DOCSLIB.ORG

Instructions for Sonography of Facial Muscles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Instructions for Sonography of Facial Muscles Instructions for Sonography of Facial Muscles Instruction for the sonography of the facial muscles Gerd Fabian Volk, Basel 2018 based on the German version from Maik Sauer, Jena 2013 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Information on the conduction of the examination 2 3. Position of the marker on the ultrasound transducer 3 4. Position and handling of the ultrasound transducer 4 5. Anatomy of the mimic muscles 4 6. Anatomy of the chewing muscles 7 7. Sonographic representation of the facial muscles 8 7.1 Venter frontalis, M. occipitofrontalis 8 7.2 M. corrugator supercilii 10 7.3 M. procerus 12 7.4 M. orbicularis oculi 13 7.5 M. nasalis 15 7.6 Mm. mentales 16 7.7 M. orbicularis oris 17 7.8 M. depressor anguli oris / M. depressor labii inferioris 18 7.9 M. risorius 20 7.10 M. zygomaticus major 21 7.11 M. zygomaticus minor 22 7.12 M. levator labii superioris 23 7.13 M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 24 7.14 M. buccinator 25 8. Sonographic cut of the chewing muscles 26 8.1 M. temporalis 26 8.2 M. masseter 27 9. Power Doppler - Sonography of the facial arteries 28 9.2 A. temporalis profunda anterior 30 9.3 A. labialis superior 31 1 Instructions for sonography of facial muscles 1. Introduction This instruction for sonography of the facial muscles is meant to help the interested sonography users to better understand the partly very complex sonographic cross sections of the mimic and chewing musculature and to reproduce them themselves. It is also meant to help with the evaluation of the captured sonographic data. Due to the special anatomy of the facial musculature it is not always easy to differentiate single facial muscles against the surrounding fat and connective tissue. All sonographic pictures will be accompanied by a schematic drawing below to make things clearer. To clarify the dynamic changes of the different muscles in motion, each sonographic picture in relaxation will be accompanied by a picture of maximum arbitrary contraction. In addition to the pictures of the muscles in relaxation and contraction, there is also a batch of pictures which show some examples of areas which were encircled wrongly to avoid misunderstandings. The anatomic structures marked with numbers will be named and explained underneath the appropriated pictures. To simplify the orientation and to clearly arrange the atlas, only pictures of the right face half were used. Furthermore, so called markers were used. Their function and meaning will be illustrated in detail in section 3. 2. Information on the conduction of the examination Always use a sufficient amount of ultrasound gel to achieve an optimal skin coupling as well as a prevention of compression on the superficial muscles and vessels. The usage of standoff pads has turned out unsuitable in practice. Standoff pads are often unhandy for the examiner and are uncomfortable for the patient. The image quality only improved insignificantly. If the dynamic characteristics of the muscles shall be assessed, it turned out to be helpful to practice the appropriated movements before the examination. The movements shall be explained in detail and be demonstrated by the examiner. As it is quite hard for many people to consciously perform mimic movements, we recommend the use of a mirror in the training phase and also during the examination itself. Contractions of the appropriate target muscle might facilitate the clear identification of single muscles for the examiner. As the mimic muscles of elderly and/or obese people often contain a lot of connective and fat tissue and thus appear hyperechoic, the identification by contraction is particularly important. The examiner should pay special attention to the fact, that the patient performs the required movement. If the perfusion shall be determined, it should take part before the contraction. Thus changes in blood flow by vascular compression or vasoactive mediators can be minimized. 2 Instructions for sonography of facial muscles 3. Position of the marker on the ultrasound transducer To make the position of the ultrasound transducer easier to comprehend we worked with so called markers. The marker is positioned on the leading end of L 15-7io “Hockey Stick” linear ultrasound transducer. To illustrate the position of the ultrasound transducer within the different figures a green scheme ultrasound transducer with red head was used for the L 15-7io “Hockey Stick” linear ultrasound transducer. The red tip corresponds to the marker position on the ultrasound transducer; the green part corresponds to the contact area of the ultrasound transducer. The marker is represented by a brown line on the side of the ultrasound transducer on L 12-3 linear ultrasound transducer. The corresponding scheme ultrasound transducer is blue with a yellow tip. In this case the yellow tip corresponds to the marker position on the ultrasound transducer; the blue part matches to the contact area of the ultrasound transducer. By using the markers the examiner is always able to easily find the corect orientation. If the ultrasound transducer is aligned right on the patient, the corresponding structures are on the right side of the ultrasound image. b Abb. 1 Explanation of the markers a) Position of the ultrasound transducer for the display of the M. procerus 1 position of the marker on L 15-7io “Hockey Stick” linear ultrasound transducer. 2 scheme ultrasound transducer green with red head. The read head corresponds to the marker on the ultrasound transducer. 3 Ultrasound image of the M. procerus with integrated scheme ultrasound transducer at the top left of the picture. b) Position of the ultrasound transducer to display the M. frontalis 1 L12-3 linear ultrasound transducer with marker line 2 scheme ultrasound transducer blue with yellow head. The yellow head represents the marker line on the ultrasound transducer. 3 Ultrasound image of the M. frontalis right with integrated scheme ultrasound transducer at the top left of the picture. 3 Instructions for sonography of facial muscles 4. Position and handling of the ultrasound transducer The ultrasound transducer shall always be put vertically on the skin surface. Otherwise the respective muscle will be oblique cut and the corresponding measuring values will be useless. The display of vessels is an exception from the above described handling of the ultrasound transducer. Due to the variable course of vessels it might be necessary to swivel the ultrasound transducer based on the initial position through the cut of the vessel, i.e. to change the angle of the ultrasound transducer to the skin surface. Thus it is possible to show a straight, axial cut of the vessel along the course of the vessel. 5. Anatomy of the mimic muscles Tab. 1 Anatomy of the facial musculature (by Zilles et al. 2010) Muscle Origin/Approach Innervation/blood supply Function Muscles of the skullcap M. epicranius M. occipitofrontalis ▪ Venter frontalis Origin Innervation Shifting the scalp over the tendons of adjacent ▪ Rr. temporalis of the muscles in the range of pars nasalis N. facialis Raising the eyebrows and the of Os frontale Blood supply forehead skin Approach ▪ A. supraorbitalis Galea aponeurotica ▪ A. supratrochlearis ▪ A. lacrimalis ▪ R. frontalis of the Origin A. temporalis ▪ Venter occipitalis Linea nuchalis suprema superficialis (M. occipitalis) Approach Innervation Galea aponeurotica ▪ R. occipitalis of the N. auricularis posterior of the N. facialis Blood supply ▪ A. occipitalis M. temporoparietalis Origin Innervation no appreciable function Fascia temporalis ▪ Rr. temporalis of the Approach N. facialis Galea aponeurotica Blood supply ▪ A. temporalis superficialis Muscles in the range of the eye socket and the palpebral fissure M. orbicularis oculi ▪ Pars orbitalis Origin Innervation Firm closure of the palpebral Crista lacrimalis und Proc. frontalis ▪ Rr. temporalis fissure der Maxilla ▪ Rr. zygomatici of the Approach N. facialis over the Raphe palpebralis lateralis on Os zygomaticum Blood supply ▪ A. facialis ▪ Pars palpebralis Origin ▪ R. frontalis of the Closure of the palpebral fissure, Lig. palpebrale mediale A. temporalis superficialis participation on blink and Approach ▪ A. infraorbitalis of the stabilisation of the lower eyelid Lig. palpebrale laterale A. maxillaris for forming the “Tränensee” Origin ▪ A. supraorbitalis, Stimulation of the lacrimation ▪ Pars lacrimalis Crista lacrimalis of the Os lacrimale A. lacrimalis and Outflow of the lacrimal fluid (Horner-muscle) Approach A. supratrochlearis of the Canaliculi lacrimales into the Pars A. ophthalmica palpebralis M. corrugator supercilii Origin Innervation Shifting the eyebrow skin Os frontale above the Sutura ▪ Rr. temporalis of the downwards medial frontomaxillaris, Glabella, Arcus N. facialis superciliaris Blood supply Approach ▪ A. supraorbitalis and Skin above the middle third of the A. supratrochlearis of the eyebrow, Galea aponeurotica A. ophthalmica ▪ R. frontalis of the A. temporalis superficialis M. depressor supercilii Origin Innervation Shifting the skin above the nasal Os frontale ▪ R. temporalis of the N. root to a cross fold Approach facialis medial part of the eyebrow Blood supply ▪ Aa. supratrochlearis and supraorbitalis of the A. 4 Instructions for sonography of facial muscles ophthalmica Muscles in the range of the nose M. procerus Origin Innervation Shifting the skin above the Os nasale, Cartilago nasi lateralis ▪ R. zygomaticus of the Glabella downwards to a cross Approach N. facialis fold above the nasal root Skin of the Glabella Blood supply ▪ A. dorsalis nasi, A. supratrochlearis and branches of the A. ethmoidalis anterior of the A. ophthalmica M. nasalis ▪ Pars transversa Origin Innervation Pull the nostril and the nasal tip Jugum alveolare of the canine until ▪ Rr. zygomatici of the downwards, slight expanion of the Fossa canina of the Maxilla N. facialis the nasal orifice, deepening of the Approach Blood supply nostril furrow Aponeurosis above the nasal root ▪ angularis of the A. facialis ▪ Pars alaris Origin Innervation above the Jugum alveolare of the ▪ Rr. zygomatici of the lateral incisor N.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Muscular System Views
    1 PRE-LAB EXERCISES Before coming to lab, get familiar with a few muscle groups we’ll be exploring during lab. Using Visible Body’s Human Anatomy Atlas, go to the Views section. Under Systems, scroll down to the Muscular System views. Select the view Expression and find the following muscles. When you select a muscle, note the book icon in the content box. Selecting this icon allows you to read the muscle’s definition. 1. Occipitofrontalis (epicranius) 2. Orbicularis oculi 3. Orbicularis oris 4. Nasalis 5. Zygomaticus major Return to Muscular System views, select the view Head Rotation and find the following muscles. 1. Sternocleidomastoid 2. Scalene group (anterior, middle, posterior) 2 IN-LAB EXERCISES Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the head and neck region of the muscular system. As you explore the modules, locate the muscles on any charts, models, or specimen available. Please note that these muscles act on the head and neck – those that are located in the neck but act on the back are in a separate section. When reviewing the action of a muscle, it will be helpful to think about where the muscle is located and where the insertion is. Muscle physiology requires that a muscle will “pull” instead of “push” during contraction, and the insertion is the part that will move. Imagine that the muscle is “pulling” on the bone or tissue it is attached to at the insertion. Access 3D views and animated muscle actions in Visible Body’s Human Anatomy Atlas, which will be especially helpful to visualize muscle actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Axis Scientific Skull with Muscle Origins and Insertions A-108851
    Axis Scientific Skull with Muscle Origins and Insertions A-108851 *Muscle Origins = RED Anterior View Occipital Bone Posterior View *Muscle Insertions = BLUE Posterior Cerebral Artery Frontal Bone Basilar Artery Pontine Arteries Parietal Bone Nasal Bone Temporal Bone Sphenoid Bone Temporalis Parietal Bone Occipitofrontalis Occipital Bone Lacrimal Bone Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Temporalis Semispinalis Capitis Temporal Bone Corrugator Supercilii Splenius Capitis Longissimus Capitis Orbicularis Oculi Obliquus Capitis Superior Temporal Basilar Artery Bone Procerus Rectis Capitis C1 Posterior Major Vertebral Artery Levator Labii Superioris C2 Alaeque Nasi Rectis Capitis Posterior Minor Sphenoid Levator Labii Superioris Posterior Digastric Zygomatic Bone Bone C3 Nasalis (Transverse Part) Rectis Capitis C4 Masseter Lateralis Spinal Nerve Zygomaticus Major C5 Zygomatic Medial Pterygoid Bone Zygomaticus Minor C6 Temporalis Mylohyoid C7 Mandible Levator Anguli Oris Vomer Nasalis (Alar Part) Spinal Nerve Spinal Cord Maxilla Orbicularis Oris Depressor Septi Nasi Masseter Medial Superior Masseter Mandible Orbicularis Oris Constrictor Pterygoid Inferior View Styloglossus Platysma Mylohyoid Depressor Stylohyoid Anguli Oris Anterior Stylopharyngeus Spinal Nerve Depressor Digastric Labii Inferioris Posterior Geniohyoid Digastric Vertebral Artery Mentalis Rectis Capitis Genioglossus Lateralis Rectis Capitis Buccinator Mandible Posterior Major Rectis Capitis Posterior Minor Frontal Bone Corrugator Supercilii Orbicularis Oculi Lacrimal Bone Depressor
    [Show full text]
  • Questions on Human Anatomy
    Standard Medical Text-books. ROBERTS’ PRACTICE OF MEDICINE. The Theory and Practice of Medicine. By Frederick T. Roberts, m.d. Third edi- tion. Octavo. Price, cloth, $6.00; leather, $7.00 Recommended at University of Pennsylvania. Long Island College Hospital, Yale and Harvard Colleges, Bishop’s College, Montreal; Uni- versity of Michigan, and over twenty other medical schools. MEIGS & PEPPER ON CHILDREN. A Practical Treatise on Diseases of Children. By J. Forsyth Meigs, m.d., and William Pepper, m.d. 7th edition. 8vo. Price, cloth, $6.00; leather, $7.00 Recommended at thirty-five of the principal medical colleges in the United States, including Bellevue Hospital, New York, University of Pennsylvania, and Long Island College Hospital. BIDDLE’S MATERIA MEDICA. Materia Medica, for the Use of Students and Physicians. By the late Prof. John B Biddle, m.d., Professor of Materia Medica in Jefferson Medical College, Phila- delphia. The Eighth edition. Octavo. Price, cloth, $4.00 Recommended in colleges in all parts of the UnitedStates. BYFORD ON WOMEN. The Diseases and Accidents Incident to Women. By Wm. H. Byford, m.d., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the Chicago Medical College. Third edition, revised. 164 illus. Price, cloth, $5.00; leather, $6.00 “ Being particularly of use where questions of etiology and general treatment are concerned.”—American Journal of Obstetrics. CAZEAUX’S GREAT WORK ON OBSTETRICS. A practical Text-book on Midwifery. The most complete book now before the profession. Sixth edition, illus. Price, cloth, $6.00 ; leather, $7.00 Recommended at nearly fifty medical schools in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • The Articulatory System Chapter 6 Speech Science/ COMD 6305 UTD/ Callier Center William F. Katz, Ph.D
    The articulatory system Chapter 6 Speech Science/ COMD 6305 UTD/ Callier Center William F. Katz, Ph.D. STRUCTURE/FUNCTION VOCAL TRACT CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS AND VOWELS MORE ON RESONANCE ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS/ SPECTROGRAMS SUPRSEGMENTALS, COARTICULATION 1 Midsagittal dissection From Kent, 1997 2 Oral Cavity 3 Oral Structures – continued • Moistened by saliva • Lined by mucosa • Saliva affected by meds 4 Tonsils • PALATINE* (laterally – seen in oral periph • LINGUAL (inf.- root of tongue) • ADENOIDS (sup.) [= pharyngeal] • Palatine, lingual tonsils are larger in children • *removed in tonsillectomy 5 Adenoid Facies • Enlargement from infection may cause problems (adenoid facies) • Can cause problems with nasal sounds or voicing • Adenoidectomy; also tonsillectomy (for palatine tonsils) 6 Adenoid faces (example) 7 Oral structures - frenulum Important component of oral periphery exam Lingual frenomy – for ankyloglossia “tongue-tie” Some doctors will snip for infants, but often will loosen by itself 8 Hard Palate Much variability in palate shape and height Very high vault 9 Teeth 10 Dentition - details Primary (deciduous, milk teeth) Secondary (permanent) n=20: n=32: ◦ 2 incisor ◦ 4 incisor ◦ 1 canine ◦ 2 canine ◦ 2 molar ◦ 4 premolar (bicuspid) Just for “fun” – baby ◦ 6 molar teeth pushing in! NOTE: x 2 for upper and lower 11 Types of malocclusion • Angle’s classification: • I, II, III • Also, individual teeth can be misaligned (e.g. labioversion) Also “Neutrocclusion/ distocclusion/mesiocclusion” 12 Dental Occlusion –continued Other terminology 13 Mandible Action • Primary movements are elevation and depression • Also…. protrusion/retraction • Lateral grinding motion 14 Muscles of Jaw Elevation Like alligators, we are much stronger at jaw elevation (closing to head) than depression 15 Jaw Muscles ELEVATORS DEPRESSORS •Temporalis ✓ •Mylohyoid ✓ •Masseter ✓ •Geniohyoid✓ •Internal (medial) Pterygoid ✓ •Anterior belly of the digastric (- Kent) •Masseter and IP part of “mandibular sling” •External (lateral) pterygoid(?)-- also protrudes and rocks side to side.
    [Show full text]
  • Head & Neck Muscle Table
    Robert Frysztak, PhD. Structure of the Human Body Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine HEAD‐NECK MUSCLE TABLE PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT DISTAL ATTACHMENT MUSCLE INNERVATION MAIN ACTIONS BLOOD SUPPLY MUSCLE GROUP (ORIGIN) (INSERTION) Anterior floor of orbit lateral to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Abducts, elevates, and laterally Inferior oblique Lateral sclera deep to lateral rectus Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular nasolacrimal canal division rotates eyeball Inferior aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Depresses, adducts, and laterally Inferior rectus Common tendinous ring Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction division rotates eyeball Lateral aspect of eyeball, posterior to Lateral rectus Common tendinous ring Abducent nerve (CN VI) Abducts eyeball Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction Medial aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), inferior Medial rectus Common tendinous ring Adducts eyeball Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular corneoscleral junction division Passes through trochlea, attaches to Body of sphenoid (above optic foramen), Abducts, depresses, and medially Superior oblique superior sclera between superior and Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular medial to origin of superior rectus rotates eyeball lateral recti Superior aspect of eyeball, posterior to Oculomotor nerve (CN III), superior Elevates, adducts, and medially Superior rectus Common tendinous ring Ophthalmic artery Extra‐ocular the corneoscleral junction division
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of the Facial Nerve and Related Structures
    Rhoton Yoshioka Atlas of the Facial Nerve Unique Atlas Opens Window and Related Structures Into Facial Nerve Anatomy… Atlas of the Facial Nerve and Related Structures and Related Nerve Facial of the Atlas “His meticulous methods of anatomical dissection and microsurgical techniques helped transform the primitive specialty of neurosurgery into the magnificent surgical discipline that it is today.”— Nobutaka Yoshioka American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Albert L. Rhoton, Jr. Nobutaka Yoshioka, MD, PhD and Albert L. Rhoton, Jr., MD have created an anatomical atlas of astounding precision. An unparalleled teaching tool, this atlas opens a unique window into the anatomical intricacies of complex facial nerves and related structures. An internationally renowned author, educator, brain anatomist, and neurosurgeon, Dr. Rhoton is regarded by colleagues as one of the fathers of modern microscopic neurosurgery. Dr. Yoshioka, an esteemed craniofacial reconstructive surgeon in Japan, mastered this precise dissection technique while undertaking a fellowship at Dr. Rhoton’s microanatomy lab, writing in the preface that within such precision images lies potential for surgical innovation. Special Features • Exquisite color photographs, prepared from carefully dissected latex injected cadavers, reveal anatomy layer by layer with remarkable detail and clarity • An added highlight, 3-D versions of these extraordinary images, are available online in the Thieme MediaCenter • Major sections include intracranial region and skull, upper facial and midfacial region, and lower facial and posterolateral neck region Organized by region, each layered dissection elucidates specific nerves and structures with pinpoint accuracy, providing the clinician with in-depth anatomical insights. Precise clinical explanations accompany each photograph. In tandem, the images and text provide an excellent foundation for understanding the nerves and structures impacted by neurosurgical-related pathologies as well as other conditions and injuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix B: Muscles of the Speech Production Mechanism
    Appendix B: Muscles of the Speech Production Mechanism I. MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION A. MUSCLES OF INHALATION (muscles that enlarge the thoracic cavity) 1. Diaphragm Attachments: The diaphragm originates in a number of places: the lower tip of the sternum; the first 3 or 4 lumbar vertebrae and the lower borders and inner surfaces of the cartilages of ribs 7 - 12. All fibers insert into a central tendon (aponeurosis of the diaphragm). Function: Contraction of the diaphragm draws the central tendon down and forward, which enlarges the thoracic cavity vertically. It can also elevate to some extent the lower ribs. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominal cavities. 2. External Intercostals Attachments: The external intercostals run from the lip on the lower border of each rib inferiorly and medially to the upper border of the rib immediately below. Function: These muscles may have several functions. They serve to strengthen the thoracic wall so that it doesn't bulge between the ribs. They provide a checking action to counteract relaxation pressure. Because of the direction of attachment of their fibers, the external intercostals can raise the thoracic cage for inhalation. 3. Pectoralis Major Attachments: This muscle attaches on the anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle, the sternum and costal cartilages 1-6 or 7. All fibers come together and insert at the greater tubercle of the humerus. Function: Pectoralis major is primarily an abductor of the arm. It can, however, serve as a supplemental (or compensatory) muscle of inhalation, raising the rib cage and sternum. (In other words, breathing by raising and lowering the arms!) It is mentioned here chiefly because it is encountered in the dissection.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Face] 2018-2019
    By Dr. Hassna B. Jawad [ANATOMY OF THE FACE] 2018-2019 Objective : At the end of this lecture you should be able to : 1. Identify the extent of the face. 2. Enlist the layers of the face and recognize their importance 3. Recognize the groups of the muscles of facial expression its origin ,insertion and function 4. Test the muscle of facial expression clinically 5. Discuss some clinical notes regarding the face Extends from lower border of mandible to the hair line (forehead is common for face and scalp) and laterally to the ear auricle Layers Of the Face 1.SKIN The face has elastic and vascular skin. The skin of the face has large number of sweat and sebaceous glands. The sebaceous glands keep the face greasy by their secretion and sweat glands help modulate the body temperature *Applied Anatomy :Face is also the common site for acne as a result of presence of large number of sebaceous glands in this region. 2. SUPERFICIAL FASIA It includes muscles of facial expression, vessels and nerves and varying amount of fat. The fat is absent in the eyelids but is well grown in cheeks creating buccal pad of fat, which gives rounded contour to cheeks. 3. DEEP FASCIA The deep fascia is absent in the region of face with the exception of over the parotid gland and masseter muscle that are covered by parotidomasseteric fascia. The absence of deep fascia in the face is important for the facial expression. The majority of them originate from bones of the skull and are added into the skin.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Perioral Anatomy
    2.0 ANCC CE Contact Hours Understanding the Perioral Anatomy Tracey A. Hotta , RN, BScN, CPSN, CANS gently infl ate and cause lip eversion. Injection into Rejuvenation of the perioral region can be very challenging the lateral upper lip border should be done to avoid because of the many factors that affect the appearance the fade-away lip. The client may also require injec- of this area, such as repeated muscle movement caus- tions into the vermillion border to further highlight ing radial lip lines, loss of the maxillary and mandibular or defi ne the lip. The injections may be performed bony support, and decrease and descent of the adipose by linear threading (needle or cannula) or serial tissue causing the formation of “jowls.” Environmental puncture, depending on the preferred technique of issues must also be addressed, such as smoking, sun the provider. damage, and poor dental health. When assessing a client Group 2—Atrophic lips ( Figure 2 ): These clients have for perioral rejuvenation, it is critical that the provider un- atrophic lips, which may be due to aging or genetics, derstands the perioral anatomy so that high-risk areas may and are seeking augmentation to make them look be identifi ed and precautions are taken to prevent serious more youthful. After an assessment and counseling adverse events from occurring. as to the limitations that may be achieved, a treat- ment plan is established. The treatment would begin he lips function to provide the ability to eat, speak, with injection into the wet–dry junction to achieve and express emotion and, as a sensory organ, to desired volume; additional injections may be per- T symbolize sensuality and sexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 6,132,218 Benja-Athon (45) Date of Patent: Oct
    USOO6132218A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 6,132,218 Benja-Athon (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 17, 2000 54) IMAGES FOR COMMUNICATION OF 57 ABSTRACT MEDICAL INFORMATION IN COMPUTER A three-dimensional human figure depicts body parts and 76 Inventor: Anuthep Benja-Athon, 210 E. 36th St. Sites involve and affect by disease, disorder and pain Ground Floor, New York, N.Y. 10016 wherein each part and Site comprises a label, name and nomenclature express as distinct alphabetical, numerical, 21 Appl. No.: 09/191,795 alphanumeric nomenclature, name, Symbol of a panel of 22 Filed: Nov. 13, 1998 Symbols and color of panel of colors. The composition of all (51) Int. Cl." ..................................................... G07B 23/28 parts and Sites results in a three-dimensional coordinate 52 U.S. Cl. .......................... 434/267; 434/272; 600/300; System of labels, names, nomenclatures, Symbols and colors 600/301 on the human figurine adaptable to be Stored in the memories 58 Field of Search ..................................... 434/247, 256, and caches of a computer or a television henceforth devices 434/257, 262, 267, 269, 272; 600/300, and to be retrieved from the memories and caches to be 301 Viewed in and Spatially manipulated in any and all anatomi cal planes and to accentuate the relevant relationship of each 56) References Cited part and Site to adjacent and distant parts and Sites on the U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Viewing Screen of the devices for accurately and effectively 4,907,973 3/1990 Hon ......................................... 434/262 communicating information between any perSons. The label, 5,259,764 11/1993 Goldsmith ..
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Evaluation of the Human Facial Muscles
    Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 83(1): 7–14, May, 2006 Morphological Evaluation of the Human Facial Muscles By Junji ITO1), Hiroshi MORIYAMA1) and Kazuyuki SHIMADA2) 1)Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan 2)Department of Neurology Gross Anatomy, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima – Received for Publication, December 24, 2005 – Key Words: Human facial muscles, Muscle fiber morphometry, Fiber size Summary: The facial muscles are composed of striated muscle fibers, as well as other skeletal muscles, and can produce more delicate and complex expressions. We studied 12 facial muscles of 10 Japanese cadavers (8 males and 2 females, average 74.7 years old) by histological techniques. We measured the cross-sectional area of the muscle belly (mm2), number of muscle fibers per mm2, total number of muscle fibers, and muscle fiber size (mm2). The depressor anguli oris m. was predominant for the cross-sectional area and the total number of muscle fibers than other facial muscles. For the muscle fiber size, muscles inserted to the angle of the mouth were larger than those inserted to the lip. The orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris muscles were the smallest facial muscles. The muscle fiber sizes in the facial muscles were less than other skeletal muscles. Human expressions are delicate and more com- Materials and Methods plex than those of animals, and facial muscles form those various expressions. The facial or mimetic Muscle samples were obtained from 10 Japanese muscles arise from the bones of the skull or fascia cadavers (8 males and 2 females) for anatomical and are inserted into the overlying skin in the face.
    [Show full text]
  • Kinesiology of the Head and Spine
    Oatis_CH20_389-411.qxd 4/18/07 3:10 PM Page 389 PART Kinesiology of the Head III and Spine Vertebral body Inferior articular process of superior vertebra Superior articular process of inferior vertebra Spinous process UNIT 4: MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTIONS WITHIN THE HEAD Chapter 20: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Muscles of the Face and Eyes Chapter 21: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Vocalization Chapter 22: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Swallowing Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Articular Structures of the TMJ Chapter 24: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Muscles of the TMJ Chapter 25: Analysis of the Forces on the TMJ during Activity UNIT 5: SPINE UNIT Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Bones and Joints of the Cervical Spine Chapter 27: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Cervical Musculature Chapter 28: Analysis of the Forces on the Cervical Spine during Activity Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Bones and Joints of the Thoracic Spine Chapter 30: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of the Muscles of the Thoracic Spine Chapter 31: Loads Sustained by the Thoracic Spine Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Bones and Joints of the Lumbar Spine Chapter 33: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Muscles Acting on the Lumbar Spine Chapter 34: Analysis of the Forces on the Lumbar Spine during Activity Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Bones and Joints of the Pelvis Chapter 36: Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Muscle Activity in the Pelvis Chapter 37: Analysis of the Forces on the Pelvis during Activity 389 Oatis_CH20_389-411.qxd 4/18/07 3:10 PM Page 390 PARTUNIT 4V MUSCULOSKELETAL FUNCTIONS WITHIN THE HEAD he preceding three units examine the structure, function, and dysfunction of the upper extremity, which is part of the appendicular skeleton.
    [Show full text]