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Organizational Communication Through an Historic Lens: Social Responsibility, Diversity, and Inclusion Linda Coleman

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Organizational Communication Through an Historic Lens: Social Responsibility, Diversity, and Inclusion Linda Coleman Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Spring 2011 Organizational Communication Through An Historic Lens: Social Responsibility, Diversity, and Inclusion Linda Coleman Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Coleman, L. (2011). Organizational Communication Through An Historic Lens: Social Responsibility, Diversity, and Inclusion (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/423 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION THROUGH AN HISTORIC LENS: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, DIVERSITY, AND INCLUSION A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Linda Ann Coleman May 2011 Copyright by Linda Ann Coleman 2011 ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION THROUGH AN HISTORIC LENS: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, DIVERSITY, AND INCLUSION By Linda Ann Coleman Approved December 17, 2010 ________________________________ ____________________________ Dr. Pat Arneson Dr. Janie Fritz Professor of Communication and Professor of Communication and Rhetorical Studies Rhetorical Studies (Committee Chair) (Committee Member) ___________________________ Dr. Ronald C. Arnett Professor of Communication and Rhetorical Studies Dr. Christopher Duncan Dean, McAnulty College of Liberal Arts Duquesne University iii ABSTRACT ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION THROUGH AN HISTORIC LENS: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, DIVERSITY, AND INCLUSION By Linda Ann Coleman May 2011 Dissertation supervised by Dr. Pat Arneson This work examines the development of organizational communication through significant historic periods in the United States. Each chapter is examined in the context of social responsibility, diversity, and inclusion. The work concludes with a case study of the United States Steel Corporation as an example of an historically grounded organization that remained philosophically grounded in their core mission and values as set forth by Elbert Gary, their first president and CEO. Additive change and the need to remain attuned to the historic moment while moving toward the future is explored. iv ACKNOWLEGEMENT I would like to thank Dr. Pat Arneson who worked with me tirelessly and encouraged me to stretch my thinking. She supported me and kept me focused on the process while allowing me to explore and learn. Her support was invaluable. I would like to thank Dr. Ronald C. Arnett and Dr. Janie Fritz who worked with me to accomplish my goals and gave valuable feedback. I would also like to thank Dr. Calvin Troup who counseled me when I began my doctoral work and has been a steadfast supporter. I would like to thank my friends Michael J. Urick and Joe DeCrosta who listened to me many times over lunch. I would like to dedicate this work to my mother Patricia who always supported my dreams and my father Emil who was a steelworker and introduced me to the wonderful world of libraries. Most especially I would like to thank my family. My husband Ron who has supported and encouraged me through the years as I grew into the person I have become. His boundless help and support enabled me to accomplish this project. I would like to thank my children, Matthew, Rachel and my daughter in law Marnie who supported me and listened to my ideas, and taught me so much about life. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEGEMENT ..................................................................................................... v CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 The Importance of the Industrial Revolution in Organizational Communication .......... 3 Leadership Communication in Organizations ............................................................ 6 The Communication of Corporate Social Responsibility, Diversity, and Inclusion in Organizations .................................................................................................................. 8 Corporate Social Responsibility ..................................................................................... 9 Diversity and Inclusion ............................................................................................. 13 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 19 Scientific Management Theory ..................................................................................... 20 Classical Management Theory ...................................................................................... 24 The Theory of Bureaucracy .......................................................................................... 27 Corporate Social Responsibility in the Classical Approach ......................................... 36 Diversity and Inclusion ................................................................................................. 39 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 48 Chester I. Barnard and Peer to Peer Communication ................................................... 50 Elton Mayo‟s Hawthorne Studies ................................................................................. 53 Abraham Maslow‟s Hierarchy of Needs ....................................................................... 57 vi Douglas McGregor‟s Balance of Work ........................................................................ 59 Frederick Herzberg: Integrating .................................................................................... 62 Charles W. Redding: Creating a Discipline .................................................................. 64 Communication in the Human Relations Approach ..................................................... 66 Corporate Social Responsibility in the Human Relations Approach ............................ 69 Diversity and Inclusion in the Human Relations Approach ......................................... 72 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 78 The Systems Approach ................................................................................................. 79 Ludwig von Bertalanffy: Father of Systems ............................................................. 81 Karl E. Weick: Organizational Communication ....................................................... 83 The Work of Daniel Katz and Robert L. Kahn ......................................................... 85 The Human Resource Management Approach ............................................................. 88 Rensis Likert‟s Contributions ................................................................................... 89 The Work of Leonard Nadler .................................................................................... 92 The Work of Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton .................................................. 94 Communication in the Systems Approach and Human Resource Management Approach ....................................................................................................................... 95 Corporate Social Responsibility ................................................................................. 100 Diversity and Inclusion ............................................................................................... 103 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................ 108 Cultural Approaches ................................................................................................... 109 vii Terrance E. Deal and Allan A. Kennedy‟s Approaches ......................................... 111 Edgar H. Schein: Culture ........................................................................................ 113 Stanley Deetz: Corporate Power ............................................................................. 118 Cheris Kramarae: Muted Group Theory ................................................................. 121 Julia T. Wood: Direct Power .................................................................................. 123 CHAPTER SIX ............................................................................................................... 136 Classical Management in USS ................................................................................ 143 The Human Relations Approach in USS ...............................................................
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