance of rainbows in Hawaii. Next it provides an overview of the science behind the rainbow phenomenon, which provides context for exploring the meteorology that helps explain the prevalence of Hawaiian rainbows. Last, the paper discusses the art and science of chasing rainbows. KEYWORDS: Tropics; Atmospheric circulation; Dispersion; Orographic effects; Optical phenomena; Machine learning https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0101.1 Corresponding author: Dr. Steven Businger, [email protected] In final form 15 October 2020 ©2021 American Meteorological Society For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy. AFFILIATION: Businger—University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY FEBRUARY 2021 E1 ainbows are some of the most spectacular R optical phenomena in the natural world, and Hawaii is blessed with an amazing abundance of them. Rainbows in Hawaii are at once so common and yet so stunning that they appear in Hawaiian chants and legends, on license plates, and in the names of Hawaiian sports teams and local businesses (Fig. 1). Visitors and locals alike frequently leave their cars by the side of the road in order to photograph these brilliant bands of light. Fig. 1. Collage of Hawaii rainbow references. The cultural importance of rainbows is reflected in the Hawaiian language, which has many words and phrases to describe the variety of manifestations in Hawaii, a few of which are provided in Table 1. -
Holocene Climate Variability in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions)
Clim. Past, 12, 91–101, 2016 www.clim-past.net/12/91/2016/ doi:10.5194/cp-12-91-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Holocene climate variability in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea (Gulf of Lions) B. Jalali1,2, M.-A. Sicre2, M.-A. Bassetti3, and N. Kallel1 1GEOGLOB, Université de Sfax, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, route de Soukra km 4-BP.802, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia 2Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Université Paris 06)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN Laboratory, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France 3CEFREM, Université de Perpignan, Avenue J.-P. Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France Correspondence to: B. Jalali ([email protected]) Received: 11 June 2015 – Published in Clim. Past Discuss.: 16 July 2015 Accepted: 15 December 2015 – Published: 19 January 2016 Abstract. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and land-derived et al., 2012; Martrat et al., 2014). Most of them reveal that input time series were generated from the Gulf of Li- Mediterranean Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) have under- ons inner-shelf sediments (NW Mediterranean Sea) us- gone a long-term cooling punctuated by several cold relapses ing alkenones and high-molecular-weight odd-carbon num- (CRs; Cacho et al., 2001; Frigola et al., 2007). While orbital bered n-alkanes (TERR-alkanes), respectively. The SST forcing likely explains this long-term tendency, solar activ- record depicts three main phases: a warm Early Holocene ity and volcanism contribute to forced variability (Mayewski ( ∼ 18 ± 0.4 ◦C) followed by a cooling of ∼ 3 ◦C between et al., 2004; Wanner et al., 2011) together with internal vari- 7000 and 1000 BP, and rapid warming from ∼ 1850 AD ability (i.e.