Index

AAC. See Augmentative and alternative communication CLD clients and, 446, 447Inc. (AAC) dementia and, 377 Abdominal muscles, 6, 7 dysarthria and, 369 Abuse, 161-162 fetal alcohol effects (FAE), 163-164 Academic skills, 150,220 fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 162-163 Acceleration, 93 gastroesophagealPRO-ED, reflux and, 313, 319 Accent training, 240 Native Americans and, 446 Acetylcholine, 30 traumaticby brain injury (TBI) and, 391 Acoustic analysis, 95-96, 304 Alexia, 363 Acoustic immitance, 486-487 Allomorphs, definition of, 106 Acoustic neuromas, 480, 483 Allophones, definition of, 70, 208 Acoustic phonetics, definition of, 70 Alternate-form reliability, 530,567 Acoustic reflex, 465 materialAlternating motion rates (AMRs), 374 Acoustics, 468-471 Alveolar ducts, 2 Active sentences, 107 Alveolar ridge, 19 Adaptation effect, 264-265 Alzheimer's Association, 377 Adjacency effect, 266 Alzheimer's disease, 349, 372, 378-379 Adolescent Language Screening Test (ALST; Morgan & Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral Center, 377 Guilford),179 copyrighted American Academy ofAudiology (AAA), 463 Adopted children, 433 © American Idol, 578 Aerodynamic measurements, 305-306 American Indian Hand Talk (AMER-IND), 191 Affricates, 82, 210, 218 American Psychiatric Association (APA), 155, 157, 164 African American English (AAE), 420-425, 438, 445, American Sign Language (ASL), 191, 503-504 447 American Speech-language-Hearing Association African Americans, 348, 415 (ASHA), 223, 357, 418, 463 Agnosia, 363-364 Au.D. and, 463 Agraphia, 363 clinical certification and, 653-654 AIDS, 382,447,612-614 Code of Ethics, 654 Air conduction of sound, 472 educational accreditation and, 652 Akinesia, 350 Functional Assessment ofCommunication Skills for Alaryngeal speech, 315 Adults (AHSA-FACS), 357 Alcohol goals of, 648-649

677 678 • IN D EX

legislative regulations and, 656-660 subcortical aphasia, 354-355 membership categories, 649-650 transcortical motor aphasia (TMA), 350 multicultural issues' guidelines, 418 transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA), 352-353 National Outcome Measurement System (NOMS), treatment, 360-363 661 Wernicke's aphasia, 352 orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMD) and, 223 Aphasia Diagnostic Profiles (ADP; Helm-Estabrooks), 357 overview of, 647-650 Aphonia, 334 speech-language pathology assistants and, 655-656 Applied phonetics, definition of, 70 speech-language pathology professionals and, Approach avoidance, 270-271 651-652 Approximants, 79 American Stroke Association, 348 Apraxia ofspeech (AOS) American's with Disabilities Act (ADA), 658-659 assessment of, 367 Amplitude, 90, 94, 470 definition of, 365 Amsterdam-Nijmegen Everyday Language Test (ANELT; neuropathology of, 224, 365 Blomert, Kean, Koster, & Schokker), 358 overview of, 224-225, 347, 364-365 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 325, 369, 396 standardized tests and, 367 Angelman, Harry, 624 symptoms of, 365-366 Angelman syndrome, 624-625 treatment of, 368 Inc. Anger, 607 Arachnoid C(spider web"), 57 Angular gyrus, 49 Arcuate fasciculus, 55 Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), 222 Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders of Ankylosis, 324 Dementia (ABeD; Bayles & Tomoeda), 384 Anomia, 354 Arteriosclerosis,PRO-ED, 447 Anomic aphasia, 354 Arthritis, 324 Antagonistic recovery theory, 447 Articulation,by See also Phonation; Resonation; Speech Anterior belly ofdigastric muscles, 22 sound disorders Anterior sounds, 79 African American English and, 421, 424 Anticipatory struggle hypothesis, 271 articulation development in children, 215-217 Anxiety, 602, 607 articulatory errors, 220-221 Aorta, 58 materialAsian speakers and, 430 Aperiodic waves and vibrations, 90, 468-469 assessment and, 621 Apert syndrome, 625 description of, 1 Aphasia dysarthria and, 370, 375 agnosia and, 363-364 fundamentals of, 17-22 agraphia and, 363 hard palate and, 21 alexia and, 363 copyrighted hearing impairments and, 223 Alzheimer's disease and, 349 language impairment in children and, 151-153 anomic aphasia, 354 © lip and cheeks and, 24-26 assessment of, 356-360 mandible and, 21-22 bilingual populations and, 355-356 manner ofarticulation, 77, 80-83, 209-210 Broca's aphasia, 349-350 overview of, 71 conduction aphasia, 353 pharynx and, 17-18 definition of, 348-349 place ofarticulation categories, 210 fluent aphasia, 351 soft palate (velum) and, 19-20 global aphasia, 351 Spanish speakers and, 426 mixed transcortical aphasia (MTA), 350-351 teeth and, 22-23 overview of, 347-348 tongue and, 23-24 Parkinson's disease and, 349 Articulatory and phonological skills development, See standardized tests and, 356-357, 449 also Phonation; Speech sound disorders strokes and, 348 articulation development in children and, 215-217 IN 0 EX • 679

definitions, 209 infants and toddlers, 171-172 infant development oflanguage skills and, 214-215 instruments and measures, 171,173, 174, 177, 179, manner ofarticulation categories, 209-210 181-182 overview of, 207 interpreters and, 442 phonological development in children, 217-219 interview, 520-521 place of articulation categories, 210 language comprehension, 176 substitution processes, 217-218 language sampling, 167-168 syllable structure processes, 218 loudness, 308 theories of development, 211-213 medical history and, 518 theories of development oflanguage skills and, morpheme counting rules, 169 211-213 nonstandard assessment measures, 530-532 Aryepiglotic muscles, 36 occupational history and, 519 Aryepiglottic folds, 12-13, 292 phonation, 308, 309, 620, 621-622 Arytenoid cartilage, 9, 10, 13, 293-295 pitch, 305 Arytenoid muscles, 10, 11, 36, 292-295 play activities, 172 ASHA. See American Speech-Language-Hearing portfolio assessments, 535 Association (ASHA) prenatal history and, 518 Asian language influence on English, 427-429 preschool and elementaryInc. children, 172-176 Asian population, 415, 446, 448 procedural checklist, 166 Asperger, Hans, 155 prognosis and, 519 Asperger's syndrome, 155, 157 protocols, 168 Asphyxia, 482 questionnaires, 531 Assessment, See also Language disorders in children; rating scales,PRO-ED, 531 Standardized tests; Treatment resonance, 308,622 adolescents, 176-181 respiration,by 308 alternative approaches, 167 right hemisphere syndrome, 388-389 aphasia, 356-360 screening, 166-167 apraxia ofspeech (AOS), 367 screening and, 517 articulation disorders, 621 speech and language sample and, 521-523 authentic assessments, 535 materialspeech sound disorders, 225-231 biological factors, 170 standard assessment procedures, 516-524 caregiver interaction and, 171-172 standardized assessment, 167 case history, 517 stuttering, 272-274 clefts and, 620-622 swallowing disorders, 398-399 client-specific assessments, 534 team approach, 441 comprehensive and integratedcopyrighted assessments, 535-536 traumatic brain injury (TBI) and, 392-393 criterion-referenced assessments, 534 type-token ratio (TTR), 168 cultural-linguistic considerations,© 436-442, 551-552 velopharyngeal function, 620-621 definition of, 515 voice disorders, 300-309 dementia, 384 Assessment ofPreterm Infants' Behavior (APIB; Als, developmental inventories, 532 Lester, Tronick, & Brazelton), 173 diagnosis differentiated from, 515 Assimilation, 88 dynamic assessments, 535 Assimilative nasality, 311 dysarthria, 374-375 Association fibers, 55 educational history and, 518-519 Asthma, 322 environmental factors, 170 Ataxic CP, 159 family and, 517-518, 533 Ataxic dysarthria, 370 functional assessments, 532-534 Athetoid CP, 159 guidelines, 171-172, 174, 179-181 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), hearing impairments, 228, 485-491, 520 164-165 680 • IN D EX

Audience size effect, 266 Basal ganglia, 44, 55, 372, 381 Auditory agnosia, 363-364 Base morphemes, definition of, 106 Auditory attention, 135 Basic interpersonal communication skills (BICS), 434 Auditory brainstem response (ABR), 487 Basilar artery, 58, 59 Auditory comprehension, 358, 360-363, 393 Basilar membrane, 466 Auditory discrimination, 135, 220, 233 Battell Development Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-2; Auditory feedback, 269 N ewborg), 173 Auditory memory, 135-136 Bayley Scales ofInfant Development-Third Edition (BDIS­ Auditory nervous system, 466-467 III; Bayley), 173 Auditory phonetics, definition of, 70 Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT; Wilson, Cockburn, & Auditory processing, 135 Halligan), 389 Auditory rate, 136 Behavioral problems, 163 Auditory sequencing, 136 Behavioral theory in counseling, 603-604 Auditory system Behavioral theory oflanguage development, 129-130, acoustics, 468-471 211-212 assessment, 485-491 Bel, definition of, 91 assistive devices, 499 Bell, Alexander Graham, 94, 470 audiograms, 475, 477-479,481, 490,492 Bell's palsy, 162 Inc. auditory nervous system, 466-467 Bells Test (Gauthier, Dehaut, & Joanette), 389 aural rehabilitation, 495 Bermouli effect, 13 central auditory disorders, 482-483 Bilabials, 80, 210 cochlear implants, 497-498 Bilateral paralysis, 323 communication disorder treatments, 491-494 Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT: Paradis), 357 communication training, 500-504 Bilingual populations,PRO-ED, 239-241, 355-356, 431-433, 435, cued speech and, 501 Seeby also Culturally and lingually diverse (CLD) hearing aids, 496-497 clients hearing impairments, 223, 228, 473-480 Bipolar neurons, 29 normal hearing, 472-473 Birth defects, 479 overview of, 463 Birth to 3 Developmental Scale-Second Edition (ELM physiology ofhearing, 464-467 materialScale-2; Coplan), 173 retrocochlear disorders, 483-484 Birthweight, 162,632 speech reading, 501 Blends, 83 tactile aids, 499 Blessed Dementia Scale (Hachinsky, Iliff, Zilhka, & treatment, 491-504 Associates), 384 Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), Blom-Singer prosthesis, 318 190-191 Blood supply, cerebral blood supply, 57-60 Aural atresia, 474 copyrighted Boehm Test ofBasic Concept-Third Edition (Boehm-3; Authentic assessment, 167, 535© Boehm), 177 Autism spectrum disorders, 155-157 Bone conduction ofsound, 472-473 Autoclitics, 130 Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination-Third Edition Autonomic nervous system, 38-40 (BDAE-3; Goodglass, Kaplan, & Baresi), 356 Avoidance behaviors, 263, 270, 273 BOTOX injections, 325 Axon, 29 Bradykinesia, 350 Brain injury, 157-158,279,378 Babbling stage, 214 Brainstem, 41-42, 45, 467 Back sounds, 78 Breathiness, 299 Back vowels, 86-87 BriefTest ofHead Injury (BTHI; Helm-Estabrooks & Backing, 218 Hotz),392 Bankson Language Test-Second Edition (BLT-2; Broca, Paul, 49 Bankson), 174, 177 Broca's aphasia, 349-350 IN 0 EX .681

Broca's area (area 44) reticular activating system (RAS), 43 arcuate fasciculus and, 55 temporal lobe, 49-50 discovery of, 49 thalamus, 43 illustration, 14, 48 Central tendency, 589 nonfluent aphasia and, 349-350 Central vowels, 86 Broken words, 257 Cerebellum, 14,45-46 Bronchi, description of, 2 Cerebral dominance theory, 256 Bronchioles, 2 Cerebral palsy (CP), 159,223,369 Buccinator muscles, 25, 27 Cerebral ventricles, 56 Cerebrum, 46-47 Cancer, 313-317, 324,445-446 Certificate ofClinical Competence in Audiology Canonical/reduplicated babbling stage, 214 (CCC-A),654 Carbon dioxide, 1 Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Caregivers, 111-112, 171-172,634-635 Pathology (CCC-SLP), 653 Carhart's notch, 476 Chemotherapy, 314 Carotid arteries, 58-60 Child-directed speech (CDS), 112 Cartilage Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), 224 arytenoid cartilage, 9, 10, 13 Childhood disintegrative disorder,Inc. 155 corniculate cartilage, 9 Childhood language development cricoid cartilage, 8-11 1-2 years of age, 114-117 cuneiform cartilage, 9-10, 13 2-3 years of age, 117-118 thyroid cartilage, 8-10 3-4 years of age, 118-121 Caudate nucleus, 44, 381 4-5 yearsPRO-ED, of age, 121-123 Center for Disease Control (CDC), 348, 377 5-6 years of age, 123-124 Central auditory function, 269 6-7by years of age, 125 Central electroauditory prosthesis (CEP), 498 7-8 years ofage, 126 Central nervous system (CNS) birth to 1 year, 112-113 basal ganglia, 44 caregiver role, 111-112 blood supply, 57-60 education and, 127-128 brainstem and, 41-42 materialliterary milestones, 127 cerebellum, 45-46 morphology, 106, 118-120, 122-126 cerebral ventricles, 56 motherese, 112 cerebrum (cerebral cortex), 46-47 overview of, 105 connecting fibers, 55 pragmatics, 109-110, 114, 116-118, 121, 123-126 corticobulbar tract, 51, 53 semantics, 108-109, 117-118, 120, 122-126 corticospinal tract, 51-53 copyrighted single-word utterances, 115 cranial nerves and, 43 syntax and, 107-108, 114, 117, 118-119, 122, 123, diencephalon, 43-44 © 125-126 extrapyramidal system, 54 theories oflanguage development, 128-137 frontal lobe, 47 two-word utterances, 116 hypothalamus, 44 Chomsky-Halle distinctive features ofEnglish conso­ illustrations, 47, 48, 52-53 nants, 77 medulla and, 43 Chomsky, Noam, 130-132 midbrain and, 42 Chondroglossus muscles, 24 occipital lobe, 49 Chorea, 382 overview of, 40-41 Choroid plexus, 56 pariatallobe, 49 Cilia, 466 ponsand,42-43 Circle ofwillis, 59 protective layers of brain, 56 Clauses, 108 pyramidal system, 52-54 Clavicular breathing, 308 682 • IN D EX

Clefts Complex sentences, 108 articulation disorders and, 219, 619-620 Complex tones, 93 assessment and, 620-622 Compound sentences, 107 classification of, 618 Comprehensive and integrated assessments, 535-536 cleft lip, 616 Comprehensive Level ofConsciousness Scale (CLOCS; cleft palate, 219, 310, 445-446, 474, 616-617 Stanczak & Associates), 392 culturally and lingually diverse (CLD) clients and, Comprehensive Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test­ 445-446 Second Edition (CREVT-2; Wallace & Hammill), etiology of, 617-619 177, 182 hearing loss and, 619 Compression, definition of, 90 hypernasality/hyponasality and, 310, 620 Computerized axial tomography (CAT), 488, 614 language disorders and, 620 Concordance rates in twins, 259-260 occult submucous cleft, 618 Concrete operations' stage ofcognitive development, 134 phonation disorders and, 620 Concurrent validity, 528 submucous cleft, 310, 618 Condensation, definition of, 90 surgical management, 622-623 Conduction aphasia, 353 treatment and, 622-624 Confabulation, 387, 388 Client-centered theory, 602-603 Congenital palatopharyngeal Inc.incompetence, 619 Client-specific approaches to assessment, 167 Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation ofVoice Client-specific assessments, 534 (CAPE-V), 306 Clinical Evaluation ofLanguage Fundamentals-Fourth Consistency effect, 265 Edition (CELF-4; Semel, Wiig, & Secord), 177, 179, Consonant-cluster simplification, 218 182 Consonantal sounds, 78 Clinical Management ofRight Hemisphere Dysfunction Consonants PRO-ED, (Halper, Cherney, & Burns), 389 affricates,by 82 Closed captioning, 499 articulatory and phonological skills development and, Closed-head injuries, 391 217-218 Cluttering, 281-282 backing and, 218 C02 laser surgery, 321, 324 Chomsky-Halle distinctive features of English conso­ Coarticulation, 88 material nants,77 Cochlear implants, 497-498 consonant clusters, 83 Code switching, 433 fricatives, 81-82 Coffee, 323 glides, 82-83, 217 Cognitive-academic language proficiency (CALP), glottal replacement, 218 434-436 liquids, 83 Cognitive-behavioral theory, 604-605 manner of articulation and, 80-83 Cognitive connectionism, 135 copyrighted place-voice-manner analysis and, 77, 80, 208, 209 Cognitive constructionism, 132© stops, 82 Cognitive skill impairments, 163 stuttering and, 263 Cognitive theory, 132-134 syllables and, 75-76 Coloboma, 629 voicing and, 80 Commissural fibers, 56 vowels compared with, 76 Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales (CSBS; Construct validity, 528 Wetherby & Prizant), 173 Content validity, 528 Communicative Abilities in Daily Living-Second Context and speech sound production, 88-89 Edition (CADL-2; Holland, Frattali, & Fromm), Continuant sounds, 79 357 Contralateral motor control, 47 Communicative Effectiveness Index (CET; Lomas), 357 Contrast approaches, 236 Communicative potency, 232 Contrastive analysis, 535 Comparative research, 578 Conversion aphonia, 334 IN D EX .683

Cooing/gooing stage, 214 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 382 Corniculate cartilage, 9, 294 Cri du chat syndrome, 625 Corona radiata, 55 Cricoarytenoid muscles, 36, 295 Coronal sounds, 9 Cricoid cartilage, 8-11, 293-295 Corpus callosum, 56, 386 Cricopharyngeus muscle, 18 Corpus striatum, 44 Cricophyrngeal myotomy, 401 Correlational research, 579-580 Cricothyroid muscles, 10, 36, 294 Cortical areas, 14 Criterion, definition of, 534 Corticospinal tract, 51-53 Criterion-referenced assessments, 167,534 Cough reflex, 9 Cross-sectional method, 579 Council on Academic Accreditation in Audiology and Crouzon syndrome, 625 Speech-Language Pathology (CAA), 652 Csg system, definition of, 91 Counseling CSL (Computer Speech Laboratory), 95 age and, 606 Cued speech, 501 behavioral theory, 603-604 Cul-de-sac resonance, 311 client-centered theory, 602-603 Culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) clients cognitive-behavioral theory, 604-605 adoption and, 433 cultural considerations, 606 African American EnglishInc. (AAE), 420-425 defense mechanisms and, 607-608 ASH A guidelines, 418 eclectic approach, 605 Asian language influence on English, 427-429 gender and, 606 assessments and, 436-442 overview of, 601 barriers to service delivery, 446 psychodynamic theory, 602 bilingualPRO-ED, populations, 239-241,355-356,415 qualities necessary for effective counseling, 602 cognitive-academic language proficiency (CALP), reactions to communication disorders and, 606-607 by434-436 religion and, 606 communication disorders, 445-446 Cranial nerves counseling and, 606 corticolbulbar tract and, 51 cultural considerations, 416-418 cranial nerve I (olfactory), 32-33 demographics, 415-416 cranial nerve II (optic), 32-33 materialdialects ofAmerican English, 419 cranial nerve III (oculomotor), 32-33 interpreters and, 442 cranial nerve IV (trochlear), 32, 53 language-learning disabilities, 429-436 cranial nerve V (trigeminal), 32-33, 371 medical conditions and, 445-449 cranial nerve VI (abducens), 32-33, 53 second-language acquisition, 431-433 cranial nerve VII (facial), 14,25,32-33,53, 162,292, Spanish-influenced English, 422, 425-427 371 copyrighted speech-language characteristics of, 419-429 cranial nerve VIII (acoustic), 32-34, 43, 466-467 standardized tests and, 421, 422, 437-440 cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal),© 32-35, 43, 371 treatment, 443-449 cranial nerve X (vagus nerve), 15,32-33,35,43,53, Cuneiform cartilage, 9-10, 13, 294 292,371 Cup forceps surgery, 321 cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory), 32-33, 35-36, 43, Cytomegalovirus, 480 53 cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal), 32-33, 36, 38, 43, 53, Deaffrication, 218 371 Deafness, 473 foramina and, 31 Deceleration, 93 medulla and, 43 Decibel (dB), 91, 94, 470, 471 mixed nerves, 32 Deciduous teeth, 23 recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), 15 Declaratives, 107 superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), 15 Deductive method, definition of, 564 Craniosynostosis, 625 Deep structure, 131 684 • IN D EX

Defense mechanisms, 607-608 Diffuse injury, 158 Deglutition disorders. See Swallowing disorders Digastric muscles, 12, 26, 295 Delayed auditory feedback techniques (DAF), 277 Digital Sona-Graph 5500, 95, 304 Deletions, 221 Diplegia, 159 Demands and capacities model offluency disorders, 271 Diplophonia (double voice), 300 Dementia Dipthongs, 87, 208 Alzheimer's disease, 378-379 Disability Rating Scale (DSR; Rappoport, Hall, Hopkins, assessment of, 384 & Associates), 392 classifications, 377 Discrete trials, 184-185 frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 379-380 Disorientation, 387 Huntington's disease and, 381 Displacement, definition of, 91, 608 infectious dementia, 382-383 Distinctive feature analysis, 76, 77, 208, 209 management of, 384-385 Distinctive features approach (DFA), 235-236 overview of, 347, 377 Dopamine, 30 Parkinson's disease and, 380-381 Double voice, (diplophonia), 300 prevalence, 377 Down syndrome, 378, 626 standardized tests and, 384 Drug abuse, 162-164, 391, 447 symptoms, 378-382 Drug toxicity, 369, 377, 478 Inc. vascular dementia, 383 Dura mater ("tough mother"), 57 Dendrites, 29-30 Dynamic assessment, 167, 535 Denial,607 Dyne, definition of, 91 Density, definition of, 91 Dysarthria Dental deviations, 222 assessmentPRO-ED, of, 374-375 Denver II (Frankenburg, Dodds, Archer, Shapiro, & ataxic dysarthria, 370 Bresnick), 174 basalby ganglia and, 44 Depalatization, 218 communicative disorders and, 369-370 Dependent variables, 568-569 flaccid dysarthria, 371 Depressor anguli oris muscles, 25 hyperkinetic dysarthria, 371-372 Depressor labii inferioris muscles, 25, 27, 35 hypokinetic dysarthria, 372 Descriptive phonetics, definition of, 70 materialmixed dysarthrias, 375 Descriptive research, 576-581 neurophathology, 223-224, 369 Determinism, definition of, 564 spastic dysarthria, 372-373 Detroit Tests ofLearning Aptitude-Fourth Edition standardized tests and, 375 (DTLA-4; Hammill), 177 traumatic brain injury (TBI) and, 393 Developmental apraxia ofspeech (DAS), 224 treatment, 375-376 Developmental inventories, 532 copyrighted unilateral upper motor neuron (UUMN) dysarthria, Developmental (normative) research, 578-579 373-374 Developmentally disabled Idelayed© children, 154 Dyskinesias, 44 Devoicing, 218, 221 Dysphagia. See Swallowing disorders Diabetes, 447 Dysphasia, 347 Diacritical markers, 73-75 Dystonia, 369, 396 Diadochokinetic rate, 222, 374 Diadochokinetic test, 367 Ear anatomy, 464-467 Diagnosogenic theory, 270 Echoics, 130 Diagnostic "pie," 432 Echolalia, 154 Diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing, 308 Education ofthe Handicapped Act (P.L. 94-142),657 Diaphram, 3, 6 Elasticity, definition of, 91 Diary studies, 211 Electrocochleography (ECoG), 487 Diencephalon, 43-44 Electroencephalography (EEG), 614 Dieticians, 610 Electroglottography (EGG), 305 IN D EX. 685

Electromyography (EMG), 305, 399 Figurative language, 180 Electrophysiological audiometry, 487-488 Final consonant deletion, 218 Elfin-face syndrome, 631 Fingerspelling, 504 Ellis, Albert, 604 Fissure of Rolando, 46 Embolus, 348 Fissures, 46 End buttons, 29-30 Flaccid dysarthria, 371 Endolymph, 466 Fluency disorders, See also Language disorders in chil­ Endoscopy, 303-304, 398 dren; Phonation disorders; Speech sound dis­ English as a foreign language (EFL), 239-241 orders; Voice disorders Epenthesis, 218 adaptation, 264-265 Epiglottis, 9, 13, 16, 292, 293 adjacency effect and, 266 Epithelium, 12,292 approach avoidance and, 270-271 Esophagostomy, 401 assessment of, 272-274 Esophagus, 16 audience size effect and, 266 Ethics, 654 avoidance behaviors and, 263, 270, 273 Eustachian tubes, 20, 465 breathing abnormalities and, 262 Ex post facto (retrospective) research, 577 cerebral dominance theory, 256 Exhalation, 1,2 cluttering, 281-282 Inc. Exlamatory sentences, 107 concordance rates in twins, 259-260 Expansion, 185, 362 consistency effect and, 265 Expansion stage, 214 delayed auditory feedback techniques (DAF) and, 277 Experiment, definition of, 568 direct stuttering reduction method, 278-279 Experimental phonetics, definition of, 70 etiology,PRO-ED, 256 Experimental research, 568-576 family and, 259, 260, 266-267 Expressive language delays, 151 fluencyby description, 254 Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test, Spanish fluency reinforcement, 277 Bilingual Edition-200l (Brownell), 182 fluency shaping, 275-276 Extension, 185-186 forms of, 257 External intercostal muscles,S gender and, 259 External otitis, 474 materialhearing impairments and, 494 Extrapyramidal system, 44, 54 incidence, 258-259 Extrinsic laryngeal muscles, 12 loci of stuttering, 263-264 Eye-blink encoding, 191 motor behaviors and, 262 Eye contact, 112, ISO, 163, 170 negative emotions and, 263, 270 onset and development, 261 Facial recognition deficits, 387 copyrighted operant behavior and, 270 Facilitated communication, 192 overview of, 253 Fading, 185 © prevalence of, 258-260 False vocal folds, 292 psychopathology (neurosis) and, 255-256, 266-267, Family 271,279-380 assessment ofcommunication disorders and, 301, spontaneous recovery, 261 517-518,533 stimulus control, 264-266 counseling and, 601 stuttering description, 254-258 stuttering and, 259, 260, 266-267, 272 theoretical and clinical significance of, 258 treatment involvement, 183 theories ofstuttering, 267-272 Fasciculi, 55 treatment, 274-276 Fast mapping, 109 Fluent aphasia, 351 Fetal alcohol effects, 163-164 Fluharty Preschool Speech and Language Screening Test­ Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 162-163,446 Second Edition (Fluharty-2; Fluharty), 174 "Fight-or-flight" situations, 39-40 Focal injury, 158 686 • IN D EX

Focused stimulation, 186 Apert syndrome, 625 Focusing, 312 Cri du chat syndrome, 625 Foramen ovale, 34 Crouzon syndrome, 625 Foramina, 31 Down syndrome, 626 Force, definition of, 91 Fragile X syndrome, 626 Formal operations' stage ofcognitive development, 134 Hurler's syndrome, 626 Formant frequency, definition of, 91 Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 627 Fragile X syndrome, 626 Moebius syndrome, 627 Free morphemes, definition of, 106 overview of, 624 Frequenc~91,93-94,468,470 Pierre-Robin syndrome, 627 Freudian theory, 271, 274, 602 Prader-Willi syndrome, 627-628 Fricatives, 81-82, 210 as risk factor for language disorders, 150 Front vowels, 85-86 Russell-Silver syndrome, 628 Frontalis muscles, 35 Tourette syndrome, 628-629 Fronting, 217, 221 Treacher Collins syndrome, 629 Frontotemporal dementia (FTD), 379-380 Trisomy 13, 629 Fullerton Language Test for Adolescents (2nd ed.) (FLTA­ Turner syndrome, 630 2; Thorum), 182 Usher syndrome, 630 Inc. Function words, 154,264 Velocardiofacial syndrome, 630-631 Functional articulation disorders, 219 Williams syndrome, 631 Functional Assessment ofCommunication Skills for Adults Genioglossus muscles, 12, 24, 38, 295 (ASHA-FACS; Frattili, Thompson, Holland, Wohl, Geniohyoid muscles, 12, 22, 38, 295 & Ferketic), 357 Geriatric voice, 297 Functional assessments, 532-534 Germany, 281PRO-ED, Functional Communication Profile (FCP; Sarno), 357 Gesturalby AAC, 191-192 Functional units, 129 Glal cells, 28 Fundamental frequency, 91, 96 Glasgow Coma Scale (Teasdale & Jennett), 392 Glides, 82-83, 210, 217 Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT; Levin, Global aphasia, 351 O'Donnell, & Grossman), 392 materialGlobal Deterioration Scale (Reisberg, Ferris, deLeon, & Gastroesophageal reflux, 313, 319, 321, 323 Crook), 384 Gastrostomy, 401 Glossoptosis, 627 Gastrostomy tubes, 627 Glottal fry, 299-300 Gender Glottals, 80, 210, 218 articulatory skills and, 219 Glottis, 10, 293, 299 cluttering and, 281 Government binding theory, 131 counseling and, 606 copyrighted Grammar deficiencies, 150, 188 dementia and, 378 © Grammatic transformation, 131 laryngeal cancer and, 313 Grammatical morphemes, definition of, 106 Parkinson's disease and, 380 Granuloma, 317-319 phonation disorders and, 335-336 Grief, 607 speech sound disorders and, 219 Group research designs, 569-571 strokes and, 348 Guilt, 607 stuttering and, 259 Gyrus,46,4~49,52 traumatic brain injury (TBI) and, 390 Generative phonology theory oflanguage development, Hard ofhearing, 473 213 Hard palate, 16, 19, 21 Genetic hypothesis ofstuttering, 268 Harmonics, 96 Genetic syndromes Harshness ofvoice, 299 Angelman syndrome, 624-625 Hawthorne effect, 584-585 IN DE X .687

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 382, 482, (HIPAA), 660 612-614 Health literacy, 610 Huntington's disease, 369, 381 Hearing aids, 496-497 Hurler's syndrome, 626 Hearing impairments, See also Auditory system; Hydration therapy, 331 Treatment ofhearing impairments Hydrocephalus, 162 articulation and, 223 Hyoglossus muscles, 12,24,26,38,295 assessment, 228,485-491,520 Hyoid bone, 8-9, 12,292, 293 auditory training, 500-501 Hyperkeratosis, 319 aural rehabilitation, 495 Hypernasality, 308, 310, 312, 370, 620, 623-624 birth defects and, 479 Hypertelorism, 625 clefts and, 619 Hypertension, 445, 447 cochlear implants, 497-498 Hypokinetic dysarthria, 372 conductive hearing loss, 473-476 Hyponasality, 308, 310-313, 370, 620 cued speech, 501 Hypothalamus, 44 deafness, 473 Hypotheses, definition of, 564 hard ofhearing, 473 Hysterical aphonia, 334 hearing aids, 496-497 Inc. medically fragile infants and, 634 Iconic symbols, 190 mixed hearing loss, 480 Idiopathic disorders, 219 nonverbal communication (sign language), 191, Illocutionary behavior, 114 503-504 Imaginative communication, 116 oral language training, 502 Impedance,PRO-ED, definition of, 91 otitis media and, 446, 475-476 Imperatives, 107 otosclerosis and, 476 Incidentalby teaching, 186 sensorineural hearing loss, 476-480 Incomplete sentences, 257 speech reading (lip reading), 501 Independent variables in research, 568-569 tactile aids, 499 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), 437, voice training and, 502-503 658 Hearing level (HL), definition of, 94 materialIndole-3-carbino,321 Hemangioma, 319 Inductive method, definition of, 564 Hemiplegia, 159 Infectious dementia, 382-383 Hemorrhagic strokes, 348, 447 Infectious disease specialists, 610 Henry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Inferior alveolar nerve, 34 Association (HBIGDA), 335 Inferior longitudinal muscles, 24 Herpes simplex, 480 copyrighted Inferior peduncle, 42 Hertz (Hz), definition of, 91 Information-processing language development theory, Heschl's gyri, 49 © 134-136 Heuristic communication, 116 Informative communication, 117 High-amplitude sucking paradigm, 214 Inhalation, 1-2 High sounds, 79 Innermost intercostal muscles, 7 Hispanic population, 415, 445, 447,448 Instruction, 185 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 382, 482, Instrumental communication, 117 612-614 Intensity, 89, 90, 470-471 Hmong refugees, 448 Interactional communication, 117 Hoarseness, 298-299 Intercostal muscles,S, 6, 7 Hodson and Paden's cycles approach, 238 Interdisciplinary teams, 523 Holophrastic speech, 114-115 Interferon medication, 321 Holoprosencephaly, 629 Interjections, 257 Hormones, 333, 335 Interjudge (interobserver) reliability, 529, 567 688 • IN DE X

Internal intercostal muscles,S, 6, 7 abuse and neglect and, 161-162 Internal oblique abdominis, 7 attention-deficity/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 72, 73 164-165 Interneurons, 30 autism spectrum disorders, 155-157 Interrogatives, 107 brain injury and, 157-158 Interrupted sounds, 79 cerebral palsy and, 159 Intrahemispheric fibers, 55 clefts and, 620 Intrajudge (intraobserver) reliability, 529, 567 culturally and lingually diverse (CLD) clients, Intralexical pauses, 257 445-446 Intraverbals, 130 drug/alcohol abuse of parents and, 162-164 Intrinsic laryngeal muscles, 10-12,294 hearing impairments and, 500-504 Intuitive stage of cognitive development, 133-134 intellectual disabilities and, 154-155 Iowa Pressure Articulation Test, 621 overview of, 149-150 Ischemic strokes, 348 poverty and, 160-161 Isolation, 161 risk factors, 150 specific language impairments (SLI), 151-153 Jitter, 298 types of, 150 Joint reference, 114 Language limitations, 150 Inc. Joint routines, 187 Language loss, 433 Juncture, 89 Language Processing Test-Elementary (LPT3; Richard & Hanner), 177 "Kangaroo care," 634 Laryngeal trauma, 321 Kanner, Leo, 155 Laryngeal web, 321-322 Kay Elemetrics Corporation, 95, 304, 312,332 Laryngectomy,PRO-ED, 314, 316-317 KayPENTAX Corporation, 621, 624 Laryngitis,by 329-330 Laryngomalacia, 319-320 L-dopa (levodopa), 325 Laryngopharynx, 17-18 Labialization, 221 Laryngoscop~301-303,398 Labiodentals, 80, 210 Larynx Labyrinths, 466 materialbiological functions, 9 Lamina propria, 12,292 extrinsic laryngeal muscles, 12 Laminography,614 illustration of, 3 Landau-Kleffner syndrome, 627 intrinsic laryngeal muscles, 10-12, 295 Language, definition of, 70, 105, 208 phonation and, 8-9 Language acquisition device (LAD), 130 stuttering and, 268 Language development theories, See also Childhood lan­ voice disorders and, 291-295 guage development copyrighted Lateral (external) pterygoid muscles, 22 behavioral theory, 129-130,211-212© Lateral sounds, 78 cognitive theory, 132-134 Lateral ventricles, 56 generative phonology theory, 213 Latissimus dorsi, 7 information -processing theory, 134-136 Lee Silverman Voice Treatment, 325 linear vs. nonlinear phonology theories, 213 Left-hand manual alphabet, 191 nativist theory, 130-132 Legislative regulation of speech-language pathology natural phonology theory, 212 American's with Disabilities Act (ADA), 658-659 social interactionism theory, 136-137 Education of the Handicapped Act (P.L. 94-142), 657 structural theory, 212 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Language disorders in children, See also Assessment; (HIPAA), 660 Fluency disorders; Phonation disorders; Speech Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), sound disorders; Treatment oflanguage disorders 437,658 in children; Voice disorders Social Security Act (SSA), 659-660 IN DE X • 689

Lenticular nucleus, 44 Manometric assessment, 399 Leukoplakia, 319 Manual guidance, 185 Levator anguli oris, 25, 27 Manual sign systems, 191 Levator costarum brevis, 6 Marked sounds, 208 Levator labii superioris, 25, 27 Masseter muscles, 22, 34 Levator labii superioris alae que nasi muscles, 25, 27 Maxillary branch ofcranial nerve V, 32 Levator scapulai, 6-7 Maximum phonation time (MPT), 296, 309 Levator veli palatini muscles, 20, 36, 465 McDonald's sensory-motor approach, 234-235 Levels of evidence, 585-587 Mean fundamental frequency (MFF), 296-297 Levels ofmeasurement, 590 Mean length ofutterance (MLU), 175 Linear vs. nonlinear phonology theories oflanguage de­ Meaning, 108 velopment, 213 Medial (internal) pterygoid muscles, 22 Lingua-alveolars, 80, 210, 217 Medical imaging techniques, 614-615 Linguadentals, 80,210 Medical speech-language pathology Lingual frenulum, 24 craniofacial anomalies, 615-624 Linguapalatals, 80, 210 health literacy, 610 Linguavelars, 80,210 infectious disease control, 612 Lip reading, 501 medical imaging techniquesInc. and, 488, 614-615 Lips overview of, 608-609 articulation and, 24-26 practice of speech-language pathologists, 609-610 cleft lip, 616 roles of medical team specialists, 610-611 lip muscles, 25 Medically fragile infants, 632-635 vowel position characteristics, 84-85 Medulla, 42,PRO-ED, 52-53, 372 Liquids, 83, 210 Memory, 135-136, 163 Lisps, 221 Meniere'sby disease, 480 Literacy skills Meninges, 57 academic skills and, 150 Mentalis muscles, 25, 27 assessment, 359 Metalinguistic awareness, 238 socioeconomic status (SES) and, 161 Metaphon therapy approach, 236-237 treatment oflanguage disorders in children and, 179,material Metathesis, 218 183, 189-190 Microdontia, 628 Liver, 2 Micrognathia, 630 Loci ofstuttering, 263-264 Midbrain, 42, 52 Locutionary stage, 114 Middle peduncle, 42, 45 Logarithmic scale, 470 Mini Inventory ofRight Brain Injury, 2nd edition Lombard effect, 333 copyrighted (MIRBI-2; Pimental & Knight), 388 Longitudinal fissure, 33, 46 Minimal competency core, 535 Longitudinal research, 578-579© Minnesota Test for Differential Diagnosis ofAphasia Loudness, 89,94,298,332-333,470 (MTDDA; Schuell), 356 Low sounds, 79 Mixed nerves, 32 Lungs, 2-3, 16 Mixed transcortical aphasia (MTA), 350-351 MKS system, definition of, 91 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 488, 614 Modeling, 185 Mainstream American English (MAE), 419 Moebius syndrome, 369,627 Malocclusions, 23, 222 Moment ofstuttering, 255 Mand-model, 186 Monoplegia, 159 Mandible, 21-22 Morpheme, 106, 119 Mandibular branch of cranial nerve V, 33 Morphology Mands, 129 African American English and, 421-425 Manner ofarticulation, 77, 80-83, 209-210 Assessment and, 169, 173, 175 690 • IN D EX

childhood language development, 118, 120, 122-126 occipitalis muscles, 35 language disorders in children and, 154 omohyoid muscles, 12 terminology definitions, 106 orbicularis oculi muscles, 35 Motherese, 112 orbicularis oris muscles, 25, 35, 57 Motor cortex, 47-48 palatoglossus muscles, 20, 26, 36 Motor fibers ofcranial nerve V, 33 palatopharyngeus muscles, 20, 36 Motor neurons, 30, 54 pectoralis major muscles, 6 Mucosal wave action, 14 pectoralis minor muscles, 6 Multidisciplinary teams, 523 pharyngeal constrictor muscles, 18, 26 Multilingual Aphasia Examination (MAE; Benton & pharynx muscles, 18, 36 Hamsher),357 platysma muscles, 25, 27, 35 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 325, 369, 396 posterior auricular muscles, 35 Multiple treatment of interference, 585 posterior belly ofdigastric, 22 Muscles primary motor cortex and, 47 abdominal muscles, 6, 7 procerus muscles, 35 anterior belly ofdigastric muscles, 22 pterygoid muscles, 34 aryepiglotic muscles, 36 quadratus lumborum muscles, 7 arytenoid muscles, 36, 292-295 rectus abdominis muscles, 7Inc. buccinator muscles, 25, 27 respiration and, 5-7 cricopharyngeus muscles, 18 respiration muscles, 6-7 cricothyroid muscles, 10, 36, 294, 295 rhomboideus major muscles, 7 depressor anguli oris muscles, 25, 27 risorius muscles, 25, 27 depressor labii inferioris, 25, 35 salpingopharyngeusPRO-ED, muscles, 18, 20 digastric muscles, 12, 26, 295 serratus anterior muscles, 6 extrinsic laryngeal muscles, 12 serratusby posterior inferior muscles, 7 frontalis muscles, 35 serratus posterior superior muscles, 6 genioglossus muscles, 12, 26, 38, 295 soft palate muscles, 20 geniohyoid muscles, 12, 22, 38, 295 stapedius muscle, 465 hyoglossus muscles, 12,24,26,38,295 sternocleidomastoid muscles, 6, 37 innervation and, 6-7 materialsternohyoid muscles, 12 intercostal muscles, 5, 6, 7 sternothyroid muscles, 12 internal oblique abdominis muscles, 7 styloglossus muscles, 24, 26, 38 intrinsic laryngeal muscles, 10-12 stylohyoid muscles, 12, 26, 295 laryngeal muscles, 10-12, 295 stylopharyngeus, 18, 26 lateral (external) pterygoid muscles, 22 subcostal muscles, 7 latissimus dorsi muscles, 7 copyrighted superior auricular muscle, 35 levator anguli oris muscles, 25, 27 suprahyoid muscles, 12 levator costarum brevis muscles,© 6 temporalis muscles, 22 levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, 25, 27 tensor tympani muscle, 465 levator labii superioris muscles muscles, 25, 27 tensor veli palatini muscles, 20, 34, 465 levator scapulai muscles, 6-7 thomboideus minor muscles, 7 levator veli palatini muscles, 20, 36, 465 thoracic muscles of inspiration, 6 lip muscles, 25 thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles, 10,36,292,294 mandible muscles, 22 thyrohyoid muscles, 12 masseter muscles, 22, 34 thyropharyngeus muscles, 18 medial (internal) pterygoid muscles, 22 tongue muscles, 24, 38 mentalis muscles, 25, 27 transverse arytenoid muscles, 10, 11, 294, 295 mylohyoid muscles, 12,22,295 transversus abdominis muscles, 7 nasalis muscles, 35 transversus thoracic us muscles, 7 oblique arytenoid muscles, 10, 11, 294 trapezius muscles, 6, 37 IN D EX .691

vocalis muscle, 10 Neuritic plaques, 378 zygomatic muscles, 25, 27, 35 Neuro-assisted (aided) AAC, 192 Muscular dystrophy, 396 Neuroanatomy, definition of, 28 Myasthenia gravis, 325, 369, 396 Neurofibrillary tangles, 378 Myelin sheath, 29-30 Neuroglia, 28 Myelinated axonal fibers (white matter), 55 Neurology, definition of, 28 Mylohyoid muscles, 12, 22, 295 Neuronal loss, 378 Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory, 13 Neurons anatomy of, 28-29 Naming skills, 358-359, 361, 393 axon and, 29 Narrative skills training, 187-188 dendrites and, 29-30 Narratives, 110 end buttons, 29-30 Nasal cavity, 16, 18 interneurons, 30 Nasal glide stimulation, 313 motor neurons, 30, 54 Nasal sounds, 79 myelin sheath, 29-30 Nasalance, 312 node of Ranvier, 29 Nasalis muscles, 35 sensory neurons, 30 Nasalization, 221 synapses, 30 Inc. Nasals, 80-81 varieties of, 29 Nasogastric feeding, 401 Neuropathologies Nasogastric tubes, 627 aphasia, 347-363 Nasometer, 312 apraxia, 347, 364-368 Nasometer (KayPENTAX Corporation), 621, 624 dementia,PRO-ED, 347, 377-385 Nasopharynx, 17, 18 dysphasia, 347, 369-377 National Aphasia Association, 348 rightby hemisphere syndrome, 347, 386-390 National Institute ofNeurological Diseases and Stroke, swallowing disorders, 395-401 348,377 traumatic brain injury (TBI), 347, 390-395 National Institute on Aging, 377 Neurophysiology, definition of, 28 National Outcome Measurement System (NOMS), 661 Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for National Student Speech-Language-Hearing Associationmaterial Aphasia (NCCEA; Spreen & Benton), 357 (NSSLHA), 650 Neurosurgeons, 610 Native Americans, 260, 438, 446 Neurotransmitters, definition of, 30 Nativist theory oflanguage development, 130-132 Newton's Laws ofMotion, 91 Natural frequency, definition of, 91 Node of Ranvier, 2-30 Natural phonology theory oflanguage development, 212 Nominal scales, 590 Naturalness, 208 copyrighted Noniconic symbols, 190 Negative emotions, 263, 270 Nonphonemic diphthongs, 87 Neglect, 161-162 © Nonverbal communication skills, 150 Nenotal intensive care units (NICUs), 632-635 Noonan syndrome, 630 Nerve-muscle pedicle reinnervation, 324 Norm-referenced tests, 524 Nerves. See Cranial nerves Norms, 215, 524 Nervous system, See also Central nervous system (CNS); Nurses, 610 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) auditory nervous system, 466-467 Oblique arytenoid muscle, 10, 11, 294 autonomic nervous system (ANS), 38-40 Obstruents, 79 cranial nerves, 31-36 Occipital lobe, 49 neuronsand,28-30 Occipitalis muscles, 35 overview of, 28, 30 Occlusion, 23 spinal nerves, 37-38 Occult submucous cleft, 618 Neural transmission, definition of, 30 Occupational therapists, 610 692 • INDEX

Octave, definition of, 91 Perception, 69, 89 Olfactory tract, 33 Perceptual problems, 152 Oliodendroglia, 28 Perilymph, 466 Omissions, 221 Periodic vibrations, 93, 468-469 Omohyoid muscles, 12 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Open-head injuries, 391 cranial nerves, 31-36 Operant behavior, 270 foramina and, 31 Opthalmic branch of cranial nerve V, 32 inferior alveolar nerve, 34 Oral cavity, 16-18 overview of, 31 Oral-motor coordination skills, 222 spinal nerves, 37-38 Orbicularis oculi muscles, 35 Perlocutionary behavior, 114 Orbicularis oris muscles, 25, 27, 35 Personal communication, 116 Organ ofCorti, 466 Pervasive developmental disorders, 155 Orofacial myofunctional disorders (tongue thrust), Pharmacists, 611 222-223 Pharyngeal constrictor muscles, 18, 26, 36 Oropharynx, 17-18 Pharyngeal fricatives, 221 Orthographic symbols, 72, 73 Pharyngeal nerve, 36 Oscillation, definition of, 91 Pharyngeal plexus, 35 Inc. Ossicular, 476 Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), 18, 19 Ossicular chain, 465 Pharyngostomy, 401 Otitis media, 446,475-476 Pharynx, 15-17, 17-18 Otolaryngologists, 610 Phonation, See also Articulation; Articulatory and Otosclerosis, 476 phonologicalPRO-ED, skills development; Speech sound Otospongiosis, 476 disorders Oval window, 465 aryepiglotticby folds, 12-l3 Overbite, 222 Bermouli effect, l3 Overextended words, 109, 115, 151 cover-body theory ofphonation, 292 Overtones, 96 cricoid cartilage and, 8-11 Oxygen, 1 gender issues, 335-336 materialhyoid bone and, 8-9 Palatoglossus muscles, 20, 24, 26, 36 language impairments in children and, 151-153 Palatopharyngeus muscles, 20, 36 larynx, 8-9 Pantomime, 191 myoelastic-aerodynamic theory, l3 Papilloma, 320-321 overview of, 71 Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM), 322-323 phonological development in children, 217-219 Parallel talk, 188 copyrighted polyps, 328-329 Paraplegia, 159 trachea and, 8-9 Parasympathetic branch ofANS,© 40 ventricular folds, 12-l3 Parkinsonism, 380 vocal folds and, 9, 12-l3 Parkinson's disease, 325, 349, 369, 372, 380-381, 396 voice disorders and, 309 Pars opercularis, 48 Phonation disorders Pascals (pa), 94 alaryngeal speech, 315 Passive sentences, 107 assessments and, 308, 309, 620, 621-622 Pauses, 257 cancer and, 3l3-317, 324 Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT; Dunn & Dunn), clefts and, 620 177, 528, 530 dysarthria and, 370, 375 Pectoralis major, 6 gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 323, 329 Pectoralis minor, 6 granuloma, 317-319 Pediatricians, 611 hemangioma, 319 Peduncles, 42 hyperkeratosis, 319 IN D EX .693

laryngeal trauma, 321 Positron emission tomography (PET), 614-615 laryngeal web, 321-322 Posterior auricular muscles, 35 laryngectomy and, 314, 316-317 Posterior belly ofdigastric muscles, 22 laryngomalacia, 319-320 Posterior cerebral arteries, 58 leukoplakia, 319 Poverty, 160-161,220,448 neurological diseases, 325-326 Pragmatics papilloma, 320-321 assessment and, 173-175, 178-181 paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM), 322-323 language development in children and, 109-110, 114, pitch disorders, 333-334 116-118, 121, 123-126 psychogenic voice disorders, 334-335 language problems in children and, 152 spasmodic dysphonia, 324-325 traumatic brain injury (TBI) and, 393 subglottal stenosis, 320 PRAXIS traumatic laryngitis, 329-330 certification and, 672 ulcers, 318, 323, 329 exam tips, 674-675 vocal fold thickening, 329 overview of, 667-668 vocal nodules, 327-328 study tips, 673 vocally abusive practices, 326-327 topic areas, 668-672 Phonation stage, 214 Precentral gyrus, 47, 52 Inc. Phonemes, definition of, 70, 208 Preconceptual stage of cognitive development, 133 Phonemic, definition of, 70, 208 Predictive validity, 529 Phonemic diphthongs, 87 Premature birth, 150 Phonetic adaptations, 88 Prenatal factors Phonetic transcription, 72-75 birthweight,PRO-ED, 162, 632 Phonetics, definition of, 69-70, 70 cerebral palsy (CP) and, 159 Phonological process approach (PPA), 237-238 drugby and alcohol exposure, 162-164 Phonological processing, 135, 217 language disorders in children, 150, 154 Phonology, definition of, 70 Presbycusis, 480 Physical therapists, 611 Presbyphonia, 297 Physiological phonetics, definition of, 70 Preschool Language Assessment Instrument-2 (PLAI-2; Pia mater ("tender mother"), 57 material Blank, Rose, & Berlin), 173 Piaget, Jean, 132-133, 137 Preschool Language Scale-4 (PLS-4; Zimmerman, Stein, Pick's disease, 372, 379-380 & Pond), 173 Pierre-Robin syndrome, 627 Preschool Language Scale-4 (PLS-4; Zimmerman, Pitch Steiner, & Pond), 174 frequency and, 93-94 Pressure, definition of, 91 gender reassignment and, 335-336copyrighted Presuppositions, 116 overview of, 89 © Pretests, definition of, 570 voice disorders and, 298, 306, 308, 333-334 Primary auditory cortex, 48, 49-50 Place of articulation, 77, 80 Primary intracranial tumors, 348 Place-voice-manner analysis of speech sounds, 77, 80, Primary motor cortex (Area 4), 14,47,48 208,209 Primary syllable stress, 88 Plastic surgeons, 611 Print knowledge, 127 Platysma muscles, 25, 27, 35 Prion, 383 Polio, 397 Procerus muscles, 35 Polyps, 328-329 Production ofsounds, 69 Ponological awareness, 127 Prognosis, 519 Pons, 42-43, 52-53,372 Progressive assimilation, 218 Porch Index ofCommunicative Ability (PICA; Porch), Progressive dementia, 377-378 357 Progressive supranuclear palsy, 369, 372 Portfolio assessment, 167, 535 Projection, 608 694 • IN 0 E X

Projection fibers, 55 Reliability, 529-530, 566-567 Prompting, 185 Religion, 606 Prosody, 88 Repetitions, 257, 358 Prospective studies, 577 Repression, 608 Prosthodontists, 611 Research Psychiatrists, 611 aphasia in bilingual populations, 355-356 Psychoacoustics, definition of, 90 articulation development in children, 215-217 Psychodynamic theory, 602 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 165 Psychopathology (neurosis), 255-256, 266-267, 273 attrition and, 583 Psychosexual developments, 256 central tendency and, 589 Pterygoid muscles, 34 comparative research, 578 Puberty, 296, 333 correlational research, 579-580 Pulmonary specialists, 611 definition of, 564 Pure-tone audiometry, 485-486 descriptive research, 576-581 Purkinje cells, 29 developmental (normative) research, 578-579 Putamen, 381 ethnographic research, 580-581 Pyramidal system, 47, 52, 52-54 evaluation of, 581-587 evidence-based practice and,Inc. 516 Quadratus lumborum, 7 ex post facto (retrospective) research, 577 Quadriplegia, 159 experimental research, 568-576 Questionnaires, 531 group designs, 569-571 Quick incidental learning, 109 hypotheses, 565 Quiet breathing, 2 levels of evidencePRO-ED, for evidence-based practice, 585-587 Radiation therapy, 314 maturationby and, 583 Radiologists, 611 reliability of measurements, 566-567 Rancho Los Amigos Levels ofCognitive Function (Hagen & scientific method, 563-568 Malkamus),393 single-subject designs, 571-575 Randomized clinical trials, 586 speech sound acquisition, 216 Rarefaction, definition of, 90 materialstatistical regression, 582-583 Rate ofspeech, 89 statistics principles, 587-590 Rating scales, 531 stuttering, 269 Rationalization, 607 subject selection biases, 583-584 Reaction formation, 608 survey research, 577-578 Reading skills, 358, 359, 362, 393 validity and, 566,581-585 Reauditorization, 189 copyrighted variables and, 568-569, 588-589 Recasting, 189 Resonance, definition of, 90 Receptive-Expressive Emergent© Language Test-Third Resonation, See also Articulation Edition (REEL-3; Bzoch, League, & Brown), 173 assessments and, 308, 622 Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-2000 description of, 1 (ROWPVT-2000; Brownell), 177 dysarthria and, 370, 375 Recruitment, 477 fundamentals, 15-17 Rectus abdominis, 7 hypernasalityand, 308, 370 Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), IS, 35, 292, 324 hyponasality, 308, 370 Reduplication, 218 nasal cavity and, 16 Reflection, definition of, 90 oral cavity and, 16-18 Regressive assimilation, 218 overviewof,71 Regulatory communication, 116 pharynx and, 15-17 Reinforcement, 132, 542-544, 603 resonance disorders, 308, 309-313 Reissner's membrane, 466 soft palate (velum) and, 16 IN 0 EX. 695

source-filter theory and, 16 Second -language acquisition, 431-433 treatment of hearing impairments and, 494 Secondary (metastatic) tumors, 348 vocal folds and, 16 Secondary or weak syllable stress, 88 Respiration Seeing Essential English (SEE), 504 bronchi and, 2 Selective recovery theory, 448 description of, 1 Self-talk, 189 dysarthria and, 369 Semantic relations, 115 expiration, 7 Semantics inhalation, 1,6-7 assessment and, 175, 178, 180 lungs and, 2-3 language development in children and, 114-115, muscles of, 5-7 117-118, 120, 122-126 overview of, 71 Semicircular canals, 466 rib cage and,S Semilongitudinal procedure, 579 speech energy and, 1 Semivowels, 82-83 spinal column and, 3-4 Senile plaques, 378 sternum and, 4 Sensory neurons, 30 structural framework, 1-5 Sensory substitution method, 499 trachea, 3 Sentences, 107-108, 152,359Inc. voice disorders and, 308 Sequenced Inventory ofCommunication Development- Response-contingent feedback, 185 Revised (Hendrick, Prather, & Tobin), 175 Reticular activating system (RAS), 43 Sequential bilingual acquisition, 436 Retrocochlear disorders, 483-484 Sequential motion rates (SMRs), 374 Retroflex, 83 Serratus anteriorPRO-ED, muscles, 6 Rett syndrome, 155 Serratus posterior inferior muscles, 7 Reversible dementia, 377-378 Serratusby posterior superior muscles, 6 Revisions, 257 Sessile polyps, 328 Rhomboideus major, 7 Shaping, 185 Rhomboideus minor, 7 Shimmer, 298 Rhotic, 79, 83 Shprintzen, Robert, 630 Rib cage,S, 6 materialShprintzen syndrome, 630 Right hemisphere damage (RHD), 386 Sibilants, 79 Right Hemisphere Language Battery, 2nd edition (RHLB­ Sickle cell anemia, 447 2; Bryan), 388 Sign language, 191, 503-504 Right hemisphere syndrome, 347, 386-390 Signing Exact English, 504 Risorius muscles, 25, 27 Silent period, 432-433 Rochester method, 504 Silent prolongations, 257 Root morphemes, definition of,copyrighted 106 Simple harmonic motion, 90, 93 Rosetti Infant-Toddler Language© Scale (Rosetti), 173 Simultaneous bilingual acquisition, 435-436 Round sounds, 79 Singers, 2 Rubella, 480 Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), Russell-Silver syndrome, 628 615 Single-subject designs in research, 571-575 Safety alerting devices, 499 Single-word utterances, 115, 359-361 Salpingopharyngeus muscle, 18, 20 Sinusoidal motion, definition of, 90 SCERTS model, 157 Skinner, B. E, 129 Schwann cells, 28 Social communication, 150 Scientific method, 563-568 Social interaction/attachment, 129, 163 Screening, 517 Social interaction ism theory, 136-137 Screening Test ofAdolescent Language (STAL; Prather, Social Security Act (SSA), 659-660 Beecher, Stafford, & Wallace), 179 Social workers, 611 696 • IN D EX

Socioeconomic status, 160-161,220,448 lisps, 221 Soft palate (velum), 16, 18-20 nasalization, 221 Soma, 29 neuropathologies, 223-225 Somatosensory cortex (areas 1,2,3), 14,48 omissions/deletions, 221 Sonorantsounds,79,82-83 oral-motor coordination skills, 222 Sound, definition of, 90, 92 oral structural variables and, 221-222 Sound pressure level (dB SPL), 94-95 orofacial myofunctional disorders (tongue thrust), Sound prolongations, 257 222-223 Sound spectograph, 95 overview of, 219 Sound spectography, 304 pharyngeal fricatives, 221 Sound waves, 90, 93, 469-470 socioeconomic status (SES) and, 220 Source-filter theory, 16 stridency deletions, 221 Spanish-influenced English, 422, 425-427 substitutions, 221 Spasmodic dysphonia, 324-325 treatment, 232-239 Spastic CP, 159 treatment of hearing impairments and, 493-494 Spastic dysarthria, 372-373 unaspirated sounds, 221 Specific language impairments (SLI), 151-153 vocalic errors, 221 Speech audiometry, 486 Speech sounds Inc. Speech-language pathology and audiology professions, affricates, 82 651 consonants, 75-83 Speech reading, 501 distinctive feature analysis, 76 Speech science fricatives, 81-82 acoustics, 90-91 glides, 82-83PRO-ED, anatomy and physiology and, 71 language impairments in children and, 151 context and speech sound production, 88-89 liquids,by 83 definitions, 69-70 manner of articulation and, 80-83 phonetic transcription and, 72-75 manner of production, 78 phonetics and, 69-70 nasals, 80-81 speech sounds, 75-88 place-voice-manner analysis, 77, 80-83 study of sound, 92-95 materialstops, 82 Speech sound disorders, See also Articulatory and pho­ syllables and, 75-76 nological skills development; Fluency disorders; voicing and, 80 Language development theories; Resonation; vowels, 84-87 Treatment; Voice disorders Spinal column, 3-4, 39, 57 academic performance and, 220 Spinal motor neurons, 29, 54 ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), 222copyrighted Spinal nerves, 37-38 articulatory errors, 220-221 Split-half reliability, 530, 567 assessment of, 225-231 © Standardized tests, See also Assessment; specific tests assimilation processes and, 218 adolescent language disorders assessment, 177, 179, auditory discrimination skills and, 220 181-182 birth order/sibling status and, 220 alternatives to, 440-442 dental deviations and, 222 aphasia, 356-360, 449 devoicing, 221 apraxia ofspeech (AOS), 367 English as a foreign language (EFL) and, 239-241 cautions for use of, 525-526 fronting and, 221 child language disorder assessment, 167 functional articulation disorders, 219 construct validity and, 439 gender and, 219 culturally and lingually diverse (CLD) clients and, hearing loss and, 223 421,422,437-440 intelligence and, 220 definition of, 524 labialization, 221 dementia, 384 INDEX.697

distributions and, 526 Superior auricular muscle, 35 dysarthia, 375 Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), 15,292 limitations of, 525 Superior longitudinal fibers, 55 principles of, 524-530 Superior longitudinal muscles, 24 reliability of, 529-530 Superior peduncle, 42, 45 speech sound disorder assessment, 229-231 Supplementary motor cortex (area 6), 14, 47 types ofscores, 526-527 Suppression, 608 validity of, 527-529 Suprahyoid muscles, 12 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales-Fifth Edition (SB5; Supramarginal gyrus, 49 Roid),528 Suprasegmentals, 88-89 Stapedectomy, 476 Surface structure, 131 Stapedius muscle, 465 Survey research, 577-578 Statistical regression, 582-583 Swallowing disorders Statistics principles, 587-590 assessment of, 398-399 Stenosis, 474 etiology, 396 Stereotypes, 417 normal swallow compared with disordered swallow, Sternocleidomastoid muscles, 6, 37 396-397 Sternohyoid muscles, 12 overview of, 395-396 Inc. Sternothyroid muscles, 12 treatment, 399-401 Sternum (breastbone), 4 Syllabics, 79 Stimulability, 228-229 Syllabification, 76 Stops, 82, 218 Syllables Strain-strangle, 299 articulatoryPRO-ED, and phonological skills development and, Stridency deletions, 221, 235 218 Stridency ofvoice, 300 consonantsby and, 75-76 Strident sounds, 79 language impairments in children and, 151 Strokes stress and, 88 African Americans and, 445-446 vowels and, 75-76, 88 aphasia and, 347 Sylvian fissure, 46 dysarthria and, 369, 372 materialSynapses, 30 dysphagia and, 396 Synergistic and differential recovery theory, 447 gender and, 348 Syntactic problems, 152 stroke recovery theories, 447-448 Syntax types of, 348 African American English and, 421, 423 Strong cognition hypothesis, 132 assessment of child language disorders and, 173, 175, Structural theory oflanguage copyrighteddevelopment, 212 178, 180 Stuttering. See Fluency disorders childhood language development, 114,117-119, 122, Styloglossus muscles, 24, 26,© 38 123, 125-126 Stylohyoid muscles, 12, 26, 295 language disorders in children and, 152, 154 Stylomastoid foramen, 35 overview of, 107-108 Stylopharyngeus muscle, 18, 26 Syphilis, 480 Subcortical aphasia, 354-355 Subcostal muscles, 7 Tactile agnosia, 364 Subglottal stenosis, 320 Tacts, 130 Subglottic pressure, 9 Tadoma method, 499 Submucous cleft, 310,618 Taste buds, 23 Substantia nigra, 42,44,53,381 Taxoplasmosis, 480 Substitutions, 217-218, 221 Teeth,19,22-23,222,628 Successive recovery theory, 448 Teflon injections, 401 Sulcus, 46 Telecommunication devices for the deaf (TDDs), 499 698 • IN 0 EX

Telegraphic speech, 152 illustration, 19 Temporal auditory processing, 135 orofacial myofunctional disorders (tongue thrust), Temporal bones, 465 222-223 Temporal gyrus, 49 overview, 23-24 Temporal lobe, 49-50, 467 tongue muscles, 24, 38 Temporalis muscles, 22, 34 vowels and, 85, 208 Temporomandibular joint, 22 Tongue muscles, 24, 38 Tense sounds, 79 Tonsils, 18, 19 Tensor tympani muscle, 465 Tourette syndrome, 628-629 Tensor veli palatini muscles, 20, 34, 465 Trachea Test for Auditory Comprehension ofLanguage-Third description of, 3 Edition (TACL-3; Carrow-Woolfolk), 177 illustration of, 3, 8, 16, 293 Test ofAdolescent/Adult Word Finding (TAWF; German), phonation and, 8-9 182 Training, See also Treatment Test ofAdolescent and Adult Language-Fourth accent training, 240 Edition (TOAL-4; Hammill, Brown, Larsen, & auditory discrimination/perceptual training, 233 Wiederholt), 182 communication training for hearing impairments, Test ofEarly Language Development-Third Edition 500-504 Inc. (TELD-3; Hresko, Reid, & Hammill), 177 Transcortical motor aphasia (TMA), 350 Test ofLanguage Development-Intermediate: Fourth Transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA), 352-353 Edition (TOLD-I:4; Hammill & Newcomer), 177, Transdisciplinary teams, 523 182 Transformation, 131 Test ofLanguage Development-Primary: Fourth Edition TransformationPRO-ED, generative theory of grammar, 131 (TOLD-P:4; Newcomer & Hammill), 177 Transgender, 335 Test ofProblem Solving 2-Adolescent (TOPS-2; Boweres, Transmittingby medium, definition of, 90 Huisingh, & LoGiudice), 182 Transverse arytenoid muscle, 10, II, 294, 295 Test ofVisual Neglect (Albert), 389 Transversus abdominis, 7 Test ofWord Finding-Second Edition (TWF-2; German), Transversus thoracicus, 7 177 Trapezius muscles, 6, 37 Test-retest reliability, 530, 567 materialTraumatic brain injury (TBI), 158,279,347,369,390­ Thalamus, 43, 55 395,482 Theory, definition of, 564 Traumatic laryngitis, 329-330 Thoracic breathing, 308 Treatment, See also Assessment; Training Thoracic cavity, 2 aphasia, 360-363 Thoracic muscles of inspiration, 6 auditory system, 491-504 Thrombus, 348 autism, 157 Thrombus strokes, 348 copyrighted behavior therapy, 334-335 Thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles,© 10, 36, 292, 294 booster treatments, 549-550 Thyrohyoid muscles, 12 clefts and, 622-624 Thyroid cartilage, 8-10, 292, 293 cultural-linguistic considerations, 551-552 Thyropharyngeus muscle, 18 culturally and lingually diverse (CLD) clients, Thyroplasty type I, 324 443-449 Time delay, 186-187 definitions, 537-538 Tobacco, 313, 321 dysarthria, 375-376 Token Test for Children-Second Edition (TTFC-2; evidence-based practice and, 515-516 McGhee, Ehrler, & DiSimoni), 177 fluency disorders, 274-276, 280, 282 Tomography, 614 follow-up, 549 Tongue hypernasality, 312 ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), 222 hyponasality, 312-313 consonants and, 78-7~83 maintenance programs, 548-549 INDEX.699

neurological disease, 326 overview of, 232-233 outline ofsteps in treatment, 550-551 phonological process approach (PPA), 237-238 overview oftreatment process, 545-550 Van Riper's traditional approach, 233-234 paradigm for communication disorders, 538 Trigeminal neuralgia, 33 reinforcement and, 542-544 Trisomy 13, 629 right hemisphere syndrome, 389-390 Trochlear nucleus, 53 sequence oftreatment, 547-548 Tumors, 348,480, 483 swallowing disorders, 399-401 Turn-taking skills, 112 terminology, 539-542 Turner syndrome, 630 traumatic brain injury (TBI), 393-395 Twins, 259-260 voice disorders, 327, 330-335 Two-word utterances, 116 Treatment of hearing impairments Tympanic membrane, 464 amplification, 495-498 Tympanometry, 487 assistive devices, 499 Type-token ratio (TTR), 168 aural rehabilitation, 495 cochlear implants, 497-498 Ulcers, 318, 323, 329 fluency disorders, 494 Unaspirated sounds, 221 general principles, 491-492 Underextended words, 109,Inc. 151 hearing aids, 496-497 Underlying deficits, 151 language disorders, 493-494 Unilateral paralysis, 323 resonance disorders, 494 Unilateral upper motor neuron (UUMN) dysarthria, speech disorders, 493 373-374 tactile aids, 499 UnipolarPRO-ED, neurons, 29 Treatment oflanguage disorders in children, See also Unmarked sounds, 208 Language disorders in children U.S.by Bureau ofthe Census, 415, 416, 425 augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), U.S. Department ofHealth and Human Services, 660 190-192 Usher syndrome, 630 basic behavioral techniques, 185 Utah Test ofLanguage Development-Fourth Edition discrete trial procedures, 184-185 (UTLD-4; Mecham), 177 expansion, 185 materialUvula, 19 extension, 185-186 facilitated communication, 192 Validity, 439, 527-529, 566, 581-585 family and, 183 Valleculae, 13 focused stimulation, 186 Van Riper's traditional approach, 233-234 joint routines, 187 Variables in research, 568-569, 588-589 literacy skills training, 189-190copyrighted Variagated/nonreduplication babbling stage, 214 milieu teaching, 186-187 Vascular dementia, 383 narrative skills training,© 187-188 Velar fronting, 217 overview of, 182-183 Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), 630-631 parallel talk, 188 Velocity, 91, 93 reauditorization, 189 Velopharyngeal closure, 16, 19 recasting, 189 Velopharyngeal inadequacy (VPI), 310 self-talk, 189 Velum (soft palate), 16, 18-20,311 whole-language approach, 189 Ventricular folds, 12-13,292 Treatment ofspeech sound disorders Verbal behavior acquisition, 129 contrast approaches, 236 Vertebral arteries, 58 distinctive features approach (DFA), 235-236 Vestibular system, 466 linquistic approaches, 235-238 Videofluorographic assessment, 399 McDonald's sensory-motor approach, 234-235 Videofluoroscopy, 609, 615, 621 metaphon therapy approach, 236-237 Videostroboscopy, 304-305 700 • INDEX

Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Second Edition voice changes in life span, 296-297 (Sparrow, Cicchetti, & Balla), 173 volume and, 298, 308 Visual agnosia, 364 Voice onset time, 96 Visual aids, 313 Voice onset time (VaT), 268 Visual associative cortex, 48 Voice termination time, 96 Visual cortex, 48 Voice therapy, 325 Visually reinforced head turns, 214 Voicing, definition of, 77 Visuoperceptual deficits, 387 Voicing assimilation, 218 Vocabulary, 108 Volume of speech, 89 Vocal fold thickening, 329 Von Recklinghausen disease, 483 Vocal folds Vowels illustration, 10, 293, 299 articulatory and phonological skills development and, layers, 12 217-218 mucosal wave action, 14 back vowels, 86-87 phonation and, 9, 12-13 central vowels, 86 resonation and, 16 consonants compared with, 76 voice production and, 292 dipthongs, 87, 208 Vocal nodules, 327-328 distinctive feature analysis, Inc.84, 208, 209 Vocal punctuation, 89 front vowels, 85-86 Vocalic sounds, 78 overview of, 84 Vocalis muscle, 10 production of, 208 Vocalis muscles, 12 stuttering and, 263 Vocalization, 217 suprasegmentals,PRO-ED, 88 Voice disorders, See also Fluency disorders; Language syllables and, 75-76 disorders in children; Speech sound disorders tongueby placement and, 85, 208 assessment, 300-309 vocalization, 217 breathiness, 299 vowel position characteristics, 84-85 cover-body theory ofphonation, 292 Vygotsky, Lev, 136-137 diplophonia (double voice), 300 gastroesophageal refiux, 313, 319,321, 323 materialWeak cognition hypothesis, 134 glottal fry, 299-300 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 377 harshness, 299 Wernicke's aphasia, 352 hearing impairments and, 502-503 Wernicke's area, 48, 50,55,352,363 hoarseness, 298-299 Western Aphasia Battery (WAB; Kertesz), 356 hypernasality, 308, 370 White matter, 55, 57 hyponasality, 308, 370 copyrighted Whole-language approach, 189 jitter, 298 Williams syndrome, 631 larynx and, 291-295 © Wilson's disease, 369 loudness disorders, 332-333 Woodcock Language Proficiency Battery-Revised neurological diseases, 325-326 (WLPB-R; Woodcock & Munoz-Sandoval), 182 phonation and, 309 Word definition skills, 180 pitch and, 298, 308 Word-finding/retrieval, 151-152, 180 psychogenic voice disorders, 334-335 Word knowledge, 109 quality and, 298-300 Word-relation problems, 180 resonance and, 308-313 The WORD Test 2-Elementary (Bowers, Huisingh, respiration and, 308 LoGiudice, & Orman), 177 shimmer, 298 World knowledge, 109 strain-strangle, 299 Writing skills, 359, 362-363, 393 stridency, 300 vocally abusive practices, 326-327 Zygomatic minor, 25, 27