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Skeletal System for REVIEW ONLY–NOT for DISTRIBUTION Skeletal System 4 The skeletal system of the cat is an endoskeleton (skeleton inside the body). In the embryonic stage, most of the bones in the skeletal system are preceded by cartilage which is partially or completely replaced by bone tissue. This type of ossification is referred to as endochondral ossification. Bones that form the cranium and face are not preceded by cartilage, as is the case in endochondral ossifi- cation; these bones are formed by intramembranous ossification where a framework of connective tissue membrane is slowly ossified. DISTRIBUTION The number of bones in a cat skeleton changes with age. As a kitten matures into an adult, many separate bones fuse with neighboring bones, changing the size and shape of the bones. For example, in a kitten there are four separate bones in the occipital FORregion of the skull: one basioccipital, two exoccipitals, and one supraocccipital bone. However, as the kitten matures into an adult cat, the bones fuse to form a single occipital bone. In a very old cat there may be further fusion of bones, which can be seen by the obliteration of sutures between fused bones. In an adult cat the number of separate bones may vary from 233–287. There are 6 ear ossicles inside the temporal bones, 40 sesamoid bones, and 8 small chevron bones attached to the caudal verte- brae. Other bones of the skeletal system include: ONLY–NOT AXIAL SKELETON Skull: facial and cranial bones, and a hyoid bone Vertebral column: Cervical vertebrae 7 Thoracic vertebrae 13 REVIEWLumbar vertebrae 7 Sacral: 9 vertebrae fused to form the sacrum CaudalFOR vertebrae: 21 (varies from 4–26) forming the tail Ribs: 26, or 13 pairs Sternum: 1, consisting of manubrium, body of the sternum, and a xiphoid process 7 8 APPENDICULAR SKELETON Pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle: (2), clavicle (2) that are vestigial and embedded in muscles Pelvic girdle: consists of left and right hip bones joined by sacrum in the back Posterior legs: femur (2), patella (2), tibia (2), fibula (2); Tarsals: astragulus (2), calcaneous (2), cuboid (2), metacarpals (10), phalanges, proximal (8), middle (8), distal (8) Anterior leg: carpus—scaphoid (2), triquetral or cuneiform (2), pisiform (2), trapezium (2), trape- zoid (2), capitate or magnum (2), hamate or unciform (2); metacarpus—phalanges (10), proximal (1), middle (10), distal (8) The cat is a digitigrade animal that walks upon its digits. A digit includes a row of two or three phalanges. 1. Lacuna 1 2. Chondrocytes 2 3. Perichondrium 4. MDISTRIBUTIONatrix 3 5. Collagen fiber 4 6. Adipose tissue FOR5 6 Figure 4-1. Section of hyaline cartilage displaying chondrocytes in lacunae. 1. Zone of resting cartilage ONLY–NOT 1 2. Zone of proliferative cartilage 3. Zone of maturing cartilage 2 4. Perichondrium 5. Zone of hypertrophy cartilage REVIEW 3 4 FOR 5 Figure 4-2. Longitudinal section of developing epiphyseal growth plate showing hyaline cartilage zones. Skeletal System 1. Elastic fiber 9 2. Chondrocyte in lacuna 1 3. Lacunae 2 4. Perichondrium 3 4 5. Chondroblasts 5 Figure 4-3. Longitudinal section of elastic cartilage. 1 1. Connective tissue 2. Elastic fibers 2 3. Chondrocytes in lacunae 3 DISTRIBUTION 4 4. Lacunae FOR5. Perichondrium 5 6. Chondrocytes in lacunae 6 Figure 4-4. Longitudinal section of elastic cartilage at a higher magnification. ONLY–NOT 1. Fibrous cartilage 1 2. Bone marrow 2 3. Hyaline cartilage 3 4. Blood vessel REVIEW 4 5. Chondrocytes in lacunae FOR 5 6. Cartilage matrix 6 Figure 4-5. Cross section of fibrous cartilage from pubis symphysis. 4 10 1 1. Articular hyaline cartilage 2 2. Cartilaginous epiphysis 3 3. Hyaline cartilage 4. Skeletal muscle 4 5. Cartilage–bone interface 6. Periosteum 5 7. Trabeculae 6 8. Bone marrow 7 9. Diaphysis (shaft) 8 9 Figure 4-6. Longitudinal section of developing long bone. 1. DDISTRIBUTIONermis of skin 2. Hair follicle 1 FOR2 3. Osteoblasts 3 4. External periosteum 4 5. Cancellous or spongy bone 5 6. Bony trabeculae 6 7. Internal periosteum 7 ONLY–NOT Figure 4-7. Intramembranous ossification of skull bone displaying trabeculae and surrounding tissue. 1. Trabeculae 1 2. Bone marrow REVIEW 2 3. Osteocytes in trabeculae FOR 3 Figure 4-8. Higher magnification of cancellous bone. Skeletal System 1. Volkmann’s canal 11 1 2. Bone matrix lamellae 2 3. Harversian canal 3 4. Canaliculi 4 5. Osteocytes in lacunae 5 6. Osteons 6 Figure 4-9. Cross section of cortical dense bone displaying osteons and a Volkmann’s canal. 1. Osteons 1 2. Bone marrow 3. MDISTRIBUTIONedullary cavity 2 FOR 3 Figure 4-10. Cross section of decalcified compact bone. ONLY–NOT 1. Epiphysis of articulating bone 1 2. Metaphysis zone 3. Cancellous bone REVIEW 2 3 4. Epiphysis 4 5 5. Articular cartilage FOR 6 6. Synovial space filled with synovial fluid 7 8 7. Periosteum 8. Skeletal muscle Figure 4-11. Longitudinal section of a developing ball and socket joint. 4 12 DISTRIBUTION FOR Figure 4-12. Lateral view of cat skeleton. 1. Atlas (first cervical 11. Coccyx vertebrae 22. Carpal bones vertebra) 12. Fibula 23. Radius 2. Axis (second cervical 13. Lateral condyle 24. Ulna vertebra) ONLY–NOT 3. Cervical vertebra 14. Tibia 25. Humerus 4. Scapula 15. Tarsus 26. Sternum 5. Thoracic vertebra 16. Tail 27. Mandible 6. Ribs REVIEW 17. Nail 28. Maxilla 7. Lumbar vertebra 18. Metatarsal bones 29. Nasal 8. FOR Pelvic girdle 19. Phalanges 30. Zygomatic arch 9. Patella 20. Anterior phalanges 31. Frontal 10. Femur 21. Metacarpal bones 32. Parietal Skeletal System 13 DISTRIBUTION Figure 4-13. Axial skeleton, lateral view. FOR 1. Parietal 9. Obturator foramen 17. Axis vertebra 2. Temporal 10. Ischial tuberosity 18. Atlas vertebra 3. Thoracic vertebrae 11. Coccyx 19. External acoustic meatus 4. Lumbar vertebrae 12. Pubic bone 20. Zygomatic arch 5. Ilium ONLY–NOT13. Costal cartilage 21. Zygomatic 6. Os coxa 14. Ribs 22. Maxilla 7. Acetabulum 15. Sternum 23. Canine tooth 8. Ischium 16. Cervical vertebrae REVIEW FOR 4 14 DISTRIBUTION FOR ONLY–NOT Figure 4-14. Dorsal aspect of cat skeleton. REVIEW 1. Frontal 7. Typical cervical 13. Femur 2. Parietals 8. Scapula 14. Tibia 3. FOR Zygomatic arch 9. Thoracic 15. Sacrum 4. Occipital 10. Ribs (costa) 16. Coxa 5. Atlas 11. Lumbar 17. Coccyx 6. Axis 12. Patella Skeletal System 15 17 1 15 16 14 2 12 9 3 8 7 4 11 6 5 10 DISTRIBUTION 13 © H a yd en -M cN e FOR il , L L C Figure 4-15. Cat skull, lateral view, mandible and maxilla open. 1. Parietal 7. Condyloid process 13. Canine 2. Temporal ONLY–NOT8. Coronoid process 14. Premaxilla 3. Occipital 9. Body of the mandible 15. Nasal 4. External acoustic 10. Molars and premolars 16. Eye orbit meatus 11. Mandible 17. Frontal 5. Tympanic bulla 12. Zygomatic 6. AngularREVIEW process FOR 4 16 DISTRIBUTION Figure 4-16. Cat skull, lateral view, mandibleFOR and maxilla open. 1. Parietal 7. Condyloid process 13. Canine 2. Temporal 8. Coronoid process 14. Premaxilla 3. Occipital 9. Body of the mandible 15. Nasal 4. External acoustic 10. Molars and premolars 16. Eye orbit meatus ONLY–NOT 11. Mandible 17. Frontal 5. Tympanic bulla 12. Zygomatic 6. Angular process REVIEW FOR Skeletal System 17 DISTRIBUTION FOR Figure 4-17. Cat skull, lateral view, mandible and maxilla closed. 1. Parietal 6. Angular process 12. Zygomatic 2. Temporal ONLY–NOT7. Condyloid process 13. Canine 3. Occipital 8. Coronoid process 14. Nasal 4. External acoustic 9. Body of the mandible 15. Eye orbit meatus 10. Molars and premolars 16. Frontal 5. Tympanic bulla REVIEW 11. Mandible FOR 4 18 DISTRIBUTION FOR Figure 4-18. Frontal aspects of the skull. 1. Sagittal suture 6. Conchae (turbinates) 11. Upper canine 2. Frontal bone 7. Infraorbital foramen 12. Lower canine 3. Postorbital process ONLY–NOT8. Vomer 13. Mandible 4. Eye orbit 9. Maxilla 14. Symphysis of mandible 5. Mandible, coronoid 10. Incisor process REVIEW FOR Skeletal System 19 DISTRIBUTION FOR ONLY–NOT Figure 4-19. Dorsal aspects of the skull. 1. Nasal REVIEW 6. Mandible coronoid 10. Atlas process 2. Maxilla 11. Axis 7. Zygomatic arch 3.FOR Zygomatic 12. Cervical 8. Sagittal suture 4. Frontal 9. Parietal 5. Postorbital process 4 20 DISTRIBUTION FOR ONLY–NOT Figure 4-20. Skull, ventral view. REVIEW 1. Incisors 6. Vomer 11. Occipital bone 2.FOR Canine 7. Zygomatic bone 12. Atlas vertebra 3. Incisive foramen 8. Frontal bone 13. Axis vertebra 4. Molars 9. Mandibular fossa 14. Cervical vertebrae 5. Maxilla, zygomatic 10. Tympanic bulla process Skeletal System 21 DISTRIBUTION FOR ONLY–NOT Figure 4-21. Cat mandible. 1. CoronoidREVIEW process 4. Premolars 7. Body of the mandible 2. Ramus 5. Canine 3.FOR Molar 6. Incisor 4 22 Figure 4-22a. Scapula, medial view. 1. Subscapular fossa 2. Glenoid fossa DISTRIBUTION3. Supraglenoid tubercle FOR ONLY–NOT REVIEW Figure 4-22b. Scapula, right lateral view. FOR 1. Dorsal border 4. Tuberosity of the spine 7. Supraglenoid tubercle 2. Metacromion process 5. Supraspinous fossa 8. Acromion process 3. Infraspinous fossa 6. Cranial border 9. Glenoid fossa Skeletal System 23 DISTRIBUTION FOR ONLY–NOT REVIEWFigure 4-23. Radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, and humerus. 1. FOR Olecranon process 6. Carpals 11. Humerus 2. Semilunar notch 7. 1st digit 12. Supracondyloid foramen (trochlear notch) 8. Metacarpals 13. Olecranon fossa 3. Ulna 9. Phalanges 14. Trochlea 4. Radius 10. Head of the humerus 5. Styloid process 4 24 DISTRIBUTION FOR ONLY–NOT FigureREVIEW 4-24. Bones of the anterior appendages—ulna, radius, carpals, and metacarpals. 1. Styloid process of the 6. Carpals 11. Semilunar or trochlear ulna notch FOR 7. Styloid process of the 2.
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  • Variations in the Appearance of Human Elastic Cartilage1
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