Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition CHAPTER 2

Human Skeletal Anatomy

Detail of Compact

45 Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

46 CHAPTER 2

Figure 2-1 : Face

BONE 1. Frontal 2. Inferior concha 3. Lacrimal 4. Nasal 5. Parietal 1 5 6. Sphenoid 7. Temporal 8. 12 9. Zygomatic (malar) 19. 23

FORAMINA 11 4 6 10. Orbital fissure 7 11. Optic 10 6 12. Supraorbital 3 13. Infraorbital 14. Lacrimal 14 18 9 15. Mental

PROCESSES 20 2 13 21 16. Mandibular alveolus 8 17. Maxillary alveolus 19 18. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid 24 20. Temporal of malar 17 21. of 22 maxilla 22. Mandibular ramus 23. Frontal notch 24. 16

15 Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

Human Skeletal Anatomy 47

12

1 15

16

14 32

8 2 5

7 11 9 17 23 31 30 10 19 4 13 24 18 27 6 33

28 26 21 22

29

3 20 25

Figure 2-2 Skull: View from Right Side

BONE SUTURES 24. External auditory meatus 1. Frontal 12. Coronal 25. 2. Lacrimal 13. Lambdoidal 2. Lacrimal foramen 3. 14. Squamosal 20. Mandibular angle 4. Maxilla 15. Sagittal 26. Foramen magnum 5. Nasal 16. Frontozygomatic 27. Anterior nasal spine 6. Occipital 17. Temporozygomatic 28. Maxillary alveolus 7. Parietal 29. Mandibular alveolus 8. Sphenoid (greater wing) FORAMINA & PROCESSES 30. Zygomatic process of temporal 9. Temporal 18. Mandibular condyloid process bone 10. Wormian 19. Mandibular coronoid process 31. Temporal process of malar 11. Zygomatic (malar) 21. Mastoid process 32. Frontal process of malar 22. Styloid process 33. 23. Zygomatic arch Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

48 CHAPTER 2

Figure 2-3 Skull: Calvarium, Superior Aspect

BONE SUTURES 1. Frontal 4. Coronal 2. Parietal 5. Occipital 3. Occipital 6. Sagittal 7. Bregma 8. Lambda 1

4 7

2 6

8 3 5

Figure 2-4 Skull: Floor of Cranium, Internal View 24 1 BONE 14. Internal auditory 1. Frontal meatus 15. Grooves for transverse 2. Occipital 18 23 3. Parietal and sigmoid sinuses 5 4. Temporal 16. Foramen spinosum 17 5. Ethmoid 6 6. Sphenoid PROCESSES 19 Incus 17. Cribriform plate of 9 8 10 21 Malleus not shown ethmoid 20 · 16 Stapes 18. Crista galli 12 11 19. Lesser wing of 14 4 FORAMINA sphenoid 22 7. Foramen magnum 20. Greater wing of 13 8. Foramen ovale sphenoid 9. Optic foramen 21. Sella turcica 15 10. Foramen rotundum 22. Petrous portion of 11. Foramen lacerum temporal bone 7 3 12. Carotid canal 23. Orbital plate of 15 2 13. Jugular fossa and frontal bone foramen 24. Frontal sinus 15 Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

Human Skeletal Anatomy 49

Figure 2-5 Skull: Base, Viewed from Below

BONE PROCESSES 12 1. Maxilla (palatine process) 15. Occipital 2. Occipital 16. Mastoid 1 6 3. Palatine 17. Styloid 3 13 4. Temporal 18. Medial and lateral 28 27 30 5. Vomer pterygoid processes 18 18 5 19 6. Zygomatic (malar) 19. Zygomatic arch 20. Superior nuchal line 23 29 FORAMINA 10 8 23. Occipitosphenoid suture 26 4 7. Foramen magnum 24. External occipital 22 2 9 21 17 8. Foramen ovale protruberance 15 14 11 9. Carotid canal 25. Occipitotemporal suture 16 10. Foramen spinosum 26. Mandibular fossa 25 11. Stylomastoid 28. Posteriornasal spine 31 4 12. Incisive 32. External occipital crest 7 13. Palatine 33. Inferior nuchal line 32 2 14. Jugular 34. Highest nuchal line 21. Hypoglossal canal 33 22. Foramen lacerum 20 27. Inferior orbital fissure 24 29. Zygomatic process of 34 temporal bone 30. Temporal process of malar 31. Condylar fossa and canal

Figure 2-6 Frontal and Sphenoid : Internal Aspect, Frontosphenoidal Suture Separated

PROCESSES FORAMINA 1. Greater wing 3. Optic foramen 2. Lesser wing 4. Superior orbital fissure 8. Lateral pterygoid 5. Foramen rotundum 9. Medial pterygoid 6. Foramen ovale 10. Sella turcica 7. Foramen spinosum 11. Carotid groove 13. Ethmoidal notch 12. Frontal crest 12 14 14. Orbital plate

13

2 1 3 4 10 5

6 11 7 8 9 Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

50 CHAPTER 2

Figure 2-7 Sphenoid: From the Front

PROCESSES 1. Orbital surface 1 11 3 2. Rostrum 4 7. Medial pterygoid 8. Lateral pterygoid 5 11. Temporal surface 2 6 8 FORAMINA 9 7 3. Optic 4. Superior orbital fissure 10 5. Foramen rotundum 6. Pterygoid canal 9. Foramen ovale 10. Foramen spinosum

Figure 2-8 Frontal and Zygomatic Bones: From the Front

PROCESSES 1. Zygomatic process 2 4. 3 7. Frontal process 1 8. Temporal process 4 9. Orbital border 10. Maxillary border 5 7 11. Temporal border 9 NOTE: Supraorbital foramen and notch on 6 right side are separate; on left they are 11 superimposed. 8 10

FORAMINA 2. Supraorbital foramen 3. Supraorbital notch 5. Ethmoidal notch 6. Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

Human Skeletal Anatomy 51

Figure 2-9 Right Temporal and Parietal Bones: Exterior Aspect, Squamosal Suture Separated

PROCESSES 1. Parietal notch 2. External auditory meatus 3. Zygomatic process 4. Mandibular fossa 8 9 5. Mastoid process 6. Styloid process 7 7. Squamosal border 8. Frontal border 9. Occipital border 10. Suprameatal triangle 1 10

5 2 4 3

6

Figure 2-10 Left Temporal and Parietal Bones: Interior Aspect, 10 Squamosal Suture Separated

PROCESSES 1. Parietal notch 2. Internal auditory meatus 3. Petrous portion 4. Groove for sigmoid sinus 5. Mastoid process 9 8 6. Styloid process 7. Squamosal border 12 11 8. Frontal border 7 9. Occipital border 10. Sagittal border 11. Furrows for frontal branch 7 of middle meningeal 1 vessels 12. Furrows for parietal 4 3 branch of middle 2 meningeal vessels 5 6 Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

52 CHAPTER 2

Figure 2-11 Occipital Bone: Interior Aspect

PROCESSES 11 1. Foramen magnum 2. Condylar fossa and canal 10 3. Jugular notch 4. Groove for sigmoid sinus 13 5. Jugular tubercle 8 6. Mastoid margin 9 7. Internal occipital crest 8. Internal occipital protuberance 9. Groove for transverse sinus 12 7 10. Groove for superior sagittal sinus 11. Lambdoidal margin 12. Cerebellar fossa 1 13. Cerebral fossa 6 4 5 2 3

Figure 2-12 Palatine Bones: (A) Right from Anteriomedial View, (B) Left from Anteriosuperior View 1 1 2 PROCESSES 2 3 5 A. Right 8 6 B. Left palatine bone 1. Orbital process 4 4 2. Sphenopalatine notch 7 3. Sphenoidal process 4. Horizontal plate 5. Ethmoidal crest A B 6. Pyramidal process 7. Maxillary process 8. Vertical plate Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

Human Skeletal Anatomy 53

Figure 2-13 Maxillae: (A) Left from Lateral Aspect, (B) Right from Medial Aspect 2 2 PROCESSES 11 12 4 15 A. Left maxilla 10 16 19 B. Right maxilla 14 3 17 1. Zygomatic process 1 13 5 9 2. Ethmoidal crest 9 8 3. Infraorbital foramen 7 6 18 4. Orbital surface 5. Infratemporal surface 6. 7. Canine eminence AB 8. Incisive fossa 9. Anterior nasal spine 10. 11. Nasolacrimal groove 12. Maxillary hiatus and sinus 13. Palatine process 14. Nasal crest 15. Frontal process 16. Middle meatus 17. Inferior meatus 18. 19.

Figure 2-14 Mandible: Left Lateral View

PROCESSES 1. Mandibular condyle 3 2. Condyloid process 3. Coronoid process 4. Angle 9 5. Mental foramen 10 6. Alveolar process 7. Body of mandible 3 1 2 8. 9. 10. Lingula 6 11 11. Ramus 7 8 5

4 Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

54 CHAPTER 2

Figure 2-15 A Ethmoid Bone: (A) from Above, Right, and Behind (B) from Below, Right, and Behind 1 PROCESSES 1. Crista galli 2. Cribriform plate 3. Orbital plate 4. Ethmoidal labyrinth (with air cells) 2 4 5. Perpendicular plate 6. Middle nasal concha

3

B

5 4

6 6 Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

Human Skeletal Anatomy 55

Figure 2-16 Vertebral Column: View from Left and Behind

A STRUCTURES B A. Atlas B. Axis C C. 7 Cervical vertebrae (Arrow near C—Cervical curvature) D D. Mentum nuchae (spinous process of 7th cervical vertebra) E. 12 Thoracic vertebrae J (Arrow near E—Thoracic curvature) E F. 5 Lumbar vertebrae (Arrow near F—Lumbar curvature) G. 5 Fused sacral vertebrae (Arrow near G—Sacral curvature) I (Not shown 4–5 coccyx) H. Intervertebral disk I. Spinous processes I J. Transverse processes K. Intervertebral foramen K

K

I

H F J H J

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56 CHAPTER 2

7 9 5 4 7 7

3 3 1 1 11 9

E F

5

1 4 8 2 1 5 8 3 C D

7

10 6

7 1

3 9

B A

Figure 2-17 Vertebrae

PROCESSES 1. Body 5. Pedicle A. Atlas (Heavy arrows—Vertebral 6. Odontoid process (dens) B. Axis arches—comprised of lamina and 7. Superior articular process and facet C. Cervical vertebra pedicle) 8. Transverse foramen D. 7th cervical vertebra 2. Bifid spinous process 9. Transverse process E. Thoracic vertebra 3. Monofid spinous process 10. Vertebral foramen F. Lumbar vertebra 4. Lamina 11. Costal facet Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

Human Skeletal Anatomy 57

Figure 2-18 (A) Atlas and (B) Axis Articulated

PROCESSES 1. Body of axis 2. Bifid spinous process 3. Odontoid process (dens) 4. Superior articular facet 4 5. Transverse process 7 6. Transverse foramen A 3 7. Anterior arch of atlas 4 (Heavy arrow—Posterior arch of atlas) 8. Pedicle of axis 1 8 6 9. Lamina of axis

5

6

9 B 2

A

B

1 1 4 2 2 6 7 2

9 8 3 8 7 3

5

A B

Figure 2-19 Sacrum: (A) Anterior Aspect, (B) Posterior Aspect

PROCESSES 3. Sacral foramen 7. Median crest 1. Superior articular process and 4. Sacral canal 8. Lateral crest facet 5. Sacral hiatus 9. Site of fusion of 1st and 2nd sacral 2. Auricular surface 6. Sacral promontory vertebrae Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

58 CHAPTER 2

Figure 2-20 Jugular notch Sternum and Ribs Sternal angle Thoracic vertebra

Clavicular notch

Manubrium

True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)

Sternum Body

Xiphoid process

Costal Vertebrochondral cartilage False ribs ribs

Floating ribs (vertebral ribs)

Figure 2-21 Ribs: (A) 1st, (B) 2nd, Right Side, Superior View, (C) 7th, Right Side, Inferior View 4 2 3 1 PROCESSES 5

1. Head 4 5 3 2. Neck 12 2 3. Articular facet 1 4 4. Tubercle 3 2 1 5. Angle 5 9 6. Subclavian groove 7. Scalene tubercle 11 8. Body 10 9. Costal groove 7 10. Serratus anterior tuberosity 8 6 11. Site for attachment of scalenus medius A 12. Site for attachment of levator costa 8 8

B

C Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

Human Skeletal Anatomy 59

Figure 2-22 Sternum and Clavicles: Sternum from the Front, (D) 10 Right Clavicle from Above, D 6 7 (E) Left Clavicle from 2 1 Below A 9 3 E 8 PROCESSES 10 A. Manubrium 3 B. Gladiolus (body) 4 C. Xiphoid process 1. Jugular notch B 2. Clavicular notch 5 3. Sternal angle and manubriosternal joint C 4. Notches for costal cartilages (2–7) 5. Xiphisternal joint D. Right clavicle E. Left clavicle 6. Sternal end 7. Acromial end 8. Conoid tubercle 9. Site for costaclavicular ligament 10. Site for deltoid

Figure 2-23 6 6 Scapulare: (A) Right 2 10 Scapula, Anterior View 13 3 1 (B) Left Scapula, Posterior 5 2 1 View 4 12 PROCESSES 13 12 11 9 7 A. Right scapula B. Left scapula 7 1. Coracoid process 8 8 2. Acromion 3. Spine 4. Suprascapular notch 14 A 14 5. Superior border B 6. Superior angle 7. Medial (vertebral) border 8. Lateral (axillary) border 9. Infraspinous fossa 10. Supraspinous fossa 11. Subscapular fossa 12. Glenoid fossa 13. Acromial angle 14. Inferior angle Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

60 CHAPTER 2

Figure 2-24 Humerus with Scapulae: 9 10 (A) Right Humerus, Anterior View 9 (B) Left Humerus, Posterior View 6 2 1 10 7 1 PROCESSES 5 6 2 A. Right humerus and scapula B. Left humerus and scapula 3 3 1. Proximal head (epiphysis) 2. Anatomical neck 3. Surgical neck 8 4. Shaft (diaphysis) 5. Lesser tubercle 6. Greater tubercle 8 4 7. Intertubercular groove 8. Deltoid tuberosity 9. Acromion 4 10. Coracoid process 11. Lateral epicondyle 12. Capitulum 13. Trochlea 17 11 15 14. Medial epicondyle 17 14 15. Coronoid fossa 13 16 12 14 11 13 16. Olecranon fossa AB 17. Distal head and surgical neck

Figure 2-25 Ulna and Radius: Right, Anterior View 8 Left, Posterior View 8 1 9 10 2 1 PROCESSES 15 11 A. Right radius 3 2 B. Right ulna 3 C. Left radius 4 D. Left ulna 1. Proximal head 2. Neck 3. Radial tuberosity 5 4. Anterior oblique line 5 5 5. Interosseous border 5 6. Styloid process of radius 7. Ulnar notch 8. Olecranon process 9. Trochlear notch 10. Coronoid process 14 11. Ulnar tuberosity 14 12. Styloid process of ulna 14 13 14 13. Distal head 6 13 13 7 14. Distal neck 6 15. Radial notch 12 AB CD Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

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Figure 2-26 Left Hand, Dorsal View

14 BONES AND PROCESSES 14 CARPALS 13 14 13 1. Navicular (scaphoid) 2. Lunate 13 3. Triangular (triquetrum) 4. Pisiform 12 12 14 5. Greater multangular (trapezium) 12 6. Lesser multangular (trapezoid) 13 7. Capitate 11 8. Hamate 12 9. METACARPALS 1–5

9 9 10 9 PHALANGES 10. Proximal phalanx of thumb 9 11. Distal phalanx of thumb 9 12. Proximal phalanx of digits 2–5 8 7 6 13. Middle phalanx of digits 2–5 14. Distal phalanx of digits 2–5 4 3 5 2 1

Figure 2-27 Pelvic Bones with Sacrum, Anterior View

PROCESSES 1. Iliac crest 2. Anterior superior iliac spine 1 10 3. Anterior inferior iliac spine 2 7 4. Acetabulum 5. Acetabular notch 6. Obturator foramen 8 7. Posterior superior iliac spine 3 8. Posterior inferior iliac spine 9. Ischial spine 10. Iliac fossa 9 11. Ischial tuberosity 4 17 12. Superior pubic ramus 12 13. Inferior pubic ramus 5 19 14 14. Pubic tubercle 6 15. Symphysis pubis 15 16. Pubic arch 11 13 17. Iliopectineal line 16 18 18. Ischial ramus 20 19. Iliopubic eminence 20. Fusion of ischium and pubis Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

62 CHAPTER 2

Figure 2-28 Pelvic Bones: (A) Right Innominate, Lateral View (B) Left Innominate, Medial View

PROCESSES 1 1. Iliac crest 2. Anterior superior iliac spine 2 10 3. Anterior inferior iliac spine 7 2 4. Acetabulum 14 17 5. Acetabular notch 8 7 3 6. Obturator foramen 16 3 7. Posterior superior iliac spine 8 8. Posterior inferior iliac spine 16 19 19 9. Ischial spine 4 9 12 10. Iliac fossa 9 13 15 11. Ischial tuberosity 21 5 21 12 6 12. Superior pubic ramus 6 13. Inferior pubic ramus 11 18 20 14. Auricular surface (for sacroiliac joint) 13 15. Symphysis pubis (cartilage) 18 A B 16. Greater sciatic notch 20 17. Iliopectineal line 18. Ischial ramus 19. Iliopubic eminence 20. Fusion of ischium and pubis 21. Lesser sciatic notch

Figure 2-29 Femur: (A) Right Femur, Anterior View (B) Left Femur, Posterior View 1 PROCESSES 2 4 1 A. Right femur 3 4 2 3 B. Left femur 6 5 1. Proximal head (epiphysis) 5 2. Anatomical neck 8 3. Surgical neck 7 4. Greater trochanter 5. Lesser trochanter 9 6. Intertrochanteric crest 7. Spiral line 8. Gluteal tuberosity 15 9. Linea aspera 10. Lateral condyle 11. Medial condyle 12. Popliteal surface 13. Intercondylar fossa 14. Patellar surface 15. Shaft (diaphysis) 16 12 16. Distal head and neck 10 14 10 13 11 17. Site for attachment of anterior cruciate 11 17 ligament AB18 18. Site for attachment of posterior cruciate ligament Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

Human Skeletal Anatomy 63

Figure 2-30 Patellae: (A) Right Patella, Anterior Surface (B) Left Patella, Posterior (Articular) Surface

PROCESSES A. Right patella B. Left patella 1. Base 2. Apex (site for attachment of patellar ligament) 1 3. Facet for lateral condyle of femur 3 4 4. Vertical ridge 5 5. Facet for medial condyle of femur

2 2 AB

Figure 2-31 1 1 Tibia and Fibula: (A,B) Right Tibia and 4 3 1 4 8 1 Fibula, Anterior View 16 16 7 3 (C,D) Left Tibia and Fibula, Posterior View 15 2 PROCESSES A. Right fibula 5 5 6 B. Right tibia C. Left fibula D. Left tibia 1. Tubercles of intercondylar eminence 2. Tibial tuberosity 3. Medial condyle 4. Lateral condyle 5. Interosseous border 6. Soleal line 7. Articular facet for fibula 8. Site for posterior cruciate ligament 9. Medial malleolus 10. Groove for tibialis posterior 11. Groove for flexor hallicus longus 12. Lateral malleolus 11 13. Groove for peroneus brevis 9 10 14 14. Malleolar fossa 13 15. Articular facet for tibia 12 16. Apex (styloid process) ABCD Eder, et al.: Laboratory 2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Atlas of Anatomy and Companies, 2001 Physiology, Third Edition

64 CHAPTER 2

Figure 2-32 Right Foot: Dorsal (Superior) View

BONES AND PROCESSES 16 19 TARSALS 18 19 1. Calcaneus 15 17 1819 2. Trochlear (articular) surface of talus 17 18 3. Lateral tubercle of talus 17 4. Medial tubercle of talus 19 18 5. Groove for flexor hallucis longus 17 6. Neck of talus 14 14 7. Head of talus 14 8. Navicular 14 9. Navicular tuberosity 10 14 10. Medial cuneiform 11 11. Intermediate cuneiform 9 12 12. Lateral cuneiform 8 7 13 13. Cuboid 6 14. Metatarsals 1–5 2 4 PHALANGES 5 15. Proximal phalanx of great toe 3 16. Distal phalanx of great toe 1 17. Proximal phalanx of digits 2–5 18. Middle phalanx of digits 2–5 20 19. Distal phalanx of digits 2–5 20. Site for attachment of Achilles tendon

Figure 2-33 Typical Long Bone Structure 1 PROCESSES 2 6 1. Proximal head (epiphysis) 2. Anatomical neck (growth plate, 3 metaphysis, epiphyseal plate) 3. Surgical neck 4. Shaft (diaphysis) 8 5. Compact bone 6. Cancellous (spongy) bone 7. Distal head 5 8. Medullary (marrow) cavity

4

8

3

6 2 7