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On Democracy's Sustainability ON DEMOCRACY’S SUSTANABILITY ON DEMOCRACY’S SUSTANABILITY On Democracy’s Sustainability Transition in Guinea-Bissau LARS RUDEBECK LARS RUDEBECK T ransition in Guinea-Bissau Lars Rudebeck, Professor of Political Science at the Unit of Development Studies, Uppsala University, works in the field of politics and development with a focus on democratisation. His main concern lies with the transition from In his study of recent developments in Guinea-Bissau, anti-colonial liberation movement to juridically independent state power and Lars Rudebeck seeks to investigate how democratic rule subsequent post-colonial transformations. He has followed Guinea-Bissau closely since 1970. emerges and functions in real life. His analysis extends far beyond the multi-party system and election proce- dures as he discusses contrasts in people’s perceptions of democracy. He assesses their access to influential struc- tures, the roles of civil and political society, of the mili- tary, and of international assistance and argues that complex power structures need to be addressed if democracy is to be consolidated. Sida studies THE SIDA STUDIES-SERIES OFFERS A SELECTION OF THE REPORTS AND STUDIES COMMISSIONED BY DIFFERENT no. DEPARTMENTS AT SIDA. THE SELECTION IS MADE TO REFLECT ISSUES OF RELEVANCE TO SIDA’S POLICIES AND PRACTICES, BUT EACH REPORT EXPRESSES THE VIEWS AND FINDINGS OF ITS WRITER(S). Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Address: SE–105 25 Stockholm, Sweden. Visiting address: Sveavägen 20, Stockholm. Tel +46 8 698 50 00, e-mail: [email protected]. Sidastudies no. www.sida.se Previous issues in the Sida studies series: No 1 Moldova’s Transition to Destitution, Per Ronnås and Nina Orlova, Art. nr. D 0708 No 2 Beneficiary, Consumer, Citizen: Perspectives on Participation for Poverty Reduction, Andrea Cornwall, Art. nr. D 0718 No 3 Discussing Women’s Empowerment – Theory and Practice, Art. nr. D 0738 On Democracy’s Sustainability Transition in Guinea-Bissau Sida Studies can be ordered by visiting Sida’s website: www.sida.se Sida Studies can also be ordered from Sida’s Information Centre. E-mail: [email protected] Tel. + The Sida Studies-series offers a selection of the reports and studies recently commissioned by different departments at Sida. The selection is made to reflect issues of relevance to Sida’s policies and practices, but each report expresses the views and findings of its writer(s). Sida Studies no. Copyright: Sida. Series Editor: Anne Sisask Graphic Design: Johan Nilsson/Kombinera Cover Photo: Thomas Raupach/Phoenix Printed by Novum Grafiska AB, Gothenburg - --- Art. nr. On Democracy’s Sustainability Transition in Guinea-Bissau BY LARS RUDEBECK Sidastudies Foreword by Sida One of the overriding goals of Swedish development cooperation is to promote democracy and respect for human rights. Today, when Sweden is expanding development cooperation with some West African countries, the focus will to a great extent be on that goal. What could be more appropriate in such a context than a study of the process of democratisation in Guinea-Bissau – a West African country whose relations with Sweden date back to the days of the struggle for in- dependence? The present study makes an overall assessment of recent political transition in Guinea-Bissau, including the civil and regional war in -, in the light of key theoretical discussions on democracy and development. It represents an interest well beyond Guinea-Bissau, as it raises some very central and critical issues regarding the transition of political systems from one-party to multi-party systems and the role of different sections of society in democratic development. It also explores issues of democratic values and the distribution of power. It would be difficult to find anyone better qualified to analyse and assess developments in Guinea-Bissau in this light than Lars Rudebeck, professor of political science, teacher and researcher in development stud- ies at the University of Uppsala, Sweden. He has followed Guinea-Bissau closely since the early s, using its experience as a case in his research on historical processes of politics and development. This study makes a most valuable contribution to our understanding of the complexity of such processes. Stockholm on March Carin Norberg Head of Department, Department for Democracy and Social Development Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 10 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 13 1. DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRATISATION .......................................................... 16 The twofold meaning....................................................................................... 16 ‘To seek happiness’......................................................................................... 18 Universal thrust .............................................................................................. 18 From above.................................................................................................... 20 Globalisation – going beyond the national level................................................... 20 2. BREAKDOWN IN GUINEA-BISSAU 1998-1999 ................................................. 22 The origins of the crisis ................................................................................... 28 The role of ‘civil society’ during the crisis........................................................... 30 The role of the parliament ................................................................................ 31 3. TRANSITION TO ‘NORMALITY’........................................................................ 33 Tensions between civilian and military power ..................................................... 34 Party congresses ........................................................................................... 35 Legality, justice, power.................................................................................... 36 Constitutional conflict...................................................................................... 37 Preparing elections ......................................................................................... 38 What did the citizens do? ................................................................................. 38 4. PARLIAMENTARY AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS .......................................... 42 The elections and the results............................................................................ 42 Party system and the political parties................................................................ 48 Three particular opposition parties ................................................................... 50 The Party for Social Renewal, PRS........................................................... 50 The Union for Change, UM ...................................................................... 52 The Guinean Civic Forum-Social Democracy, FCG-SD................................ 53 The presidential candidates ............................................................................. 54 Participation in the elections ............................................................................ 56 The position of women .................................................................................... 58 The process of transition continues .................................................................. 60 The soldiers demonstrate....................................................................... 61 The final round approaches..................................................................... 61 5. FINAL ROUND OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION AND THE NEW GOVERNMENT..63 The result....................................................................................................... 63 New prime minister, new parliament, new president, new government.................. 65 President appoints prime minister before inauguration............................... 65 The newly elected parliament is opened ................................................... 66 The president is installed in office ............................................................ 66 The government is formed and installed ................................................... 67 The military junta and the government...................................................... 68 Large government, little activity............................................................... 70 Growing tensions during the first few months of the democratic regime ............... 70 Human and civic rights ........................................................................... 70 The unresolved issue of military and civilian power .................................... 70 6. DEMOCRATISATION IN THE VILLAGE = ‘CHANGE’?........................................... 72 Kandjadja – one village among thousands ......................................................... 72 A paradox ...................................................................................................... 75 The parliamentary and presidential elections at village level, November 1999....... 76 Second round of the presidential election at village level, January 2000 ............... 80 ‘Civil society’ at village level ............................................................................. 82 1999/2000: RADI and ‘civil society’........................................................
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