The Great A History of Psychological Thought

FIFTH EDITION

Robert I. Watson, Sr. Late, University of New Hampshire and The University of Florida Rand B. Evans East Carolina University

=HarperCollinsPublishers Photo a nd Illustration Credits Page l, Collection of Rand B. Evans; 18, Adapted from Charles Ede, Collecting Amiquities (London: J.M. Dent&. Sons, 1976); SO , The Mansell Collection; 68, The Mansell Collec­ tion; 92, From Henry Smith Williams, A History of Science (New York: Harper and Broth­ ers, 1904 ), Vol. I, fp. 280; 105, The Granger Collection; 120, The Granger Collection; 148, From Henry Smith Williams, A History of Science (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1904 ), Vol. 2, fp . 194 [Original in Louvre Museum]; 180, The Granger Collection; 204, Top: The Granger Collection and bottom: from Dagoben D. Runes, Pictorial History of Philosophy (New York: Philosophical Library, 1959), p. 180; 230, Top: From the Collection of Rand B. Evans and bottom: the Granger Collection; 246, The Granger Collection; 264, From Henry E. Garrett, Great Experiments in Psychology (New York: The Century Co., 1930), fp . 270; 276, From Edmund Konig, W. Wundt· Seine Philosophie und Psychologie (Stuttgart: Fr. Frommanns Verlag, 1901), Frontis; 296, Top and bottom: From the Collection of Rand B. Evans; 316, The Granger Collection; 332, From Francis Calton, Memories of My life (Lon· don: Methuen and Co., 1908), p. 243; 362, Top and bottom: From the Collection of Rand B. Evans; 412, From the Collection of Rand B. Ev:ms; 430, Courtesy of Stoeling Co., 620 Wheat Lane, Wood Dale, IL 60191; 464, From the Collection of Rand B. Evans; 500, Courtesy of Dr. Michael Wertheimer; 552, The Granger Collection; 560, Top and bottom: The Granger Collection; 586, The Granger Collection; 608, From the Collection of Rand B. Evans.

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The Great Psychologists: A History of Psychological Thought, Fifth Edition

Copyright © J 991 by HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. ... •-.. .•. u• • •"· All rights reserved. Printed in the of America. No pare of this: book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in t~ case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For inforclation aqdre4s HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., JO East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022. l :F Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Watson, Robert Irving, 1909- The great psychologists : a history of psychological thought I Robert I. Watson, Sr., Rand B. Evans. - Sth ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-06-04 1919-9 I. Psychology- History. 2. Psychology-United States-History. I. Evans, Rand B. II. Title. BF8 l. W35 1991 90-39371 1S0'.92'2-

90 9 J 92 93 9 8 7 6 s 4 3 2 Contents in Brief

Contents in Detail ix Preface to the Fifth Edition xxiii Preface to the First Edition xxv Chapter 1 History and Historical Progress

Part One The Ancient World 17 Chapter 2 Thales to Hippocrates: Before Psychology 19 Chapter 3 Plato: Before Psychology 51 Chapter 4 Aristotle: The Founding of Philosophical Psychology 69 Chapter 5 Theophrastus and Galen: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods 9°3

Part Two The Dark and Middle Ages 105 Chapter 6 Plotinus and Augustine: The Patristic Period 107 Chapter 7 Aquinas: The Middle Ages, Rationalism, and Faith 121

Part Th ree The R enaissance and the Early Modern Period 147 Chapter 8 Descartes: The Renaissance and the Beginning of the Modern Period 149 Chapter 9 Hobbes to Hume: British Empiricism 181 Chapter 10 Associationism and Mechanism: Two Wings of Empiricism 205 Chapter I I The Scottish Realists and the German Idealists: Two Reactions to Hume's Skepticism 231 Chapter 12 Helmholtz: The Physiological Substrate 247 Chapter 13 Fechner: Psychophysics 265 vi CONTENTS IN BRIEF vii

Part Four The Modern Period 275 Chapter 14 Wilhelm Wundt: Introspection and Experiment 277 Chapter 15 Brentano and Ebbinghaus: Alternatives to Wundtian Orthodoxy 297 Chapter 16 Calton and Spencer: Developmentalism, Quantitativism, and Individual Differences 317 Chapter 17 American Psychology: Before 333 Chapter 18 William James and G. Stanley Hall: The Founding of Scientific Psychology in the United States 363 Chapter 19 Titchener and Structuralism: The Beginning of Experimental Psychology in America 392 Chapter 20 Angell and American Functionalism 413 Chapter 21 Utility in Psychology: The Rise of Applied Psychology 43 l Chapter 22 John B. Watson and Behaviorism 465 Chapter 23 Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler: Gestalt Psychology 50 l Chapter 24 Freud and Psychoanalysis 523 Chapter 25 Adler, Jung, and the Third-Generation Psychologists 561 Chapter 26 European Psychologies of the ·Twentieth Century 587 Chapter 27 Psychology in the United States since World War II 609 Index of Names 631 Index of Subjects 639 Contents in Detail

Preface to the Fifth Edition xxiii Preface to the First Edition xxv

Chapter 1 History and Historical Progress 1 / HISTORY AND THE HISTORICAL EVENT 2 THE DYNAMIC OF HISTORY 3 Spiritualistic Theory 3 Personalistic Theory 4 Naturalistic Theory 6 Historical Analyses of Psychological Thought 9 HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY 10 PRESCRIPTIVE THEORY 10 SOME HISTORICAL MAXIMS 13 SUMMARY 14

PART ONE THE ANCIENT WORLD 17

Chapter 2 Thales to Hippocrates: Before Psychology 19 A DEFINITION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT 19 ORIGINS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT 20 IONIA AND THE RISE OF NATURALISM 25 PURISM, NOMOTHETICISM, NATURALISM, AND QUALITATIVISM 26 THALES AND MOLARISM, VITALISM. AND DEDUCTIVISM 27 THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE 30

ix x CON TEN TS IN DETAIL

PARMENIDES: RATIONALISM AND DEDUCTIVISM 33 DEMOCRITUS AND EMPIRICISM, DETERMINISM, ANO MECHANISM 34 EMOTIONS AND DESIRES: IRRATIONALISM AND DETERMINISM 38 HIPPOCRATES AND THE NATURALISTIC CONTRIBUTION FROM MEDICINE AND THE BEGINNING OF IDIOGRAPHICISM 40 Alcmaeon of Croton 41 Hippocratcs 42 SUMMARY 44

C/1apter 3 Plato: Before Psychology 51 SOCRATES: RATIONALISM, CONTENTUAL SUBJECTIVITY, AND DUALISM 52 THE LIFE OF PLATO 54 THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF PLATO'S PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTENTIONS 55 THE NATURE OF FORMS 56 THE PSYCHE AND THE FORMS 57 PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEWS OF PLATO 59 MIND AND BODY 59 MOTIONS AND THE PSYCHE 60 THE STRUCTURE OF THE PSYCHE 61 REASONING IN THE DUAL AND TRIPARTITE PSYCHE 61 SPIRIT AND APPETITE IN THE TRIPARTITE PSYCHE 62 CONFLICT AND HARMONY AND THE TRIPARTITE PSYCHE 62 DRIVE AND THE TRIPARTITE PSYCHE 63 THE IRRATIONAL IN THE DUAL PSYCHE 64 SUMMARY 65

Chapter 4 Aristotle: The Founding of Philo!iophical Psychology 69 LIFE OF ARISTOTLE 70 DIVERGENCE FROM PLATO 73 ARISTOTLE'S AIM 74 KNOWLEDGE AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD 74 ARISTOTLE'S PSYCHOLOGY: DE AN/MA 76 SCIENCE AND CAUSE 76 BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS 77 ARISTOTLE' S FUNCTIONS 80 C rowing 80 Sensing 8 1 Remembering 83 Desi ring and Reacting 84 T hinking 86 SUMMARY 87 CONTENTS IN DETAIL xi

Chapter 5 Theopbrastus and Galen: The Hel/enistic and Roman Periods 93 THEOPHRASTUS 94 ALEXANDRIA AND SCIENCE 96 THE BACKGROUND OF THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PERIODS 97 THE GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD 98 GALEN 98 SUMMARY 101

PART TWO THE DARK AND MIDDLE AGES 105

Chapter 6 Plotinus and Augustine: The Patristic Period 107 CHRISTIANITY AND THE FALL OF SCIENCE 107 PHILOSOPHY AND THE BEGINNING OF CHRISTIANITY 108 PLOTINUS 109 AUGUSTINE 1 1 1 Life of Augustine I 12 Augustine's Attitudes Toward Science 114 Philosophical and Personal Background of Augustine's Psychology 115 Some Aspects of the Psychology of Augustine 116 SUMMARY 117

Chapter 7 A4ainas: The Middle Ages, Rationalism, an;;;aitb 121 THE DARK AGES 121 ISLAM 122 COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF THINKING 124 SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE 1 25 SCHOLASTICISM 126 THE UNIVERSITIES 127 THE RECOVERY OF ARISTOTLE'S THOUGHT 128 THOMAS AQUINAS 1 28 Life and Labors of Aquinas 128 Reason and Faith in Aquinas's Thought 131 Nous in Aquinas's Thought 133 Attacks on Aquinas's Thought 133 Aquinas's Doctrine of the One Truth 134 Aquinas's Philosophical Psychology 134 Soul and Body 135 Soul and Its Faculties 135 Psychology and Theology 138 The Influence of Aquinas 138 SCIENCE IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 139 THE EXPERIMENT 140 MEDICINE 141 xii CON TENTS IN DETAIL

SCIENCE AND SUPERSTITION 142 THE END OF THE MIDDLE AGES 143 SUMMARY 143

PART THREE THE RENAISSANCE AND THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD 147

Chapter 8 Descartes: The Renaissance and the Befjinning of the Modern Period 149 THE RENAISSANCE: A PERIOD OF PREPARATION 150 THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN PERIOD IN SCIENCE 152 GALILEO, QUANTITATIVISM, AND METHODOLOGICAL AND CONTENTUAL OBJECTIVISM 153 FRANCIS BACON AND INDUCTIVISM 153 BIOLOGY AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 156 RENE DESCARTES 15 7 Descartes' Life 158 The Rationalistic Method of Descartes 160 Descartes' Search for Certainty 161 Mind and Body Dualism 163 Mind and Its Faculties 164 Molar Mechanistic Theory 166 Dualistic Interaction of Body and Mind 168 BENEDICT SPINOZA AND MONISM, RATIONALISM, DEDUCTIVISM, AND DETERMINISM 171 GOTTFRIED W. LEIBNIZ AND MOLECULARISM, MONISM. CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MENTALISM 172 DESCARTES' DUAL LEGACY 173 SUMMARY 173

Chapter 9 Hobbes to Hume: British Empiricism 181 THOMAS HOBBES 182 JOHN LOCKE 184 Locke's Psychological Views 186 Insistence on Nonexistence of Innate Ideas 186 Sensations, Simple Ideas, and Primary and Secondary Qualities 187 Reflection, Simple and Complex Ideas 188 Peelings 189 Assuciatio12 of Ideas 189 Influence 190 GEORGE BERKELEY 191 Life of Berkeley 192 Philosophical Position 192 Psychological Views 194 Experience and Reality 194 Empiricism and Sensation 195 CONTENTS IN DETAIL xiii

Associtrtion 195 Abstract Ideas 196 Visual Perception and Space 196 DAVID HUME 197 SUMMARY 200

Chapter 10 Associationism and Mechanism: Two Wings of Empiricism 205 ASSOCIATIONISM 206 David Hartley 206 Life of Hartley 206 Htrrtley's Psychophysical Parallelism 207 Hartley's Law of Association 208 The Mills 210 fames Mill and Mental Compounding 210 fohn Stuart Mill and Mental Chemistry 211 Alexander Bain 212 MECHANISM 215 Julian Offr:iy de La Mettrie 2 15 Life of La Mettrie 215 La Mettrie's Mechanism 277 Condillac 2 19 Destutt De Tracy 221 Cabanis 222 SUMMARY 225

Chapter 11 The Scottish Realists and the German Idealists: Two Reactions to Hume's Skepticism 231 THE SCOTTISH SCHOOL 231 Thomas Reid and Scottish Realist Ph ilosophy 232 Reid's Psychological Thought 232 Thomas Brown 235 IMMANUEL KANT AND RATIONALISM ON THE CONTINENT 236 Wolff and Faculty Psychology 236 Kant and Transcendental Mental Activity 237 Herbart and Experience, Metaphysics, and Mcthematics 241 SUMMARY 243

Chapter 12 Helml10ltz: The Physiological Substrate 247 PHYSIOLOGY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES BEFORE HELMHOLTZ 248 The Bel 1-Magendie Law 248 Gall and Phrenology 249 Flourens and Localization of Function in the Cerebrum 252 Johannes Muller and the Specific Energy of Nerves 252 Donders and Reaction Time 253 xiv CONTENTS IN DETAIL

HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ 255 Life and General Scientific Endeavors of Helmholtz 255 The Speed of the Neural Impulse 257 Vision 258 Space Perception 259 Audition 260 SUMMARY 261

Chapter 13 Fechner: Psychophysics 265 LIFE AND CAREERS OF FECHNER 266 THE AIM OF FECHNER 268 THE INFLUENCE OF WEBER 269 FECHNER'S PSYCHOPHYSICS 270 SUMMARY 271

PART FOUR THE MODERN PERIOD 275

Chapter 14 Wilhelm Wundt: Introspection and Experiment 277 INTROSPECTION AND EXPERIMENT 279 LIFE AND RESEARCH OF WUNDT 281 CHARACTERISTIC RESEARCH 284 LATER LIFE AND STUDENTS 286 ATIITUDE TOWARD OTHER BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY 287 SOME SYSTEMATIC VIEWS 289 SUMMARY 291

Chapter 15 Brentano and Ebbinghaus: Alternatives to Wundtian Orthodoxy 297 FRANZ BRENTANO 298 Life of Brentano 298 Act Psychology 299 HERMANN EBBINGHAUS 301 Early Life 301 Research on Memory 302 Later Life and Research 303 GEORGE ELIAS MULLER 305 OSWALD KULPE 306 Ktilpe and Mach's Positivism 307 The Wurzburg School of Imageless Thought 308 Imageless Thought and Related Issues 308 Later Life and Work 310 SUMMARY 311 CONTENTS IN DETAIL xv chapter 16 Ga/ton and Spencer: Developmentalism, Quantitativism, and Individual Differences 317 DARWIN AND EVOLUTION 318 Evaluation 320 FRANCIS GALTON 320 Life of Calton 321 Mental Inheritance and Variability 321 Statistics and Correlation 322 Galton's Versatility 323 Mental Imagery 324 Memory and Association 324 Mental Tests 325 Evaluation 326 HERBERT SPENCER 326 Psychology and Evolution 327 COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 328 George ). Romanes 328 C. Lloyd Morgan 328 SUMMARY 329

Chapter 17 American Psychology: Before William fames 333 SAMUEL JOHNSON AND THE NEW LEARNING 334 JONATHAN EDWARDS 337 SCOTIISH THOUGHT IN AMERICA 338 THOMAS UPHAM AND THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TEXTBOOK 341 CONSOLIDATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN ACADEMIC PSYCHOLOGY 342 THE ENTRY OF GERMAN IDEALISM INTO AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT 344 EVOLUTION 346 CHAUNCEY WRIGHT 348 PHRENOLOGY 351 THE FOWLER BROTHERS AND APPLIED PHRENOLOGY 352 THE APVENT OF THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY 353 SUMMARY 357

Chapter 18 William fames and G. Stanley Hall: The Founding of Scientific Psychology in the United States 363 INFLUENCE OF THE GERMAN UNIVERSITY SYSTEM 364 WILLIAM JAMES 365 Life and Interests 366 James's Principles of Psychology 370 The Stream of Thought 372 Self 373 xvi CONTENTS IN DETAIL

The Soul 374 Methods of Investigation 375 Mind as Problem Solver 376 Habit 377 Emotion 377 Instincts 378 Significance of James to Psychology 378 GRANVILLE STANLEY HALL 379 Early Life 379 Johns Hopkins Years 381 Clark University 382 Founding of the American Psychological Association 383 Hall's Competition with James 383 Child Study and Developmentalism 384 Attitude Toward Psychoanalysis 385 SUMMARY 386

Chapter 19 Titchener and Structuralism: The Beginning of Experimental Paycholo!fY in America 391 EDWARD BRADFORD TITCHENER AND STRUCTURALISM 392 Life of Titchener 393 The Development of Structuralism 397 Titchencr's Views 400 Positivism 400 Point of View 401 The Fundamental Sciences 401 Scientific Explanation 402 Scientific Versus Applied Psychology 402 Subdisciplines 402 Experimentt1l Versus "Other" Psychologies 403 Stimulus Error 403 Psychophysical Parallelism 404 Meaning 404 Titchcner's Psychology 405 Later Developments 407 SUMMARY 408

Chapter 20 Angell and American Functionalism 413 FUNCTIONALISM 414 WILLIAM JAMES AS A FUNCTIONAL 414 AS A FUNCTIONALIST 414 Life of Dewey 415 Dewey and the Reflex Arc 416 417 Life of Angell 417 Angell's Functionalist Manifesto 418 CONTENTS IN DETAIL xvii

HARVEY A. CARR AND LATER CHICAGO FUNCTIONALISM 420 COLUMBIA FUNCTIONALISM 421 JAMES McKEEN CATIELL 421 Cattell 's Early Life 421 Later Life 423 ROBERT S. WOODWORTH AND DYNAMIC FUNCTIONALISM 425 EDWARD L. THORNDIKE AND CONNECTIONISM 426 SUMMARY 426

Chapter 21 Utility in Psychology: The Rise of Applied Psychology 431 ALFRED BINET AND THE INTELLIGENCE TEST 432 Life of Binet 433 Measurement of Intelligence 434 Evaluation 438 W ILLIAM STERN AND ANGEWANDTE PSYCHOLOGIE 438 THE TESTING MOVEMENT IN AMERICA 439 THE INTELLIGENCE TEST GOES TO WAR: ROBERT M. YERKES 442 HUGO MUNSTERBERG AND THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN AMERICA 442 Life of Miinsterberg 443 Miinsterberg and Industrial Psychology 444 Miinsterberg's Psychology of Testimony 444 Industrial Psychology 445 WALTER DILL scon AND BUSINESS PSYCHOLOGY 446 APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY AT COLUMBIA: HOLLINGWORTH AND STRONG 448 INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 450 PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE WAR 451 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CORPORATION 452 THE BEG INNINGS OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN AMERICA 452 Clinics for the Mentally Ill 453 Attempts at Professionalization of Clinical Psychology 455 SUMMARY 457

Chapter 22 fohn B. Wa tson and Behavi orism 465 WATSON'S BEHAVIORIST MANIFESTO 466 PAVLOV AND RUSSIAN PHYSIOLOGY 468 Sechenov 468 Pavlov 469 Bekhterev 470 AMERICAN COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 471 Edward L. Thorndike 47 I Jacques Loeb 473 INFLUENCE OF FUNCTIONALISM 473 JOHN B. WATSON 474 Early Life 474 xviii CONTENTS IN DETAIL

Conditioning in Watson's Behaviorism 475 Later Life 476 WATSON'S INTERPRETATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 4 77 Behaviorism and Stimulus-Response 477 Psychological Methods 478 Instinct 479 Emotion 479 Thinking 480 Learning 48 l Personality 483 Overview 483 NEOBEHAVIORISMS 484 Logical Positivism and Operationism 484 Neobehaviorists 485 Clark l. Hull 485 Kenneth W. Spence 486 Edward C. Tolman 487 B. F. Skinner and Radical Behaviorism 488 Karl S. Lashley and Physiological Psychology 490 Donald 0. Hebb and Cell Assembly Theory 491 SUMMARY 494

Chapter 23 Wertheimer, Koffka, and Kohler: Gestalt Psychology 501 ANTECEDENTS OF GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY 502 EARLY LIFE OF MAX WERTHEIMER 504 FRANKFURT, PHI PHENOMENON, KOHLER, AND KOFFKA 505 THE PHI PHENOMENON AND GESTALT 505 GESTALT AS A PSYCHOLOGY OF PROTEST 507 WERTHEIMER AND THE PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION 507 KOHLER AND THE MENTALITY OF APES 510 KOHLER AND PHYS ICAL GESTALTEN 511 KOFFKA AND THE GROWTH OF THE MIND 512 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY COMES TO AMERICA 514 WERTHEIMER AND PRODUCTIVE THINKING 516 SUMMARY 518

Chapter 24 Freud and Psychoanalysis 523 THE HERITAGE OF FREUD 524 PINEL AND THE TREATMENT OF THE INSANE 524 HYPNOSIS 525 Jean-Martin Charcot 526 Liebeault and Bernheim 527 Theodule Ribot 528 PIERRE JANET 529 THE UNCONSCIOUS BEFORE FREUD 531 CONTENTS IN DETAIL xix

OTHER INTELLECTUAL INFLUENCES ON FREUD 532 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS THROUGH THE LIFE OF FREUD 532 Early Life 532 Freud and Breuer 534 Charcot and Hysteria 535 Freud's Use of Hypnosis 536 The Method ·of Free Association 536 Importance of Sexual Factors 538 Self-Analysis 539 The Interpretation of Dreams 539 EMERGENCE FROM ISOLATION AND LATER LIFE 540 THEORY OF PERSONALITY 543 The Dynamics of Structure of Personality 544 Theory of Instincts 544 The Id, Ego, and Superego 545 Stages of Psychosexual Development 548 The Oral Stage 548 The Anal Stage 550 The Phallic Stage 551 The Latency Period 554 The Genital Stage 554 SUMMARY 555

Chapter 25 Adler, Tung, and the Third-Generation Dynamic Psychologists 561 ALFRED ADLER 561 Life and Earlier Views of Adler 562 Mature Systematic Position 566 Adlerian Psychotherapy 567 Overview 568 CARL GUSTAV JUNG 569 Life of Jung 569 Word Association 569 Relations with Freud 570 Extraversion and Introversion 572 Later Life 572 Systematic Views on Psychology 573 Type Theory 573 The Ego, Persona, and the Unconscious 575 The Total Personality 578 Ju ng's Psychotherapy 579 Overview 580 NEO-FREUDIANS 580 xx CON TEN TS IN DETAIL

NEO-ADLERIANS 581 NEO-JUNGIANS 582

Chapter 26 European Psy chologies of the Twentieth Century 587 GERMAN PSYCHOLOGY 588 Dilthey and Psychology as a Cultural Science 588 Leipzig After Wundt 589 World War If and German Psychology 590 Postwar Psychology 590 FRENCH PSYCHOLOGY 591 Henri Pi~ron 591 French Compendia 592 Michotte and French-Speaking Belgian Psychology 592 Piaget and French-Speaking Swiss Psychology 593 RUSSIAN AND SOVIET PSYCHOLOGY 594 BRITISH PSYCHOLOGY 596 British Physiological Psychology 596 Charles Sherrington 596 Henry Head 597 Edgar D. Adrian 597 Quantitative Psychology 597 Fisher and Statistical Methods 598 Spearman and "G" 598 Factor Analysis 599 Burt and the lnheritability of Intelligence 599 British Cognitive Psychology 600 Frederic C. Bartlett 600 fames Drever and Scottisb Psychology 601 Psychoanalysis in Britain 601 SUMMARY 601

Chapter 27 Psychology in the United States Since World War II 609 ADVANCES IN QUANTITATIVE METHODS 610 THURSTONE AND FACTOR ANALYSIS 611 ALLPORT, MURRAY, AND ROGERS : THE STUDY OF PERSONALITY 611 Gordon W. Allport 611 Henry A. Murray 612 and Psychotherapy 613 MURPHY AND LEWIN AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 613 Gardner and Lois Murpby 614 Kurt Lewin 615 Theodore Newcomb 616 Contributions of Social Psychological Research 6 17 INDUSTRIAU ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 618 CONTENTS IN DETAIL xxi

Morris S. Viteles 618 The Hawthorne Studies 618 Influence of the War 619 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 619 Influence of Piaget 620 Influence of Psychoanalysis 620 CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 621 Theoretical Influences 621 THE REEMERGENCE OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 622 SUMMARY 625 Index of Names 631 Index of Subjects 639