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A Century of Social Psychology: Individuals, Ideas, and Investigations GEORGE R
1 A Century of Social Psychology: Individuals, Ideas, and Investigations GEORGE R. GOETHALS ^ f INTRODUCTION This chapter tells an exciting story of intellectual discovery. At the start of the twentieth century, social psy- chology began addressing age-old philosophical questions using scientific methods. What was the nature of human nature, and did the human condition make it possible for people to work together for good rather than for evil? Social pschology first addressed these questions by looking at the overall impact of groups on individuals and then began to explore more refined questions about social influence and social perception. How do we understand persuasion, stereotypes and prejudice, differences between men and women, and how culture affects thoughts and behavior? In 1954, in his classic chapter on the historical govem themselves. In The Republic, Plato argued that background of modem social psychology, Gordon men organize themselves and form governments Allport nominated Auguste Comte as the founder because they cannot achieve all their goals as of social psychology as a science. He noted that individuals. They are interdependent. Some kind of Comte, the French philosopher and founder of social organization is required. Various forms emerge, positivism, had previously, in 1839, identified depending on the situation, including aristocracy, sociology as a separate discipline. In fact, sociology oligarchy, democracy, and tyranny. Plato clearly did not really exist, but Comte saw it coming. favored aristocracy, where the wise and just govern, Allport notes that 'one might say that Comte and allow individuals to develop their full potential. christened sociology many years before it was Whatever the form, social organization and govem- born' (Allport, 1968: 6). -
Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Trustees of Ohio
MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF OHIO UNIVERSITY Friday, April 17 and Saturday, April 18, 1998 Ohio University, Athens Campus THE OHIO UNIVERSITY BOARD OF TRUSTEES 1110 MINUTES OF April 18, 1998 MEETING TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Session 174 Roll Call 175 Approval of February 7, 1998 Minutes 175 Communications, Petitions, and Memorials 175 Announcements 175 Reports 176 Unfinished Business 176 New Business 176 Budget, Finance, and Physical Plant Committee 177 Recognition of Student Housing Master Plan 8c Strategic Plan Study Resolution 1998 -- 1565 178 Tax-Deferred Purchase of Additional Service Credit - Resolution 1998 — 1566 180 Alternative Retirement Program — Resolution 1998 — 1567 182 Naming of Lounge in Wren Stadium for Joseph Dean Resolution 1998— 1568 187 Naming of the Basketball Suite in Honor of Vern and Marion Alden Resolution 1998 — 1569 189 Hocking River Bridge — Resolution 1998 — 1570 191 Third Floor Renovation at the Riffe Center, Southern Campus Resolution 1998 — 1571 195 Putnam Hall Childcare Center Improvements — Resolution 1998 — 1572 199 Fire Alarm Replacement at the Convocation Center and Seigfrcd Hall Resolution 1998 — 1573 202 ADA Improvements, Phase Two — Resolution 1998 — 1574 205 Naming of Space in Stocker Center "Loehr Leadership Resource Center" Resolution 1998 — 1575 209 Educational Policies Committee 213 Faculty/Administrative Emeriti Awards — Resolution 1998 — 1576 214 Faculty Fellowship Awards — Resolution 1998 — 1577 448 Name and Mission Change of OUCOM Dept. of Clinical Research to Biomedical -
The Situational Character: a Critical Realist Perspective on the Human Animal , 93 93 Geo L
Santa Clara Law Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 11-2004 The ituaS tional Character: A Critical Realist Perspective on the Human Animal Jon Hanson Santa Clara University School of Law David Yosifon Santa Clara University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs Part of the Law and Economics Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Legal History Commons Automated Citation Jon Hanson and David Yosifon, The Situational Character: A Critical Realist Perspective on the Human Animal , 93 93 Geo L. J. 1 (2004), Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/59 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Articles The Situational Character: A Critical Realist Perspective on the Human Animal JON HANSON* & DAVID YOSIFON** Th is Article is dedicated to retiring the now-dominant "rational actor" model of human agency, together with its numerous "dispositionist" cohorts, and replacing them with a new conception of human agency that the authors call the "situational character." Th is is a key installment of a larger project recently introduced in an article titled The Situation: An Introduction to the Situational Character, Critical Realism, Power Economics, and Deep Capture. 1 That introduc tory article adumbrated, often in broad stroke, the central premises and some basic conclusions of a new app roach to legal theory and policy analysis. -
Association for Consumer Research
ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH Labovitz School of Business & Economics, University of Minnesota Duluth, 11 E. Superior Street, Suite 210, Duluth, MN 55802 Haptic Experiences: a Touching Story of Impression Formation and Decision-Making Joshua Ackerman, MIT, USA Christopher Nocera, Harvard University, USA John Bargh, Yale University, USA Touch exerts powerful and dimension-specific influences on our judgments, even though we are often unaware of these influences. We show that incidental tactile experiences with weight (heaviness), texture (roughness) and malleability (hardness) shape our interpersonal impressions and the decisions we make in consumption domains. [to cite]: Joshua Ackerman, Christopher Nocera, and John Bargh (2011) ,"Haptic Experiences: a Touching Story of Impression Formation and Decision-Making ", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 38, eds. Darren W. Dahl, Gita V. Johar, and Stijn M.J. van Osselaer, Duluth, MN : Association for Consumer Research. [url]: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/15996/volumes/v38/NA-38 [copyright notice]: This work is copyrighted by The Association for Consumer Research. For permission to copy or use this work in whole or in part, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center at http://www.copyright.com/. SPECIAL SESSION The ‘Nature’ Of Life: How the Physical World Colors Impressions, Informs Decisions, and Shapes Who We Are Joshua M. Ackerman, MIT Sloan School of Management), USA Lawrence E. Williams, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA EXTENDED ABstract was compensatory behavior for perceptions of low coordination and not due to more cooperative inclinations. “Haptic Experiences: A Touching Story of Impression Malleability: The experience of malleability, or hardness, is Formation and Decision-Making” metaphorically associated with concepts of stability, rigidity and Joshua Ackerman, MIT Sloan School of Management, USA strictness (e.g., “hard-hearted”). -
PEER INFLUENCES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS: the Perils and the Potentials
Discussion Paper No. 51 Williams Project on the Economics of Higher Education Denison Gatehouse Williams College Williamstown, MA 01267 PEER INFLUENCES AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS: The Perils and the Potentials George Goethals Williams College September, 1999 DP-51 ã September 1999 (George Goethals) Note: This paper was presented at the Macalester Forum on Higher Education, "Diversity and Stratification in American Higher Education", Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota, June 2-3, 1999. This paper is intended for private circulation and should not be quoted or referred to in publication without the permission of the author. The author gratefully acknowledges the Andrew Mellon Foundation for their funding of this paper through the Williams Project on the Economics of Higher Education. Thanks also to Susan Engel and Gordon Winston for their advice and comments on an earlier draft of this paper. Abstract Students' intellectual, social and personal development is highly influenced by peers during the college years. These changes can be understood in terms of social comparison theory, which outlines the consequences for group dynamics of people's need to evaluate their opinions and abilities. Discussion aimed toward opinion consensus and competition aimed toward improving ability levels promote the development of intellectual capacities and a range of other abilities. Discussion and competition also promote the definition and polarization of values. An expanded account of social comparison processes considers the further group consequences of the need for self- esteem. The distinction between informational and normative social influence underlines the importance of people's standing in groups for their self-concepts and self-esteem. Social identity theory expands these accounts to consider the implications of self-esteem needs for intergroup competition, discrimination and hostility. -
Bob Zajonc and the Unconscious Emotion ISSN 1754-0739 DOI: 10.1177/1754073910375480 Er.Sagepub.Com
Emotion Review Vol. 2, No. 4 (October 2010) 353–362 © 2010 SAGE Publications and The International Society for Research on Emotion Bob Zajonc and the Unconscious Emotion ISSN 1754-0739 DOI: 10.1177/1754073910375480 er.sagepub.com Piotr Winkielman Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, USA and Warsaw School of Social Psychology, Poland Abstract This article focuses on Bob Zajonc’s views on unconscious emotion, especially in the context of the debates about the independ- ence of affect and cognition. Historically, Bob was always interested in the “mere”—basic, fundamental processes. His empirical demonstrations of precognitive and preconscious emotional processes, combined with his elegant expositions of them, sharply contrasted with cold and complex cognitive models. Interestingly, Bob tended to believe that whereas the causes of emotion can be unconscious, the emotional state itself tends to be conscious. However, he reconsidered this assumption and in his later work showed that subjects in affective priming experiments do not experience conscious affect, but instead act on basic preferences. Today, Bob’s insights continue to inspire research on “unconscious emotion.” Keywords consciousness, emotion, Zajonc The relation between emotion and consciousness interested has not only redirected the field but continues to inspire new Bob Zajonc throughout much of his career. Although he never research and new researchers. wrote a comprehensive treatise on “unconscious emotion,” he often thought and wrote about it. Most directly, Bob addressed The Background of the Idea this issue in a short essay published in the book The Nature of The Mere Emotion: Fundamental Questions edited by Paul Ekman and Richard Davison (1994). -
Social Psychological Approaches to Consciousness
P1: KAE 0521857430c20 CUFX049/Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw November 6, 2006 15:55 F. Anthropology/Social Psychology of Consciousness 551 P1: KAE 0521857430c20 CUFX049/Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw November 6, 2006 15:55 552 P1: KAE 0521857430c20 CUFX049/Zelazo 0 521 85743 0 printer: cupusbw November 6, 2006 15:55 CHAPTER 20 Social Psychological Approaches to Consciousness John A. Bargh Abstract any given phenomenon. However, because these studies focus on the relative influence A central focus of contemporary social psy- of both conscious and automatic processes, chology has been the relative influence there has been a strong influence within of external (i.e., environmental, situational) social psychology of dual-process models versus internal (i.e., personality, attitudes) that capture these distinctions (e.g., inten- forces in determining social judgment and tional versus unintentional, effortful versus social behavior. But many of the classic find- efficient, aware versus unaware). Another ings in the field – such as Milgram’s obe- reason that dual-process models became dience research, Asch’s conformity studies, popular in social psychology is that the dis- and Zimbardo’s mock-prison experiment – tinction nicely captured an important truth seemed to indicate that the external forces about social cognition and behavior: that swamped the internal ones when the chips people seem to process the identical social were down. Where in the social psycholog- information differently depending on its rel- ical canon was the evidence showing the evance or centrality to their important goals internal, intentional, rational control of one’s and purposes. own behavior? Interestingly, most models of a given phenomenon in social psychol- ogy have started with the assumption of a Introduction major mediational role played by conscious choice and intentional guidance of judg- Historically, social psychology has been con- ment and behavior processes. -
David A. Reinhard
David A. Reinhard University of Massachusetts Amherst Psychology of Peace and Violence Program Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences 135 Hicks Way, Tobin Hall, Room 627 Amherst, MA 01003 [email protected] | www.david-reinhard.com Education Ph.D. University of Virginia Social Psychology, 2017 Dissertation: The Influence of Temporal Group Identities on Goal-Pursuit Committee: Benjamin Converse (Chair), Gerald Clore, Shigehiro Oishi, Kieran O’Connor M.A. University of Virginia Social Psychology, 2014 Thesis: Activating Mental Representations of Rivals Increases Motivation Committee: Benjamin Converse (Chair), Gerald Clore, Timothy Wilson B.A. University of Michigan Honors Program Psychology (High Honors), 2010 Thesis: The Influence of Weight Cues on Product Perceptions Advisor: Norbert Schwarz Academic and Professional Appointments University of Massachusetts Amherst Psychology of Peace and Violence Program, Department of Psychology Postdoctoral Research Associate, 2017-Present PI: Bernhard Leidner University of Michigan Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research Research Associate (Lab Manager), 2010-2011 PI: Stephanie Brown, Sara Konrath Research Interests Motivation and Goal Pursuit, Rivalry, Temporal Collective Identities, Social Cognition, Emotion Grants and Fellowships Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence APA Division 48, Small Grants Program for Peace Psychology ($500). “Destructive or Constructive International Conflict: Enemies or Rivals? An Empirical Investigation and Intervention in Israel and Iran”. 2018 August 2018 University of Massachusetts Amherst, Campus Climate Improvement Grants ($2,500). “Bridging the Great Divide: Democrat-Republican Rivalry and Its Consequences for Diversity, Disparity, and Inclusion on Campus.” 2018. The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, Grants-in-Aid ($1,998). “De-escalating Conflict in International Rivalries”. -
Awareness of the Influence As a Determinant of Assimilation Versus Contrast
European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 23,5342 (1993) Awareness of the influence as a determinant of assimilation versus contrast FRITZ STRACK Universitat Trier, Germany NORBERT SCHWARZ Zentrum fur Umfragen, Methoden und Analysen (ZUMA),Mannheim, Germany HERBERT BLESS, ALMUT KUBLER and M ICHAELA WAN KE Universitat Mannheim, Germany Abstract In the present study, subjects had to generate an evaluative judgment about a target person on the basis of his behaviour that had both positive and negative implications. In a previous phase of the study that was ostensibly unrelated to the judgment task, the relevant trait categories were primed. Subsequently, half of the subjects were reminded of the priming episode. Consistent with earlier research (e.g. Lombardi, Hig- gins and Bargh, 1987; Newman and Uleman, 1990) that used memory of the priming events as a correlational measure, a contrast efect was found under the ‘reminding’ condition and assimilation resulted when subjects were not reminded of the priming episode. Thi.s pattern of results is interpreted as the consequence of corrective influences. INTRODUCTION The accessibility of relevant information has an important function at different stages of social judgment (for a review, CJ Strack and Martin, 1987). First, it influences the interpretation of ambiguous information. Higgins, Rholes and Jones (1977) demonstrated that ambiguous behaviours were categorized on the basis of trait infor- Addressee for correspondence: Fritz Strack, FBI - Psychologie, Universitat Trier, Postfach 3825, W-5500 Trier, F.R. Germany. This research was supported by grant Str 264/2-3 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to Fritz Strack and Norbert Schwarz. The authors gratefully acknowledge helpful comments from John Bargh, Klaus Fiedler, Tory Higgins, Leonard Martin, and Robert Wyer. -
Theodore Newcomb
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES THEODORE MEAD NEWCOMB 1903—1984 A Biographical Memoir by PHILIP E. CONVERSE Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1994 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. THEODORE MEAD NEWCOMB July 24, 1903-December 28, 1984 BY PHILIP E. CONVERSE HEODORE M. NEWCOMB was one of the principal pioneers Tin the establishment of social psychology as a fertile area for study at the boundary between the traditional dis- ciplines of psychology and sociology. During five decades of research he sought to enrich individualistic treatments of human motivation, learning, and perception with a keener understanding of the social processes that shape them. He was author or co-author of three widely used textbooks that gave systematic definition to this emergent field, and he directed the influential doctoral program in social psychol- ogy at the University of Michigan for twenty-six years. Newcomb's personal research made an impressive series of conceptual and empirical contributions to the new area of social psychology. These included work on autism and social communication; the first ambitious tracing of the evo- lution of political attitudes over the adult life course; a careful elucidation of the basic principles of cognitive bal- ance; studies of the primary forces shaping interpersonal attraction; and, in a closely related way, the growth of main- stream and deviant subcultures. Throughout his life he was also interested in the dynamics of the education process. More than a small portion of his basic research was focused 322 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS on this interest, and he successfully applied much of what he learned to practical problems in higher education. -
Seventeen Early Peace Psychologists
Seventeen Early Peace Psychologists By Floyd Rudmin Rudmin, Floyd (1991). Seventeen Early Peace Psychologists. In Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol. 31, No. 2, Spring, pp. 12-43, 1991 Sage Publications, Inc. Floyd Webster Rudmin is a boundary crosser. In many societies (e.g., the Inuit), boundary crossers are obliged to try to interpret and intercede for those on either side of the boundary. Dr. Rudmin completed a B.A. in philosophy at Bowdoin College in Maine, an M. A. in audiology at SUNY Buffalo, and a Ph.D. in social psychology at Queen University in Ontario. He has lived and worked in the United States, the Philippines, Japan, and since 1978 in Canada. His spouse, Toyoko, is Japanese. Their children are schooled in French. The primary focus of Dr. Rudmin research is the psychology of ownership and possession. He is currently an assistant professor in Queen Faculty of Law and School of Business. History of psychology is his pleasure. Peace is his passion. Summary Peace psychology has a history that is both long and prominent. However, that fact is little known and little appreciated, even among contemporary peace-activist psychologists. This article presents 17 brief biographies of psychologists who are part of this important heritage: Pythagoras, Jeremy Bentham, Franz Brentano, William James, August Forel, Ivan Pavlov, Sigmund Freud, James McKeen Cattell, Mary Whiton Calkins, Alexander Chamberlain, Alfred Adler, William McDougall, Edward Tolman, Gordon Allport, Gustav Ichheiser, Margaret Mead, and Charles Osgood. It is important that more recognition and appreciation be given to the long and prominent history of psychology in peace research and peace activism. -
Research Idea and Literature Review on the Effect of Affective Forecasting on Emotional Experience
International Journal of New Developments in Engineering and Society ISSN 2522-3488 Vol. 4, Issue 4: 123-132, DOI: 10.25236/IJNDES.040411 Research Idea and Literature Review on the Effect of Affective Forecasting on Emotional Experience Sophie Liu Waterloo Collegiate Institute, Waterloo, N2L3P2, Canada ABSTRACT: According to the study by Timothy Wilson and Daniel Gilbert on affective forecasting (2003), people’s prediction of their emotional reactions towards future events could influence their actual emotional responses. The aim of this research idea is to further investigate the impact of affective forecasting on the intensity of affective experience by conducting two experiments in which participants would be divided into two groups based on their predictions of the intensity of their emotional experience towards a fear-inducing event and a happiness-inducing event, and the intensity of the actual emotional experience of the two groups would be recorded and compared. Several related studies on affective forecasting are reviewed in the introduction section. KEYWORDS: Affective Forecasting, Affective Experience, Expectation Effect, Literature Review, Research Proposal Introduction Affective forecasting [1] is the prediction of one’s future affect/feelings when experiencing certain events. The concept was first investigated by Kahneman and Snell as “hedonic forecasts” when they examined it impact on decision making in 1990 [2]. In 2003 psychologists Timothy Wilson and Daniel Gilbert coined it with the name of “affective forecasting” [1]. While earlier researches focused on the emotional forecasts rather than the actual response, other researchers (e.g. Baron, 1992; Gilbert, Driver-Linn, & Wilson, 2002; Gilbert & Wilson, 2000; Gilbert, Wilson, 2003; Loewenstein & Frederick, 1997) later moved on to examine the accuracy of forecasts by measuring both predicted and experienced emotional response.