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Creating the Modern Michigan Psychology Department: the Chairmanship of Donald Marquis (1945-1957)

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Creating the Modern Michigan Psychology Department: the Chairmanship of Donald Marquis (1945-1957) Creating the Modern Michigan Psychology Department: The Chairmanship of Donald Marquis (1945-1957) Robert Pachella Psychology Department University of Michigan May 13, 2010 This is a draft. Please do not quote. Any corrections, additions, comments, or suggestions would be greatly appreciated. 2 CREATING THE MODERN MICHIGAN PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT: THE CHAIRMANSHIP OF DONALD MARQUIS (1945-1957) Table of Contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................4 Preface..............................................................................................................................................5 CREATING THE MODERN MICHIGAN PSYCHOLOGY DEPARTMENT:......................................................................6 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................6 Donald G. Marquis (1908-1973)...........................................................................................................9 Marquis During the War Years...........................................................................................................12 Marquis’ Move to Michigan...............................................................................................................16 The Michigan Department in 1945....................................................................................................18 Marquis Begins the Transformation..................................................................................................21 Theodore Newcomb (1903-1984) ......................................................................................................22 E. Lowell Kelly (1905-1986)................................................................................................................26 Clinical Psychology...........................................................................................................................30 Early Development of the Clinical Program........................................................................................30 Clinical Psychology and the Veterans Administration.........................................................................32 Clinical Psychology at Michigan in the ‘40s and ‘50s...........................................................................38 Anna S. Elonen (1904-1982)...............................................................................................................43 The Boulder Conference....................................................................................................................45 Social Psychology.............................................................................................................................47 The Creation of the Institute for Social Research...............................................................................50 The Program Surveys Division of the USDA........................................................................................50 The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey ....................................................................................................50 Rensis Likert (1903-1981) ..................................................................................................................53 The Survey Research Center .............................................................................................................55 3 Angus Campbel (1910-1980)..............................................................................................................57 George Katona (1901-1982)...............................................................................................................59 Research Center for Group Dynamics................................................................................................60 Dorwin (Doc) Carwright (1915-2008) .................................................................................................64 The Joint PhD Program in Social Psychology......................................................................................68 Daniel Katz (1903-1998).....................................................................................................................70 Robert Kahn (1918 -- )......................................................................................................................73 Roger Heyns (1918-1995) ..................................................................................................................75 Helen Peak (1900-1985) ....................................................................................................................77 Experimental Psychology .................................................................................................................79 Norman R. F. Maier (1900-1977)........................................................................................................81 Edward L. Walker (1914-1997)...........................................................................................................84 John W. Atkinson (1923-2003)...........................................................................................................86 H. Richard Blackwell (1921-1995) and The Vision Research Laboratory..............................................89 Mathew Alpern (1920-1996)..............................................................................................................90 The Development of Signal Detection Theory ....................................................................................93 Wilson P. (Spike) Tanner, Jr. (1912-1977)...........................................................................................95 Arthur W. Melton (1906-1978) ..........................................................................................................97 Physiological Psychology................................................................................................................102 James Olds (1922-1976)................................................................................................................... 103 Mathematical Psychology ..............................................................................................................105 Clyde H. Coombs (1912 -- 1988)....................................................................................................... 106 The Mental Health Research Institute.............................................................................................112 James Grier Miller (1916-2002)........................................................................................................ 119 Education and Psychology..............................................................................................................120 Wilbert J. McKeachie (1921- ) .........................................................................................................126 The End of the Reign ......................................................................................................................130 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................132 4 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the many interesting and helpful conversations that I have had during the past year with many of my colleagues about the history of our department. I would like to thank especially Bill McKeachie, George Rosenwald, Donald Brown and Gus Buchtel for their help. Additionally, I was aided by an extended email correspondence with Douglas Creelman, a Michigan PhD from the late 1950s. One small, but extremely important confusion with regard to the history of modern clinical psychology was clarified for me by the historian of psychology (and editor of the journal History of Psychology), James Capshew of Indiana University. Ms Lisa Boehr was also wonderfully helpful in digging through departmental files to obtain pictures and records of past and departed departmental faculty. 5 Preface About a year and a half ago, Fall Term 2008, I became embroiled in a dispute with the Development Office of LS&A over a question about the founding date of the Michigan Psychology Department. They marked the founding date as 1910. However, I had the good fortune to have read a wonderful history of our department, written by Al Raphelson in the 1960s, and I knew that the Development Office was wrong. It is not completely clear what date should be taken for our “founding”, but it was clearly not 1910. And, when I confronted the Development Office with the facts from Raphelson’s history, they backed off. At any rate, this dispute led to the idea of updating Raphelson’s history. Al’s history (in two volumes) covered the history of our department from its beginnings in the 19th century until roughly 1945. Since I had initiated the idea of an update, at least indirectly, it was suggested to me by some of our colleagues that I should look into the prospect of such a project. Raphelson’s history was extensive and comprehensive. However, by ending in 1945, it told the story of the “old” Michigan Psychology Department that was totally unlike the department that we know today. The “modern” department really began in 1945. It was created by Donald Marquis, and some of his extraordinary colleagues, between 1945 and 1957. Its
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