Anatomy and Physiology of the Articulatory System Prepared by: Manwa L. Ng, Ph.D. 2013-2014 All images and media adopted without permission. Internal use only. Agenda • Overview of the speech producDon mechanism • Anatomy of the arDculatory system • Skeletal framework • Musculature • Physiology of the arDculatory system 2 Speech production - overview • Anatomically and physiologically, it is divided into three components: • Respiraon • Phonaon • ArDculaon • In theory, these components are independent of each other 3 Speech production - overview • These systems all • Phonatory system have their own • B: a valving system in biological (B) and (S) the throat speech funcons • S: sound generaon • Respiratory system • ArDculatory system • B: breathing • B: masDcaon, • S: “power supply” for degluDDon, gustaon speech producon • S: resonance, sound generaon 4 The articulatory system • Everything above the • Movement is larynx, = relavely fast supralaryngeal • Few superficial system structures. Most • Complicated; quite structures lie deep irregular inside • Involves the enDre • What is the meaning skull (cranium) and of “arDculaon”? face • Shape of arDculatory system is flexible 5 Major functions • Biological funcDon • MasDcaon • Degluon • Gustaon • Digeson • Speech funcon • ArDculaon, resonance • Sound generaon 6 The vocal tract • 4 caviDes in the vocal tract: • Buccal cavity • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity • Pharyngeal cavity • Definions • FuncDon of vocal tract • Resonance • ArDculaon 7 Cavities of the articulatory system • Buccal cavity • Nasal cavity • Anterior: two lips • Pharyngeal cavity • Posterior: two teeth • From base of skull to • Size variable esophagus • Oral cavity • 3 divisions • Anterior: two teeth • nasopharynx • oropharynx • Posterior: anterior • laryngopharynx faucial pillar • Superior: hard and sob palates • Inferior: tongue 8 The oral cavity 9 The oral cavity • Anterior faucial pillars • Posterior faucial pillars • Boundary: • Floor: tongue • Anterior: teeth • Posterior: anterior faucial pillars • Roof: hard palate, sob palate & uvula 10 The nasal cavity 11 The nasal cavity • Shape relavely fixed • Lined with mucous membrane (sob, warm, and pliable) • Inferior nasal concha (turbinate) • Nasal septum 12 The pharyngeal cavity • A musculotendinous tube • A constrictor • Peristalsis: wave-like contracDon for movement of food bolus • Inferiorly connecDng to esophageal opening (UES) (cricopharyngeus muscle) • Eustachian tube • Where is it? • Funcon 13 The pharyngeal cavity • Nasopharynx • Base of skull - sob palate • Oropharynx • Sob palate - hyoid bone • Laryngopharynx • Hyoid bone - cricoid carDlage 14 The skeletal framework • The skull • Cranial bones - forming the cranium, housing the brain • Facial bones - contribute to the facial configuraon 15 The skull - anterior view • Orbits • Nasal opening • Supra- and infra-orbital margins • Frontal bone, glabella • Zygoma (cheek) • Upper and low jaws • Nasal bone • Nasal septum 16 The skull - lateral view • TMJ (Temporomandibular joint) • Upper and lower jaws • Parietal bones • Temporal bones • Anterior nasal spine • Zygomac bones 17 The skull - superior view (cut) • Ethmoid bone, crista galli • Sphenoid bone, sella turcica • Foramen magnum • Occipital bone • Superior occipital protuberance 18 The skull - inferior view • Hard palate (maxillary bone + palane bone) • Posterior nasal spine • Foramen magnum • Occipital condyles • Occipital bone • Zygomac bones • TMJ • Temporal bones (mastoid process) 19 The face - anterior view 20 The face - lateral view 21 The mandible • A.k.a. lower jaw • The only freely moving bone in the skull • TMJ - a bi-condyloid joint • Teeth do not belong to mandible • Movements: rotaonal & translaonal • Closely related to tongue movement 22 The mandible • Ramus • Body • Angle • Alveolar process • Coronoid process • Condyloid process • Mandibular notch • Oblique line • Mylohyoid line • Mental & mandibular foramens 23 Occlusion • Occlusion - relave • Angle’s Classificaon: posiDoning of the • Class I: normal mandible and occlusion maxillary bones • Class II: retracted • Malocclusion mandible • • May be caused by Class III: protruded relave sizes of the (prognathic) mandible mandible and the upper jaw • May be caused by imperfecDon of TMJ 24 Occlusion 25 The hard palate • Anterior 3/4: formed by palane process of maxillary bones • Posterior 1/4: formed by horizontal process of palane bones • Incisive foramen • Median suture • Alveolar process • Sob palate (more later) 26 The hard palate 27 Speech muscles • Divided into different regions: • Labial • Lingual • Mandibular • Palatal • Pharyngeal 28 The lips • Biological funcDon • Speech funcon • bilabial sounds • /p, b/, /f, v/, /w/, /u/ etc. • A sphincter • Corner of the mouth • Orbicularis oris superioris & inferioris • No definite shape and size • Muscle fibers in circular fashion 29 The lips 30 The lips 31 The lips • Other muscles assisDng the lips: • Buccinator • Risorius • Levator labii superioris • Depressor labii inferioris • Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi • Levator anguli oris • Depressor anguli oris • Zygomacus major • Zygomacus minor • Mentalis • Platysma 32 The teeth • Locaon, shape, and size relavely fixed • Lower teeth move with mandible • Biological funcDon • MasDcaon (physically break down food, increase surface area for digesDon) • Defense (in lower animals) • Speech funcon • Dental sounds • /ɵ, ð/, /f, v/, /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ etc. 33 The tongue • The fastest moving arDculator • Shape and locaon of tongue can be changed by intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles • Major funcDons: to change the resonance property of the vocal tract • Biological funcDon: gustaon, tacDle, … 34 The tongue • Oral/palatal part: • Tip • Blade • Dorsum • Pharyngeal part: • Root • Tongue body • Glossectomy - surgical removal of tongue 35 Gustation • Biological funcDons • Gustaon (taste buds) • MasDcaon • Speech funcon • Lingual sounds, very important as many sounds are involved with tongue Dp and blade • (/l, n, d, t, k, g, r, w, u, i, s, z, …/) 36 Intrinsic tongue muscles • Superior longitudinal tongue muscle • Inferior longitudinal tongue muscle • VerDcal tongue muscle • Transverse tongue muscle 37 Intrinsic tongue muscles • Mainly to change the configuraon of tongue (tension, shape, length, tongue Dp curling, etc.) • ParDcularly important in /s, z/, / r/, /l/ 38 Extrinsic tongue muscles • Genioglossus • Styloglossus • Palatoglossus • Hyoglossus 39 Extrinsic tongue muscles • Mainly used to change locaon of tongue • FronDng, backing, elevaon, depression 40 Tongue movement and tongue muscles • Tongue fronng: • E.g. /ө/, /ð/, /i/ • Genioglossus (posterior fibers) (GGP) (+ jaw movement) • Tongue p up • E.g. /s/, /l/, /n/, /t/ • GGP + superior longitudinal • Tongue dorsum back and up • E.g. /u/, /w/, /k/ • Styloglossus (+ palatoglossus) 41 Tongue movement and tongue muscles • Tongue surface groove • E.g. /s/ • VerDcalis lingualis • Tongue p curling up • E.g. /l/, /r/ • Superior longitudinal • Tongue lowering & flaening • E.g. /a/ • Hyoglossus + inferior longitudinal • Tongue deviaon 42 • E.g. licking the corner of mouth • Superior longitudinal The jaw • Biological funcDon • MasDcaon • Speech funcon • Very important as many other arDculators move with the mandible • Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) 43 Mandibular elevators • Mandibular Elevators • Temporalis • Masseter • Medial / Internal pterygoid muscle 44 Temporalis m. 45 Masseter m. 46 Masseter m. 47 Medial pterygoid m. 48 Mandibular depressors • Digastricus • Mylohyoid • Geniohyoid • Lateral / External pterygoid muscle 49 Mandibular depressors 50 Lateral pterygoid m. 51 Lateral pterygoid m. 52 Jaw involvement in speech • Low vowels vs. high vowels • Consonants: bilabial, alveolar, velar • Tongue moves as the mandible moves; tongue and mandible move as one system 53 The soft palate 54 The soft palate • Sob palate forms the posterior 1/3 of the enDre palate • Formed by muscles • An important part of the velopharyngeal (VP) port • VP port = gateway to nasal cavity, controls nasality • Open VP port, nasal resonance • Cleb palate 55 Cleft palate • Nasals vs. oral sounds • Nasalized vowels • QuesDon: Nasalized or non-nasalized during a 56 cold? Palatal muscles • Tensor veli palani m. • Levator veli palani m. • Uvula m. • Palatoglossus m. • Anterior faucial pillars • Palatopharyngeus m. • Posterior faucial pillars 57 Palatal muscles 58 Palatal muscles 59 Palate movement 60 Pharyngeal constrictors 61 Pharyngeal constrictors • Superior pharyngeal constrictors • Pterygopharyngeus m. • Buccopharyngeus m. • Mylopharyngeus m. • Glossopharyngeus m. • Middle pharyngeal constrictors • Chondropharyngeus m. • Ceratopharyngeus m. 62 Pharyngeal constrictors • Inferior pharyngeal constrictors • Thyropharyngeus m. • Cricopharyngeus m. • Stylopharyngeus m. • Salpingopharyngeus m. • Palatopharyngeus m. 63 Links • More pictures (courtesy to Loyala University Medical Educaon Network) • My site • And many more… 64 65 .