Quick viewing(Text Mode)

Skeletal System for REVIEW ONLY–NOT for DISTRIBUTION

Skeletal System for REVIEW ONLY–NOT for DISTRIBUTION

Skeletal System 4

The skeletal system of the cat is an endoskeleton (skeleton inside the body). In the embryonic stage, most of the in the skeletal system are preceded by which is partially or completely replaced by tissue. This type of is referred to as endochondral ossification. Bones that form the cranium and face are not preceded by cartilage, as is the case in endochondral ossifi- cation; these bones are formed by intramembranous ossification where a framework of connective tissue membrane is slowly ossified. DISTRIBUTION The number of bones in a cat skeleton changes with age. As a kitten matures into an adult, many separate bones fuse with neighboring bones, changing the size and shape of the bones. For example, in a kitten there are four separate bones in the occipital FORregion of the : one basioccipital, two exoccipitals, and one supraocccipital bone. However, as the kitten matures into an adult cat, the bones fuse to form a single occipital bone. In a very old cat there may be further fusion of bones, which can be seen by the obliteration of sutures between fused bones.

In an adult cat the number of separate bones may vary from 233–287. There are 6 ear ossicles inside the temporal bones, 40 sesamoid bones, and 8 small chevron bones attached to the caudal verte- brae. Other bones of the skeletal system include: ONLY–NOT AXIAL SKELETON Skull: facial and cranial bones, and a hyoid bone

Vertebral column: Cervical vertebrae 7 Thoracic vertebrae 13 REVIEWLumbar vertebrae 7

Sacral: 9 vertebrae fused to form the sacrum CaudalFOR vertebrae: 21 (varies from 4–26) forming the tail Ribs: 26, or 13 pairs

Sternum: 1, consisting of manubrium, body of the sternum, and a xiphoid

7 8 APPENDICULAR SKELETON Pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle: (2), clavicle (2) that are vestigial and embedded in muscles

Pelvic girdle: consists of left and right hip bones joined by sacrum in the back

Posterior legs: (2), patella (2), tibia (2), fibula (2); Tarsals: astragulus (2), calcaneous (2), cuboid (2), metacarpals (10), phalanges, proximal (8), middle (8), distal (8)

Anterior leg: carpus—scaphoid (2), triquetral or cuneiform (2), pisiform (2), trapezium (2), trape- zoid (2), capitate or magnum (2), hamate or unciform (2); metacarpus—phalanges (10), proximal (1), middle (10), distal (8)

The cat is a digitigrade animal that walks upon its digits. A digit includes a row of two or three phalanges.

1. Lacuna 1 2.

2 3. 4. MDISTRIBUTIONatrix 3 5. Collagen fiber 4 6. Adipose tissue FOR5

6

Figure 4-1. Section of displaying chondrocytes in lacunae.

1. Zone of resting cartilage ONLY–NOT 1 2. Zone of proliferative cartilage 3. Zone of maturing cartilage 2 4. Perichondrium

5. Zone of hypertrophy cartilage REVIEW 3 4 FOR 5

Figure 4-2. Longitudinal section of developing epiphyseal growth plate showing hyaline cartilage zones.

Skeletal System 1. Elastic fiber 9

2. in lacuna

1 3. Lacunae

2 4. Perichondrium 3 4 5.

5

Figure 4-3. Longitudinal section of .

1 1. Connective tissue

2. Elastic fibers

2 3. Chondrocytes in lacunae 3 DISTRIBUTION

4 4. Lacunae FOR5. Perichondrium 5 6. Chondrocytes in lacunae 6

Figure 4-4. Longitudinal section of elastic cartilage at a higher magnification. ONLY–NOT 1. Fibrous cartilage 1 2. 2 3. Hyaline cartilage 3 4. Blood vessel REVIEW 4 5. Chondrocytes in lacunae FOR 5 6. Cartilage matrix

6

Figure 4-5. Cross section of fibrous cartilage from pubis symphysis. 4 10 1 1. Articular hyaline cartilage

2 2. Cartilaginous

3 3. Hyaline cartilage

4. Skeletal muscle 4 5. Cartilage–bone interface

6.

5 7. Trabeculae 6 8. Bone marrow 7 9. (shaft) 8

9

Figure 4-6. Longitudinal section of developing . 1. DDISTRIBUTIONermis of skin 2. Hair follicle 1 FOR2 3. 3 4. External periosteum 4 5. Cancellous or spongy bone

5 6. Bony trabeculae

6 7. Internal periosteum 7 ONLY–NOT Figure 4-7. Intramembranous ossification of skull bone displaying trabeculae and surrounding tissue. 1. Trabeculae 1 2. Bone marrow

REVIEW 2 3. in trabeculae

FOR 3

Figure 4-8. Higher magnification of cancellous bone.

Skeletal System 1. Volkmann’s canal 11

1 2. Bone matrix lamellae 2 3. Harversian canal 3 4. Canaliculi 4 5. Osteocytes in lacunae 5 6. 6

Figure 4-9. Cross section of cortical dense bone displaying osteons and a Volkmann’s canal.

1. Osteons 1 2. Bone marrow

3. MDISTRIBUTIONedullary cavity

2 FOR

3

Figure 4-10. Cross section of decalcified compact bone. ONLY–NOT

1. Epiphysis of articulating bone 1 2. zone

3. Cancellous bone REVIEW 2 3 4. Epiphysis 4 5 5. Articular cartilage FOR 6 6. Synovial space filled with synovial fluid 7 8 7. Periosteum 8. Skeletal muscle Figure 4-11. Longitudinal section of a developing ball and socket joint. 4 12

DISTRIBUTION

FOR Figure 4-12. Lateral view of cat skeleton.

1. Atlas (first cervical 11. Coccyx vertebrae 22. Carpal bones ) 12. Fibula 23. Radius 2. Axis (second cervical 13. Lateral 24. Ulna vertebra) ONLY–NOT 3. Cervical vertebra 14. Tibia 25. Humerus

4. Scapula 15. Tarsus 26. Sternum

5. Thoracic vertebra 16. Tail 27. 6. Ribs REVIEW 17. Nail 28. 7. Lumbar vertebra 18. Metatarsal bones 29. Nasal 8. FOR Pelvic girdle 19. Phalanges 30. Zygomatic arch 9. Patella 20. Anterior phalanges 31. Frontal

10. Femur 21. Metacarpal bones 32. Parietal

Skeletal System 13

DISTRIBUTION

Figure 4-13. Axial skeleton, lateral view. FOR 1. Parietal 9. Obturator foramen 17. Axis vertebra

2. Temporal 10. Ischial tuberosity 18. Atlas vertebra

3. Thoracic vertebrae 11. Coccyx 19. External acoustic meatus 4. Lumbar vertebrae 12. Pubic bone 20. Zygomatic arch 5. Ilium ONLY–NOT13. Costal cartilage 21. Zygomatic 6. Os coxa 14. Ribs 22. Maxilla 7. Acetabulum 15. Sternum 23. Canine tooth 8. Ischium 16. Cervical vertebrae REVIEW

FOR

4 14

DISTRIBUTION

FOR

ONLY–NOT

Figure 4-14. Dorsal aspect of cat skeleton. REVIEW 1. Frontal 7. Typical cervical 13. Femur

2. Parietals 8. Scapula 14. Tibia

3. FOR Zygomatic arch 9. Thoracic 15. Sacrum

4. Occipital 10. Ribs (costa) 16. Coxa

5. Atlas 11. Lumbar 17. Coccyx

6. Axis 12. Patella

Skeletal System 15

17

1 15 16

14 2 12

9 3

8 7 4 11 6 5 10 DISTRIBUTION 13

© H a yd en -M cN e FOR il , L L C

Figure 4-15. Cat skull, lateral view, mandible and maxilla open.

1. Parietal 7. Condyloid process 13. Canine 2. Temporal ONLY–NOT8. Coronoid process 14. Premaxilla 3. Occipital 9. Body of the mandible 15. Nasal

4. External acoustic 10. Molars and premolars 16. Eye meatus 11. Mandible 17. Frontal 5. Tympanic bulla 12. Zygomatic 6. AngularREVIEW process

FOR

4 16

DISTRIBUTION

Figure 4-16. Cat skull, lateral view, mandibleFOR and maxilla open.

1. Parietal 7. Condyloid process 13. Canine

2. Temporal 8. Coronoid process 14. Premaxilla

3. Occipital 9. Body of the mandible 15. Nasal

4. External acoustic 10. Molars and premolars 16. Eye orbit meatus ONLY–NOT 11. Mandible 17. Frontal 5. Tympanic bulla 12. Zygomatic 6. Angular process REVIEW

FOR

Skeletal System 17

DISTRIBUTION

FOR

Figure 4-17. Cat skull, lateral view, mandible and maxilla closed.

1. Parietal 6. Angular process 12. Zygomatic 2. Temporal ONLY–NOT7. Condyloid process 13. Canine 3. Occipital 8. Coronoid process 14. Nasal

4. External acoustic 9. Body of the mandible 15. Eye orbit meatus 10. Molars and premolars 16. Frontal 5. Tympanic bulla REVIEW 11. Mandible

FOR

4 18

DISTRIBUTION

FOR

Figure 4-18. Frontal aspects of the skull.

1. Sagittal suture 6. Conchae (turbinates) 11. Upper canine

2. Frontal bone 7. 12. Lower canine

3. Postorbital process ONLY–NOT8. 13. Mandible

4. Eye orbit 9. Maxilla 14. Symphysis of mandible

5. Mandible, coronoid 10. Incisor process REVIEW

FOR

Skeletal System 19

DISTRIBUTION

FOR

ONLY–NOT

Figure 4-19. Dorsal aspects of the skull.

1. Nasal REVIEW 6. Mandible coronoid 10. Atlas process 2. Maxilla 11. Axis 7. Zygomatic arch 3.FOR Zygomatic 12. Cervical 8. Sagittal suture 4. Frontal 9. Parietal 5. Postorbital process 4 20

DISTRIBUTION

FOR

ONLY–NOT

Figure 4-20. Skull, ventral view. REVIEW 1. Incisors 6. Vomer 11. Occipital bone 2.FOR Canine 7. 12. Atlas vertebra 3. 8. Frontal bone 13. Axis vertebra

4. Molars 9. Mandibular fossa 14. Cervical vertebrae

5. Maxilla, zygomatic 10. Tympanic bulla process

Skeletal System 21

DISTRIBUTION

FOR

ONLY–NOT

Figure 4-21. Cat mandible.

1. CoronoidREVIEW process 4. Premolars 7. Body of the mandible 2. Ramus 5. Canine 3.FOR Molar 6. Incisor

4 22

Figure 4-22a. Scapula, medial view.

1. Subscapular fossa 2. Glenoid fossa DISTRIBUTION3. Supraglenoid tubercle

FOR

ONLY–NOT

REVIEW Figure 4-22b. Scapula, right lateral view. FOR 1. Dorsal border 4. Tuberosity of the spine 7. Supraglenoid tubercle

2. Metacromion process 5. Supraspinous fossa 8. Acromion process

3. Infraspinous fossa 6. Cranial border 9. Glenoid fossa

Skeletal System 23

DISTRIBUTION

FOR

ONLY–NOT

REVIEWFigure 4-23. Radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, and humerus.

1. FOR Olecranon process 6. Carpals 11. Humerus 2. Semilunar notch 7. 1st digit 12. Supracondyloid foramen (trochlear notch) 8. Metacarpals 13. Olecranon fossa 3. Ulna 9. Phalanges 14. Trochlea 4. Radius 10. Head of the humerus 5. Styloid process 4 24

DISTRIBUTION

FOR

ONLY–NOT

FigureREVIEW 4-24. Bones of the anterior appendages—ulna, radius, carpals, and metacarpals.

1. Styloid process of the 6. Carpals 11. Semilunar or trochlear ulna notch FOR 7. Styloid process of the 2. Ungual process radius 12. Anconeal process 3. Ungual crest 8. Radius 13. Olecranon process 4. Phalanges (phalanx) 9. Ulna 5. Metacarpals 10. Head of the radius

Skeletal System 25

DISTRIBUTION

FOR

Figure 4-25. Bones of the hindONLY–NOT leg—femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges.

1. Patella 5. Greater trochanter 9. Tarsal bones

2. Patellar surface 6. Fibula 10. Metatarsals 3. Femur REVIEW 7. Tibia 11. Phalanges 4. Head of femur 8. Calcaneus 12. Ungual process FOR

4 26

DISTRIBUTION

FOR

ONLY–NOT

REVIEW

FOR

Skeletal System

Top View