DOCSLIB.ORG

Survivability Design Guide for US Army Aircraft

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Survivability Design Guide for US Army Aircraft UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER AD891122 NEW LIMITATION CHANGE TO Approved for public release, distribution unlimited FROM Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agencies only; Foreign Gov't. Info.; Nov 1971. Other requests shall be referred to Army Air Mobility Research and Development Lab., Fort Eustis, VA. AUTHORITY USAAMRDL ltr, 30 Mar 1976 THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED 4AEI USAAMRDL TECHNICAL REPORT 71-41A "•SURVIVABILITY DESIGN GUIDE FOR U.S. ARMY AIRCRAFT VOLUME I SMALL-ARMS BALLISTIC PROTECTION By mt Witer 0. Ootseth November 1971 EUSTIS DIRECTORATE U.S. ARMY AIR MOBILITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY FORT EUSTIS, VIRGINIA CONTRACI DAAJ02-70-C-0044 LOS ANGELES DIVISION NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA ... •,rT I (,)h,'r ~qr,'~ .,[ for hIi. do ao N.-171 - 7 7 , t., " ,d nIt. DISCLAIMERS The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Deparl- ment of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. When Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely related Government procurement operation, the United States Government thereby incurs no respronsibility nor any obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Government may have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said ,drawings, specifications, or other data is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise as in any manner licensing the holder or any other person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission, to manufacture, use, or sell any patented irncntion that may in any way be related thereto. Trade names cited in this report do not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial hardware or software. DISPOSITION INSTRUCTIONS Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not return it to the originator. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U. S. ARMY AIR MOBILITY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY EUSTIS DIRECTORATE FORT EUSTIS, VIRGINIA 23604 (U) This first edition of Small-Arms Ballistic Protection Survivability Design Guide for U. S. Army Aircraft was prepared by North American Rockwell, Los Angeles Division, under'th'e terms of Contract DAAJ02-70- C-0044. (U) Under the contract, Army aircraft survivability design data generated over the past ten years were compiled and analyzed in the area of aircraft vulnerability reduction and aircrew protection against small-arms fire. From this source of information, pertinent design data related to aircraft vulnerability reduction and aircrew protection were selected and developed into this design guide for use by aircraft engineers, designers, and other personnel responsible for Army aircraft survivability. (U) The contents of this guide have been coordinated with the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, and the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center. It is expected that re- visions will be made and published from time to time to correct and update the guide and to add pertinent information as it becomes available. (U) Comments or suggestions pertaining to the data contained in this guide will be welcomed by this Directorate. (U) The technical monitor for this contract was Mr. Stephen Pociluyko, Safety and Survivability Division. Task 1F162203AI5003 Contract DAAJ02-70-C-0044 USAAMRDL Technical Report 71-41A November 1971 SURVIVABILITY DESIGN GUIDE FOR U.S. ARMY AIRCRAFT VOLUME I SMALL-ARMS BALLISTIC PROTECTION By Walter D. Dotseth Prepared by Los Angeles Division of North American Rockwell for EUSTIS DIRECTORATE U.S. ARMY AIR MOBILITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY FORT EUSTIS, VIRGINIA Distribution limited to U. S. Government agencies only; contains foreign information and threat level data; November 1971. Other requests for this document must be referred to the Eustis Directorate, U. S. Army Air Mobility Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Eustis, Virginia 23604. ABSTRACT An extensive literature and information search was conducted to identify military aircraft small arms protection enhancement techniques developed during the past 10 years. This data was analyzed and used to develop a comprehensive survivability design guide for incorporation of ballistic protection features in U.S. Army aircraft, The design guide is structured for use by aircraft configuration and subsystem design organizations, It provides guidance for overall survivability design considerations and de- tailed information on specific enhancement techniques. The greatest amount of the design guide information is unclassified and is contained in this document to facilitate its use by individual designers. Special classified information has been placed in Volume II (USAAMRDL Technical Report 71-41B) for use by design specialty areas. iii FOREWORD This document was prepared for the Eustis Directorate, U.S. Army Air Mobility Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Eustis, Virginia, by the Los Angeles Division of North American Rockwell Corporation under Con- tract DAAJ02-70-C-0044 (Task 1F162203A15003). The data contained in this publication was obtained through an extensive search of related published documents and other data developed during the past 10 years. Appreciation is extended to the following military activities for providing information and guidance required for specific portions of the rese-a-ch effort: * U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories * U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory * U.S. Army Combat Developments Command * U.S. Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center * U.S. Army Natick Laboratories * U.S. Army Board for Aviation Accident Research Acknowledgement is also extended to those aircraft manufacturers who pro- vided data and information on survivability/vulnerability features of their aircraft for use in this publication. Special credit is due to Mr. Stephen Pociluyko, Eustis Directorate project engineer, for, his diligence and cooperation in the total development of this guide. V ftiCaiIND PAGE BLANK-NOT FIUME] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ..................... .............................. iii FOREIVORD ......................... .............................. v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............. ....................... .... ix LIST OF TABLES ................... ........................... xx INTRODUCTION ....................... ............................ 1 CHAPTER 1. AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY DESIGN FACTORS ...... ......... 3 1.1 Introduction ................... ...................... 3 1.2 Definition of Survivability/Vulnerability Terms ... ..... 5 1.3 Vulnerability Assessments ............ ................ 7 CHAPTER 2. BALLISTIC THREAT CHARACTERISTICS ......... ............ 14 2.1 Introduction ............. ...................... ... 14 2.2 Small-Arms Systems ......... ................... .... 14 2.3 Projectiles .................. .. ............ .. 18 2.4 Projectile Ballistics ......... .................. ... 19 CHAPTER 3. GENERAL PROTECTION TECHNIQUES .... ............. ... 30 3.1 Introduction ............. ...................... ... 30 3.2 Minimized Detection .............. ................... 31 3.3 Redundancy/Separation ........ .................. ... 38 3.4 Isolation .............. ........................ ... 41 3.S Damage Tolerance/Resistance ..... ............... .... 41 3.6 Leakage Suppression/Control ..... ............... .... 41 3.7 Fire/Explosion Suppression ...... ............... ... 42 3.8 Fail-Safe Response ............... ................... 43 3.9 Material Selection ............... ................... 44 3.10 Masking/Armor ............ ...................... ... 44 CHAPTER 4. SPECIFIC DESIGN PROTECTION TECHNIqUES ... ......... ... 72 4.1 Introduction ............. ...................... ... 72 4.2 General Configurations ........ ................. ... 72 vii PfIfci)D FAG( BLWA NOT r mILj TABLE OF CONTENTS Page AB'STRACT .......... .............................. i.i.i. FOREiORD ............... ....................... .... v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............. ....................... ix LIST OF TABLES ............... .............................. xx INTRODUCTION. ..................... .......................... 1 CHAPTER 1. AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILI'IY DESIGN FACTORS ..... ......... 3 1.1 Introduction ............. ...................... 3 1.2 Definition of Survivability/Vulnerability Terms ........ 5 1.3 Vulnerability Assessments ......... ................ 7 CHAPTER 2. BALLISTIC THREAT CHARACTERISTICS ................ ... 14 2.1 Introduction ............. ...................... 14 2.2 Small-Axns Systems ....... ................... ... 14 2.3 Projectiles ................. ....... ............ 18 2.4 Projectile Ballistics ......... .................. 19 CHAPTER 3. GERAL PRUT.CTION TECHNIQUES .... ............. ... 30 3.1 Introduction ............. ...................... 30 3.2 Minnimzed Detection ..... ................... .... 31 3.3 Redundancy/Separation ...... .................. ... 38 3.4 Isolation ......... ........................ ... 41 3.S Damage Tolerance/Resistance .... ............... .... 41 3.6 Leakage Suppression/Control ........... ....... ... 41 3.7 Fire/Explosion Suppression .......... ............... 42 3.8 Fail-Safe Response ...... ................... ... 43 3.9 Material Selection ...... ................... ... 44 3.10 Masking/Armor . .................................. 44 CHAPTER 4. SPECIFIC DESIGN PROTECTION TECHNIqMES. .... ......... 72 4.1 Introduction .................. ...................... 72 4.2 General Configurations .......... ................. 72 vii
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Guns Dictionary : Page K1 the Directory: K–Kynoid
    GUNS DICTIONARY : PAGE K1 THE DIRECTORY: K–KYNOID Last update: May 2018 k Found on small arms components made in Germany during the Second World War by →Luck & Wagner of Suhl. K, crowned. A mark found on Norwegian military firearms made by→ Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk. K, encircled. Found on miniature revolvers made in the U.S.A. prior to 1910 by Henry M. →Kolb. Kaba, KaBa, Ka-Ba, KA-BA Marks associated with a distributor of guns and ammunition, Karl →Bauer of Berlin. Bauer imported 6·35mm →Browning- type pocket pistols from Spain, and sold ‘KaBa Special’ patterns which seem to have been the work of August →Menz. Kaba Spezial A Browning-type 6·35mm automatic pistol made in Spain by Francisco →Arizmendi of Eibar for Karl →Bauer of Berlin. Six rounds, striker fired. Kabakov Yevgeniy Kabakov was co-designer with Irinarkh →Komaritskiy of the sight-hood bayonet issued with the perfected or 1930-pattern Soviet →Mosin Nagant rifle. Kabler William or Wilhelm Kabler of Sante Fé, Bracken County, Kentucky, traded as a gunmaker in the years immediately before the Civil War. Kacer Martin V. Kacer of St Louis, Missouri, was the co-grantee with William J. Kriz of U.S. Patents 273288 of 6th March 1883 (‘Fire-Arm’, application filed on 16th January 1882) and 282328 of 31st July 1883 (‘Magazine Fire- Arm’, application filed on 7th December 1882). These patents protected, respectively, a break-open double barrel gun and a lever-action magazine rifle with a magazine in the butt-wrist. Kadet, Kadet Army Gun: see ‘King Kadet’. Kaduna arms factory The principal Nigerian manufacturory, responsible for local adaptations to →Garand and FN →FAL rifles.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Enemy-Threat-Weapons
    UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS THE BASIC SCHOOL MARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMAND CAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019 ENEMY THREAT WEAPONS B2A2177 STUDENT HANDOUT/SELF PACED INSTRUCTION Basic Officer Course B2A2177 Enemy Threat Weapons Enemy Threat Weapons Introduction In 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. The Soviets assumed this would be a short uneventful battle; however, the Mujahadeen had other plans. The Mujahadeen are guardians of the Afghani way of live and territory. The Soviets went into Afghanistan with the latest weapons to include the AK-74, AKS-74, and AKSU-74, which replaced the venerable AK-47 in the Soviet Arsenals. The Mujahadeen were armed with Soviet-made AK-47s. This twist of fate would prove to be fatal to the Soviets. For nearly 11 years, the Mujahadeen repelled the Soviet attacks with Soviet-made weapons. The Mujahadeen also captured many newer Soviet small arms, which augmented their supplies of weaponry. In 1989, the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan back to the other side of the mountain. The Mujahadeen thwarted a communist take- over with their strong will to resist and the AK-47. This is important to you because it illustrates what an effective weapon the AK-47 is, and in the hands of a well-trained rifleman, what can be accomplished. Importance This is important to you as a Marine because there is not a battlefield or conflict that you will be deployed to, where you will not find a Kalashnikov AK-47 or variant. In This Lesson This lesson will cover history, evolution, description, and characteristics of foreign weapons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bumpy Road to the Supreme Court: Does the Second Amendment Prevent States from Prohibiting Ownership of Assault-Style Rifles and High-Capacity Magazines?
    University of Baltimore Law Review Volume 47 | Issue 3 Article 2 2018 The umpB y Road to the Supreme Court: Does the Second Amendment Prevent States From Prohibiting Ownership of Assault-Style Rifles nda High-Capacity Magazines? James B. Astrachan Astrachan Gunst Thomas, P.C., [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation Astrachan, James B. (2018) "The umpB y Road to the Supreme Court: Does the Second Amendment Prevent States From Prohibiting Ownership of Assault-Style Rifles and High-Capacity Magazines?," University of Baltimore Law Review: Vol. 47 : Iss. 3 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr/vol47/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Baltimore Law Review by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE BUMPY ROAD TO THE SUPREME COURT: DOES THE SECOND AMENDMENT PREVENT STATES FROM PROHIBITING OWNERSHIP OF ASSAULT-STYLE RIFLES AND HIGH-CAPACITY MAGAZINES? James B. Astrachan* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................338 II. BACKGROUND ...................................................................339 III. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA V. HELLER AND UNITED STATES V. MILLER ...............................................344
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Page for Writing
    DEVELOPMENT AND INFLUENCE OF THE KALASHNIKOV RIFLE 1947 TO PRESENT TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations........................................................................................................................................................iii Abstract.........................................................................................................................................................................iv Glossary.........................................................................................................................................................................v Introduction The M43 Cartridge The Need for Assault Rifles The Development of the AK-47 Attributes of the AK-47 The Development of the AKM The Development of the AK-74 The Development of the AK-100 Series LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Parts of an AK Assault Rifle Gas-Operated Piston System Cartridge ABSTRACT This paper covers the evolving requirements of warfare that led to the development of the Kalashnikov AK- 47 assault rifle, the design of the rifle itself, the later development of the AKM, AK-74, and AK-100 series rifles, and the reasons behind each firearm's design. It will also cover the influence of the rifle on the world at large. GLOSSARY • Caliber – The thickness of a bullet. This can be measure in two ways: caliber (decimal fractions of an inch, so .45 caliber is a bullet .45 inches wide at its widest point) or in millimeters (a 7.62mm bullet is 7.62mm wide at its widest point). “Higher caliber” refers to a thicker, and usually
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Basic AK Type Rifle Identification Jonathan Ferguson & N.R
    Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd. t + 61 8 6365 4401 e [email protected] w www.armamentresearch.com ARES Research Note 6 – An Introduction to Basic AK Type Rifle Identification Jonathan Ferguson & N.R. Jenzen-Jones Introduction The AK rifle, designed in 1947 as the Avtomat Kalashnikova obraztsa 1947 or ‘Kalashnikov Automatic Rifle, model 1947’, represents perhaps the definitive assault rifle design. The development and introduction of the assault rifle represented an important mid-ground for automatic weapons between machine guns, firing full-power rifle cartridges, and submachine guns, firing pistol calibre cartridges. The so-called ‘intermediate cartridge’ allowed for riflemen to deliver comparatively accurate and lethal automatic fire at ranges greater than submachine guns could operate. Early assault rifles were informed by the experiences of the Second World War, which saw close-in fighting in urban terrain and jungles, rather than the longer range engagements of many previous conflicts. The Avtomat Kalashnikova (AK), often referred to in the West as the ‘AK-47’, refined the assault rifle concept, fusing together desirable design features from a number of earlier weapons. It was cheap to produce, reliable, and chambered for the effective 7.62 x 39 mm cartridge. AK type rifles are simple to operate, require little maintenance to remain functional, and can be produced using comparatively rudimentary production machinery. The Soviet Union not only exported vast quantities of AK type rifles (especially the AKM or Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniy; ‘Kalashnikov automatic rifle, modernised’, introduced in 1959), but also allowed for the transfer of manufacturing technology and blueprints to a number of satellite states and close allies.
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Members of the Committee, My Name Is Samuel Mcadoo, and I Am
    Dear Members of the Committee, My name is Samuel McAdoo, and I am nineteen years old and have been a lifelong resident of the State of Connecticut, and a lifelong enthusiast of the shooting sports. Since I was in the seventh grade, I have participated in competitive target shooting at the state and national level, competing at the National Matches at Camp Perry every year since 2009. I am writing this, my first ever message to officials of the state government, because I am deeply worried about the upcoming hearings regarding gun control and a number of related measures that have been proposed. None of these proposals will have any noticeable effect on crime, and are solely aimed an punishing lawful gun owners for the actions of a deranged minority. The term 'assault weapon' is not a term rooted in gunsmithing, firearms engineering, or military doctrine, it is simply a frightening-sounding marketing label devised by anti-Second Amendment activists to describe guns which look intimidating to the untrained eye. The term has been chosen, I would think deliberately, to cause confusion in the public with the term 'assault rifle,' which describes a fully-automatic or burst-firing weapon chambered in an intermediate cartridge (one of smaller than .30 caliber but with higher muzzle energy and range than a conventional pistol round). The weapons classified under the term of 'assault weapon' are not 'weapons of war,' as so many individuals, whether ignorant or deceitful, claim. Machine guns and those capable of switching between different rates of fire are already highly regulated under both Connecticut law (requiring them to be registered with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms and barring their transfer to or the use thereof by an individual under the age of 16) and the 1986 Firearm Owners Protection Act.
    [Show full text]
  • NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization: Ideal Or Possibility?
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2016 NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization: Ideal or Possibility? Zhou, Yi Le (David) Zhou, Y. L. (2016). NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization: Ideal or Possibility? (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27061 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2872 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY NATO Infantry Weapons Standardization: Ideal or Possibility? by Yi Le (David) Zhou A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF STRATEGIC STUDIES GRADUATE PROGRAM IN MILITARY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA March, 2016 © Yi Le (David) Zhou 2016 ii Abstract This thesis examines the efforts that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has taken regarding the standardization of rifles and small arms ammunition from the Cold War to the present day and the limitations of these standardization efforts. During the Cold War, NATO was unsuccessful at standardizing a common rifle and its member states only agreed to standardize ammunition calibers. This thesis will discuss the factors that prevented all of the alliance’s militaries from adopting the same rifle models and the problems associated with NATO’s ammunition standardization efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Submachine Guns in the Armed Forces of the Nato Countries
    SUBMACHINE GUNS IN THE ARMED FORCES OF THE NATO COUNTRIES Nenad V. Kovačevića, Goran M. Lazićb, Igor Z. Đorđevićc a University of Defence in Belgrade, Military Academy, Cadets Brigade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, e-mail: [email protected], ORCID iD: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0840-0063 b University of Defence in Belgrade, Military Academy, Department of Army Weapons and Equipment, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, e-mail: [email protected], ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-3956, c Serbian Armed Forces, Land Forces, 4. Brigade of Land Forces, Vranje, Republic of Serbia, e-mail: [email protected], ORCID iD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6497-6083 ed forces of pp.431-459 the NATO countries, DOI: 10.5937/vojtehg67-10205; https://doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg67-10205 FIELD: Weapons ARTICLE TYPE: Professional Paper ARTICLE LANGUAGE: English Abstract: The paper presents a brief review of modern achievements and directions of further development of one type of small arms in the armament of foreign armed forces - namely, submachine guns in the armed forces of the countries signatories of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The article follows the historical genesis of the development of the use of submachine guns as specific types of small arms. Access to , N. et al, Submachine guns in the arm recent literature represented a major problem; consequently, data from ć the Internet was largely used. Submachine guns are one of the most evi effective and efficient types of infantry weapons of foreign armed forces so č a more versatile look at the effects of their use is purposeful as well as the Kova need for innovation and investing in our own resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Guns Dictionary : Page S1 the Directory: S–Syrett
    GUNS DICTIONARY : PAGE S1 THE DIRECTORY: S–SYRETT Last update: May 2018 s Associated with small arms ammunition components made in Germany after 1940 by →Dynamit AG of St. Lambrecht. S beneath a crown, above a number. Applied by an Australian government arms inspector working in the Sydney depot in New South Wales. See also “British military inspectors’ marks”. S Found stamped into the heel of British Lee-Enfield ‘Short’ rifle butts, which were 2in shorter than the standard pattern. S Stamped under the butt of British →Lee Enfield rifles, near the socket, made for India Service with a spring washer on the stock retaining bolt. S and a number. Found on components of many British military firearms made during the Second World War, indicating a company operating in the ‘South’ (of Britain). The numbers identified individual companies.Typical examples associated with small-arms include ‘S 3’, →Adams Bros. & Burnley; ‘S 7’, →Auto Engineering (Croydon) Ltd; ‘S 30’, →Dashwood Engineering Ltd; ‘S 51’, →Holland & Holland Ltd; ‘S 54’, →Hydran Products Ltd; ‘S 63’, →Kork- n-Seal Ltd; ‘S 64’, the →Lamson Engineering Co. Ltd; ‘S 66’, →Lee Beilin Ltd; ‘S 67’, the →Lightfoot Refrigeration Co. Ltd; ‘S 68’, →Lines Bros. Ltd; ‘S 77’, the →Metal Box Company; ‘S 88’, the →National Cash Register Co. Ltd; ‘S 102’, the →Rolls Razor Co. Ltd; ‘S 103’, →Scoffin & Wilmot; ‘S 109’, the →Sterling Engineering Co.; ‘S 114’, →Trevor Stampings Ltd; ‘S 121’, →Vickers- Armstrongs Ltd, Bath; ‘S 123’, Howard →Wall Ltd; ‘S 125’, A. →Wells & Co.; ‘S 135’, →Air Ducts Ltd; ‘S 136’, the →Aircraft & General Engineering Co.; ‘S 144’, H.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gun” by J.C. Chivers a Thorough Study of the Most Famous Assault Rifle, Kalashnikov Ak 472
    Interdisiplinary Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 4, no. 3, 2017 91 Gjergj THANASI1 THE GUN” BY J.C. CHIVERS A THOROUGH STUDY OF THE MOST FAMOUS ASSAULT RIFLE, KALASHNIKOV AK 472 Abstract Albanian literature awfully lacks translations of popular scientific works from English military literature. A few translations in the early nineties of XX century and almost nothing else. “The Gun” is a thorough study of the history of the creation of assault rifle AK by Michael Kalashnikov. The book is also a detailed description of the proliferation of AK till it became the most famous and the most produced assault rifle with some 100 million rifles (originals, derivatives, knock offs, licensed copies, copy cats etc.). The book offers rich information on the countries, armies, police forces and militias armed with Kalashnikovs from the very beginning to nowadays. J. C. Chivers making use of access to recently opened archives of communist countries, Albania included unfolds to the reader new and fascinating info on AK 47 and its derivatives. “The Gun” is the first book to display detailed info on Albanian Kalashnikovs, imported from Soviet Union, communist China or locally produced by “Kombinati Mekanik Polican”, known as ASH 78 Tip 1 a clone of the Chinese Kalashnikov known as model 56, ASH 82 a copy of Soviet AKMS an improved version of the initial AK 47. The book describes also other Albanian derivatives of AK 47 such as its derivatives ASH 78 tip 2 which is a close copy of Soviet light machine gun RPK, ASH 78 tip 3, which is a hybrid rifle for multi-purpose roles mainly Marksman rifle with secondary assault rifle and grenade launcher capability) and also a subcompact version, a copy of the Soviet AK 47 pistol.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    c01.qxd 8/22/06 9:55 AM Page 9 1 Protecting the Motherland n books about the second world war, the battle of IBryansk is a minor conflict, barely deserving of a footnote. But this battle, so inconsequential that most historians skim over it without a second thought, has another place in history. It was here that a then unknown tank commander named Mikhail Kalashnikov decided that his Russian comrades would never again be defeated by a foreign army. In the years following the Great Patriotic War, as Soviet propagandists dubbed it, he was to conceive and fabricate a weapon so simple and yet so revolution- ary, it would change the way wars were fought and won. When the German army invaded the Soviet Union, it employed a new and COPYRIGHTEDfrightening style of warfare. MATERIAL Blitzkrieg, or “lightning war,” was a fast and open doctrine of assault that relied on pound- ing the enemy with massive air bombardments and long-range artillery attacks. Concentrated legions of tanks and infantrymen followed. They fired at almost point-blank range, leaving the enemy stunned, terrified, and unable to respond. 9 c01.qxd 8/22/06 9:55 AM Page 10 10 AK-47 Blitzkrieg’s success hinged on concentrating forces at a single point in an enemy’s defensive line, breaking a hole in that line, then thrusting deep into enemy territory, catching the opposition off guard and subjecting them to wave after wave of well-organized and brutally efficient invaders. It would all happen so quickly and on such a massive scale that armies were decisively beaten almost before they knew what hit them.
    [Show full text]
  • Rifle Development, Standardization, and Procurement in the United States Military 1950-1967 Robert Dale Hinrichs Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2009 Rifle development, standardization, and procurement in the United States military 1950-1967 Robert Dale Hinrichs Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hinrichs, Robert Dale, "Rifle development, standardization, and procurement in the United States military 1950-1967" (2009). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 10552. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/10552 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rifle development, standardization, and procurement in the United States military 1950-1967 By Robert Dale Hinrichs A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: History (History of Technology and Science) Program of Study Committee: Amy Sue Bix, Major Professor James T. Andrews Charles M. Dobbs Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2009 Copyright © Robert Dale Hinrichs, 2009. All rights reserved ii Table of Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1. The Light Rifle Project and NATO Standardization 7 Chapter 2. Domestic Challenges to the Light Rifle Project 29 Chapter 3. Opposition to the Light Rifle Project in the Ordnance Corps 38 Chapter 4. Small Caliber High Velocity Rifles 52 Chapter 5. Mismanagement of M-14 Rifle Procurement 67 Chapter 6.
    [Show full text]