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Linking the Indigenous Sami People with Regional Development in Sweden Linking the Indigenous Sami People with Regional Development in Sweden

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OECD Rural Policy Reviews OECD Rural Policy Reviews Linking the Indigenous Sami People with Regional Development in Sweden Linking the Linking Indigenous Sami People with Regional Development in Development Regional with People Sami Indigenous Sweden OECD Rural Policy Reviews Linking the Indigenous Sami People with Regional Development in Sweden This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2019), Linking the Indigenous Sami People with Regional Development in Sweden, OECD Rural Policy Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264310544-en ISBN 978-92-64-31053-7 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-31054-4 (pdf) ISBN 978-92-64-31056-8 (HTML) ISBN 978-92-64-31055-1 (epub) Series: OECD Rural Policy Reviews ISSN 1990-9276 (print) ISSN 1990-9284 (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover © Inga-Wiktoria Påve. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD 2019 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD 3 │ Foreword Vibrant Indigenous economies are fundamental to self-determination. There are approximately 38 million Indigenous peoples living in 13 OECD member countries. Indigenous peoples make an important contribution to the culture, heritage, and economic development of these member countries. The diverse spiritual beliefs and worldviews of Indigenous peoples worldwide are rooted in connections to land and nature, emphasizing its stewardship. Indigenous worldviews illuminate the path to sustainable development. Across far too many indicators – income, employment, life expectancy, and educational attainment – there are significant gaps between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations in many countries. In Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand and the United States, Indigenous people on average have an annual household income that is 30% lower than the non-Indigenous population. They also live on average 6 years less than non-Indigenous populations. Indigenous rates of secondary school completion are 16 percentage points lower, and employment participation is 13 percentage points lower than the non-Indigenous population. Improving the well-being of Indigenous peoples is critical to achieving inclusive development. Geography is a key factor shaping the economic development and well-being outcomes of Indigenous peoples. Traditional territories are fundamental to Indigenous languages, identities and livelihoods. Indigenous peoples also have assets and opportunities that are important to regional and rural economies. However, Indigenous peoples are often disconnected from efforts to promote regional development. This disconnect contributes to continued disparities in the socio-economic outcomes experienced by Indigenous peoples. This study – Linking Indigenous Peoples with Regional Development: Sweden – explores these issues. The Sami are an Indigenous people who have lived for time immemorial in an area that today extends across parts of Russia, Finland, Norway and Sweden – an area collectively referred to by the Sami as Sapmi (Samiland). The Sami have an important role in these northern economies due to their use of land, their involvement in reindeer husbandry, agriculture/farming and food production, and their connection with the regions’ tourism industry. However, in Sweden, and in the other countries where the Sami live, the connections with regional development strategies are often inconsistent and weak. Better linking of the Sami and their local communities with regional development policies would help to preserve and promote Sami culture and create new employment and business opportunities. This study offers policy recommendations in three main areas: i) improving data collection and dissemination on Sami livelihoods and well-being; ii) enhancing policies and programmes for Sami entrepreneurship and; iii) strengthening the linkages between the Sami – as a group of diverse individuals and institutions – and regional development efforts. It is hoped that this study, together with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) broader thematic work on these topics, provides LINKING THE INDIGENOUS SAMI PEOPLE WITH REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SWEDEN © OECD 2019 4 FOREWORD │ actionable recommendations on how to better include the Sami and other Indigenous peoples in regional development, learning from and incorporating their own perspectives on sustainable development in the process. This report contributes to the work programme of the OECD on regional and rural development. It was approved by the Working Party on Rural Policy [CFE/RDPC/RUR(2018)4] at its 21st Session on 6 November 2018. LINKING THE INDIGENOUS SAMI PEOPLE WITH REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SWEDEN © OECD 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 │ Acknowledgements Linking Indigenous Peoples with Regional Development in Sweden was prepared by the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities, led by Lamia Kamal-Chaoui, Director. It was produced as part of the programme of work of the Working Party on Rural Policy of the Regional Development Policy Committee. This report was co-ordinated by Chris McDonald and Tamara Krawchenko under the supervision of José Enrique Garcilazo, Head of the Regional and Rural Policy Unit in the Regional Development and Tourism Division led by Alain Dupeyras. The report was drafted by Tamara Krawchenko. This report was made possible through the support of the Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation of Sweden and involved the close co-operation of the Sami Parliament of Sweden. The OECD Secretariat wishes to extend warm thanks to Patrik Johansson and Lena Lind in the Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation of Sweden for the day-to-day co-ordination of the project and overall advice and guidance. Special thanks are also given to representatives and officials from the Sami Parliament of Sweden, in particular, Matilda Månsson (legal advisor) for her close co-ordination on the project and overall guidance and to Lars Anders Baer, Special Advisor, for his expertise and feedback. Many thanks also to Per-Olof Nutti, President of the Sami Parliament of Sweden, Marita Stinnerbom, Stefan Mikaelsson, Ingela Nilsson, Anne Walkeapää, Rickard Doj, Lars-Ove Sjajn, Peter Benson, Patrik Sällström and Leif Juogda for the in-depth analysis they have provided and their high level of engagement with the OECD team. Moreover, the OECD team would like to thank many experts who provided extensive comments and review in the Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation: Susanne Adlercreutz, Maria Ahlsved, Helena Busk, Nina Björesten, Hanna Ek, Camilla Frisch, Viktor Johnsson, Åsa Lövelius Kebert, Johanna Kirsten, Anna Larsson, Isabella Löb, Mattias Moberg, Linda Nöremark, Katarina Persson Nilsson, Conny Öhman, Hans Rolandsson, Eva Sörell, Lars Söderlind, Bilge Tekin Befrits, Nilla Thomson, Filip Vestling, Jacob Wichman. Thanks are also extended to Astrid Öfverholm, Nilla Thomson and Filip Vestling, Börje Alriksson (Ministry of the Environment and Energy); Imber Råbock, Patrik Sällström, Marcus Jernström and Peter Nergård, Tillväxtverket (Agency for Economic and Regional Growth); Lars Werke (Statistics Sweden); Ida Åhrén, Lars-Marcus Kuhmunen and Göran Ternbo (Ministry of Culture); Sophie Hedenstierna (Ministry of Foreign Affairs); Carita Nyyssölä Linde (Ministry of Health and Social Affairs); Carolina Östgren (Ministry of Education); Britt-Inger Stoltz, Myndigheten för yrkeshögskolan (Swedish National Agency for Higher Vocational Education); Gunilla Skotnicka, Naturvårdsverket (The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency) and; Johan Wester Skogsstyrelsen (The Swedish Forestry Agency). This study benefitted from the advice and research of Annette Löf, Patrik Lantto and Per Axelsson, Umeå University; Kaisa Raitio (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); Rasmus Klöcker Larsen (Stockholm Environment Institute); Per Sandström (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences); and Christina Allard (Luleå Technical University). LINKING THE INDIGENOUS SAMI PEOPLE WITH REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SWEDEN © OECD 2019 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS │ The report was strongly enriched by the engagement of: Agneta Granström, Sofia Mörtlund, Jenny Mozgovoy, Patrik
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