UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER AD891122 NEW LIMITATION CHANGE TO Approved for public release, distribution unlimited FROM Distribution authorized to U.S. Gov't. agencies only; Foreign Gov't. Info.; Nov 1971. Other requests shall be referred to Army Air Mobility Research and Development Lab., Fort Eustis, VA. AUTHORITY USAAMRDL ltr, 30 Mar 1976 THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED 4AEI USAAMRDL TECHNICAL REPORT 71-41A "•SURVIVABILITY DESIGN GUIDE FOR U.S. ARMY AIRCRAFT VOLUME I SMALL-ARMS BALLISTIC PROTECTION By mt Witer 0. Ootseth November 1971 EUSTIS DIRECTORATE U.S. ARMY AIR MOBILITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY FORT EUSTIS, VIRGINIA CONTRACI DAAJ02-70-C-0044 LOS ANGELES DIVISION NORTH AMERICAN ROCKWELL CORPORATION LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA ... •,rT I (,)h,'r ~qr,'~ .,[ for hIi. do ao N.-171 - 7 7 , t., " ,d nIt. DISCLAIMERS The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Deparl- ment of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. When Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely related Government procurement operation, the United States Government thereby incurs no respronsibility nor any obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Government may have formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said ,drawings, specifications, or other data is not to be regarded by implication or otherwise as in any manner licensing the holder or any other person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission, to manufacture, use, or sell any patented irncntion that may in any way be related thereto. Trade names cited in this report do not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial hardware or software. DISPOSITION INSTRUCTIONS Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not return it to the originator. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U. S. ARMY AIR MOBILITY RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY EUSTIS DIRECTORATE FORT EUSTIS, VIRGINIA 23604 (U) This first edition of Small-Arms Ballistic Protection Survivability Design Guide for U. S. Army Aircraft was prepared by North American Rockwell, Los Angeles Division, under'th'e terms of Contract DAAJ02-70- C-0044. (U) Under the contract, Army aircraft survivability design data generated over the past ten years were compiled and analyzed in the area of aircraft vulnerability reduction and aircrew protection against small-arms fire. From this source of information, pertinent design data related to aircraft vulnerability reduction and aircrew protection were selected and developed into this design guide for use by aircraft engineers, designers, and other personnel responsible for Army aircraft survivability. (U) The contents of this guide have been coordinated with the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, and the Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center. It is expected that re- visions will be made and published from time to time to correct and update the guide and to add pertinent information as it becomes available. (U) Comments or suggestions pertaining to the data contained in this guide will be welcomed by this Directorate. (U) The technical monitor for this contract was Mr. Stephen Pociluyko, Safety and Survivability Division. Task 1F162203AI5003 Contract DAAJ02-70-C-0044 USAAMRDL Technical Report 71-41A November 1971 SURVIVABILITY DESIGN GUIDE FOR U.S. ARMY AIRCRAFT VOLUME I SMALL-ARMS BALLISTIC PROTECTION By Walter D. Dotseth Prepared by Los Angeles Division of North American Rockwell for EUSTIS DIRECTORATE U.S. ARMY AIR MOBILITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY FORT EUSTIS, VIRGINIA Distribution limited to U. S. Government agencies only; contains foreign information and threat level data; November 1971. Other requests for this document must be referred to the Eustis Directorate, U. S. Army Air Mobility Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Eustis, Virginia 23604. ABSTRACT An extensive literature and information search was conducted to identify military aircraft small arms protection enhancement techniques developed during the past 10 years. This data was analyzed and used to develop a comprehensive survivability design guide for incorporation of ballistic protection features in U.S. Army aircraft, The design guide is structured for use by aircraft configuration and subsystem design organizations, It provides guidance for overall survivability design considerations and de- tailed information on specific enhancement techniques. The greatest amount of the design guide information is unclassified and is contained in this document to facilitate its use by individual designers. Special classified information has been placed in Volume II (USAAMRDL Technical Report 71-41B) for use by design specialty areas. iii FOREWORD This document was prepared for the Eustis Directorate, U.S. Army Air Mobility Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Eustis, Virginia, by the Los Angeles Division of North American Rockwell Corporation under Con- tract DAAJ02-70-C-0044 (Task 1F162203A15003). The data contained in this publication was obtained through an extensive search of related published documents and other data developed during the past 10 years. Appreciation is extended to the following military activities for providing information and guidance required for specific portions of the rese-a-ch effort: * U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories * U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory * U.S. Army Combat Developments Command * U.S. Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center * U.S. Army Natick Laboratories * U.S. Army Board for Aviation Accident Research Acknowledgement is also extended to those aircraft manufacturers who pro- vided data and information on survivability/vulnerability features of their aircraft for use in this publication. Special credit is due to Mr. Stephen Pociluyko, Eustis Directorate project engineer, for, his diligence and cooperation in the total development of this guide. V ftiCaiIND PAGE BLANK-NOT FIUME] TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ..................... .............................. iii FOREIVORD ......................... .............................. v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............. ....................... .... ix LIST OF TABLES ................... ........................... xx INTRODUCTION ....................... ............................ 1 CHAPTER 1. AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILITY DESIGN FACTORS ...... ......... 3 1.1 Introduction ................... ...................... 3 1.2 Definition of Survivability/Vulnerability Terms ... ..... 5 1.3 Vulnerability Assessments ............ ................ 7 CHAPTER 2. BALLISTIC THREAT CHARACTERISTICS ......... ............ 14 2.1 Introduction ............. ...................... ... 14 2.2 Small-Arms Systems ......... ................... .... 14 2.3 Projectiles .................. .. ............ .. 18 2.4 Projectile Ballistics ......... .................. ... 19 CHAPTER 3. GENERAL PROTECTION TECHNIQUES .... ............. ... 30 3.1 Introduction ............. ...................... ... 30 3.2 Minimized Detection .............. ................... 31 3.3 Redundancy/Separation ........ .................. ... 38 3.4 Isolation .............. ........................ ... 41 3.S Damage Tolerance/Resistance ..... ............... .... 41 3.6 Leakage Suppression/Control ..... ............... .... 41 3.7 Fire/Explosion Suppression ...... ............... ... 42 3.8 Fail-Safe Response ............... ................... 43 3.9 Material Selection ............... ................... 44 3.10 Masking/Armor ............ ...................... ... 44 CHAPTER 4. SPECIFIC DESIGN PROTECTION TECHNIqUES ... ......... ... 72 4.1 Introduction ............. ...................... ... 72 4.2 General Configurations ........ ................. ... 72 vii PfIfci)D FAG( BLWA NOT r mILj TABLE OF CONTENTS Page AB'STRACT .......... .............................. i.i.i. FOREiORD ............... ....................... .... v LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............. ....................... ix LIST OF TABLES ............... .............................. xx INTRODUCTION. ..................... .......................... 1 CHAPTER 1. AIRCRAFT SURVIVABILI'IY DESIGN FACTORS ..... ......... 3 1.1 Introduction ............. ...................... 3 1.2 Definition of Survivability/Vulnerability Terms ........ 5 1.3 Vulnerability Assessments ......... ................ 7 CHAPTER 2. BALLISTIC THREAT CHARACTERISTICS ................ ... 14 2.1 Introduction ............. ...................... 14 2.2 Small-Axns Systems ....... ................... ... 14 2.3 Projectiles ................. ....... ............ 18 2.4 Projectile Ballistics ......... .................. 19 CHAPTER 3. GERAL PRUT.CTION TECHNIQUES .... ............. ... 30 3.1 Introduction ............. ...................... 30 3.2 Minnimzed Detection ..... ................... .... 31 3.3 Redundancy/Separation ...... .................. ... 38 3.4 Isolation ......... ........................ ... 41 3.S Damage Tolerance/Resistance .... ............... .... 41 3.6 Leakage Suppression/Control ........... ....... ... 41 3.7 Fire/Explosion Suppression .......... ............... 42 3.8 Fail-Safe Response ...... ................... ... 43 3.9 Material Selection ...... ................... ... 44 3.10 Masking/Armor . .................................. 44 CHAPTER 4. SPECIFIC DESIGN PROTECTION TECHNIqMES. .... ......... 72 4.1 Introduction .................. ...................... 72 4.2 General Configurations .......... ................. 72 vii