Anatomy and Physiology of the Articulatory System Prepared by: Manwa L. Ng, Ph.D. 2013-2014

All images and media adopted without permission. Internal use only. Agenda

• Overview of the speech producon mechanism

• Anatomy of the arculatory system • Skeletal framework • Musculature

• Physiology of the arculatory system

2 Speech production - overview

• Anatomically and physiologically, it is divided into three components: • Respiraon • Phonaon • Arculaon • In theory, these components are independent of each other 3 Speech production - overview

• These systems all • Phonatory system have their own • B: a valving system in biological (B) and (S) the throat speech funcons • S: sound generaon

• Respiratory system • Arculatory system • B: breathing • B: mascaon, • S: “power supply” for degluon, gustaon speech producon • S: resonance, sound generaon 4 The articulatory system

• Everything above the • Movement is larynx, = relavely fast supralaryngeal • Few superficial system structures. Most • Complicated; quite structures lie deep irregular inside • Involves the enre • What is the meaning skull (cranium) and of “arculaon”? face • Shape of arculatory system is flexible 5 Major functions

• Biological funcon • Mascaon • Degluon • Gustaon • Digeson • Speech funcon • Arculaon, resonance • Sound generaon

6 The vocal tract

• 4 cavies in the vocal tract: • Buccal cavity • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity • Pharyngeal cavity • Definions • Funcon of vocal tract • Resonance • Arculaon 7 Cavities of the articulatory system • Buccal cavity • Nasal cavity • Anterior: two lips • Pharyngeal cavity • Posterior: two teeth • From base of skull to • Size variable esophagus • Oral cavity • 3 divisions • Anterior: two teeth • nasopharynx • oropharynx • Posterior: anterior • laryngopharynx faucial pillar • Superior: hard and so palates

• Inferior: tongue 8 The oral cavity

9 The oral cavity

• Anterior faucial pillars • Posterior faucial pillars • Boundary: • Floor: tongue • Anterior: teeth • Posterior: anterior faucial pillars • Roof: hard palate, so palate & uvula

10 The nasal cavity

11 The nasal cavity

• Shape relavely fixed • Lined with mucous membrane (so, warm, and pliable) • Inferior nasal concha (turbinate) • Nasal septum

12 The pharyngeal cavity

• A musculotendinous tube • A constrictor • Peristalsis: wave-like contracon for movement of food bolus • Inferiorly connecng to esophageal opening (UES) (cricopharyngeus muscle) • Eustachian tube • Where is it? • Funcon 13 The pharyngeal cavity

• Nasopharynx • Base of skull - so palate • Oropharynx • So palate - hyoid bone • Laryngopharynx • Hyoid bone - cricoid carlage

14 The skeletal framework

• The skull • Cranial bones - forming the cranium, housing the brain

• Facial bones - contribute to the facial configuraon

15 The skull - anterior view

• Orbits • Nasal opening • Supra- and infra-orbital margins • Frontal bone, glabella • Zygoma (cheek) • Upper and low jaws • Nasal bone • Nasal septum 16 The skull - lateral view

• TMJ (Temporomandibular joint) • Upper and lower jaws • Parietal bones • Temporal bones • Anterior nasal spine • Zygomac bones

17 The skull - superior view (cut)

• Ethmoid bone, crista galli • Sphenoid bone, sella turcica • Foramen magnum • Occipital bone • Superior occipital protuberance

18 The skull - inferior view

• Hard palate (maxillary bone + palane bone) • Posterior nasal spine • Foramen magnum • Occipital condyles • Occipital bone • Zygomac bones • TMJ • Temporal bones (mastoid process) 19 The face - anterior view

20 The face - lateral view

21 The mandible

• A.k.a. lower jaw • The only freely moving bone in the skull • TMJ - a bi-condyloid joint • Teeth do not belong to mandible • Movements: rotaonal & translaonal • Closely related to tongue movement 22 The mandible

• Ramus • Body • Angle • Alveolar process • Coronoid process • Condyloid process • Mandibular notch • Oblique line • Mylohyoid line • Mental & mandibular foramens 23 Occlusion

• Occlusion - relave • Angle’s Classificaon: posioning of the • Class I: normal mandible and occlusion maxillary bones • Class II: retracted • Malocclusion mandible • • May be caused by Class III: protruded relave sizes of the (prognathic) mandible mandible and the upper jaw • May be caused by imperfecon of TMJ 24 Occlusion

25 The hard palate

• Anterior 3/4: formed by palane process of maxillary bones • Posterior 1/4: formed by horizontal process of palane bones • Incisive foramen • Median suture • Alveolar process • So palate (more later) 26 The hard palate

27 Speech muscles

• Divided into different regions: • Labial • Lingual • Mandibular • Palatal • Pharyngeal

28 The lips

• Biological funcon • Speech funcon • bilabial sounds • /p, b/, /f, v/, /w/, /u/ etc. • A sphincter • Corner of the mouth • Orbicularis oris superioris & inferioris • No definite shape and size • Muscle fibers in circular fashion 29 The lips

30 The lips

31 The lips

• Other muscles assisng the lips: • Buccinator • Risorius • Levator labii superioris • Depressor labii inferioris • Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi • Levator anguli oris • Depressor anguli oris • Zygomacus major • Zygomacus minor • Mentalis • Platysma 32 The teeth

• Locaon, shape, and size relavely fixed • Lower teeth move with mandible • Biological funcon • Mascaon (physically break down food, increase surface area for digeson) • Defense (in lower animals) • Speech funcon • Dental sounds • /ɵ, ð/, /f, v/, /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ etc.

33 The tongue

• The fastest moving arculator • Shape and locaon of tongue can be changed by intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles • Major funcons: to change the resonance property of the vocal tract • Biological funcon: gustaon, tacle, …

34 The tongue

• Oral/palatal part: • Tip • Blade • Dorsum • Pharyngeal part: • Root • Tongue body • Glossectomy - surgical removal of tongue 35 Gustation

• Biological funcons • Gustaon (taste buds) • Mascaon • Speech funcon • Lingual sounds, very important as many sounds are involved with tongue p and blade • (/l, n, d, t, k, g, r, w, u, i, s, z, …/)

36 Intrinsic tongue muscles

• Superior longitudinal tongue muscle • Inferior longitudinal tongue muscle • Vercal tongue muscle • Transverse tongue muscle

37 Intrinsic tongue muscles

• Mainly to change the configuraon of tongue (tension, shape, length, tongue p curling, etc.) • Parcularly important in /s, z/, / r/, /l/

38 Extrinsic tongue muscles

• Genioglossus • Styloglossus • Palatoglossus • Hyoglossus

39 Extrinsic tongue muscles

• Mainly used to change locaon of tongue

• Fronng, backing, elevaon, depression

40 Tongue movement and tongue muscles • Tongue fronng: • E.g. /ө/, /ð/, /i/ • Genioglossus (posterior fibers) (GGP) (+ jaw movement) • Tongue p up • E.g. /s/, /l/, /n/, /t/ • GGP + superior longitudinal • Tongue dorsum back and up • E.g. /u/, /w/, /k/ • Styloglossus (+ palatoglossus) 41 Tongue movement and tongue muscles • Tongue surface groove • E.g. /s/ • Vercalis lingualis • Tongue p curling up • E.g. /l/, /r/ • Superior longitudinal • Tongue lowering & flaening • E.g. /a/ • Hyoglossus + inferior longitudinal • Tongue deviaon 42 • E.g. licking the corner of mouth • Superior longitudinal The jaw

• Biological funcon • Mascaon • Speech funcon • Very important as many other arculators move with the mandible • Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

43 Mandibular elevators

• Mandibular Elevators • Temporalis • Masseter • Medial / Internal pterygoid muscle

44 Temporalis m.

45 Masseter m.

46 Masseter m.

47 Medial pterygoid m.

48 Mandibular depressors

• Digastricus • Mylohyoid • Geniohyoid • Lateral / External pterygoid muscle

49 Mandibular depressors

50 Lateral pterygoid m.

51 Lateral pterygoid m.

52 Jaw involvement in speech

• Low vowels vs. high vowels

• Consonants: bilabial, alveolar, velar

• Tongue moves as the mandible moves; tongue and mandible move as one system

53 The soft palate

54 The soft palate

• So palate forms the posterior 1/3 of the enre palate • Formed by muscles • An important part of the velopharyngeal (VP) port • VP port = gateway to nasal cavity, controls nasality • Open VP port, nasal resonance

• Cle palate 55 Cleft palate

• Nasals vs. oral sounds • Nasalized vowels

• Queson: Nasalized or non-nasalized during a 56 cold? Palatal muscles

• Tensor veli palani m. • Levator veli palani m. • Uvula m. • Palatoglossus m. • Anterior faucial pillars • Palatopharyngeus m. • Posterior faucial pillars

57 Palatal muscles

58 Palatal muscles

59 Palate movement

60 Pharyngeal constrictors

61 Pharyngeal constrictors

• Superior pharyngeal constrictors • Pterygopharyngeus m. • Buccopharyngeus m. • Mylopharyngeus m. • Glossopharyngeus m. • Middle pharyngeal constrictors • Chondropharyngeus m. • Ceratopharyngeus m.

62 Pharyngeal constrictors

• Inferior pharyngeal constrictors • Thyropharyngeus m. • Cricopharyngeus m. • Stylopharyngeus m. • Salpingopharyngeus m. • Palatopharyngeus m.

63 Links

• More pictures (courtesy to Loyala University Medical Educaon Network) • My site • And many more…

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