A Parceria Estratégica Entre Brasil E China: a Contribuição Da Política Externa Brasileira (1995-2005)

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A Parceria Estratégica Entre Brasil E China: a Contribuição Da Política Externa Brasileira (1995-2005) 0 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL - UFRGS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS PATRÍCIA PALOSCHI DICK A PARCERIA ESTRATÉGICA ENTRE BRASIL E CHINA: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA POLÍTICA EXTERNA BRASILEIRA (1995-2005) Porto Alegre, 2006. 1 PATRÍCIA PALOSCHI DICK A PARCERIA ESTRATÉGICA ENTRE BRASIL E CHINA: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA POLÍTICA EXTERNA BRASILEIRA (1995-2005) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Fagundes Vizentini Porto Alegre, 2006. 2 Aos meus queridos pais, Aldino e Eli Maria. 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Registro minha gratidão e meu sincero carinho àqueles que contribuíram de forma extremamente positiva a esta realização. Primeiramente, agradeço a oportunidade aberta pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul ao ingresso nesse programa tão qualificado. Agradeço aos Professores que acompanharam e contribuíram nessa caminhada, em especial, ao Prof. Dr. Paulo Fagundes Vizentini, por todo o apoio e incentivo, que consagraram o privilégio de tê-lo como orientador. Agradeço a ele, a Profa. Dra. Marianne Wiesebron e a Universidade de Leiden, Holanda, a oportunidade de realizar uma ampla pesquisa junto àquela instituição. Sou grata à calorosa acolhida da Professora e de Remon Boef, e à receptividade do CNWS (Research School of Asian, African and Ameridian Studies) e de seus membros. Tal experiência garantiu o acesso a produções acadêmicas, que direcionaram e enriqueceram essa dissertação, e o contato com especialistas da área, por intermédio da Profa. Wiesebron, como o Sr. Carlos Alberto Asfora, Ministro da Embaixada Brasileira em Haia, que partilhou, gentilmente, suas experiências. Agradeço o companheirismo dos queridos colegas da turma de Mestrado, que contribuíram para a formação de um ambiente saudável e construtivo. Agradeço o apoio e o auxílio da Profa Dra. Susana Soares, a cordialidade e prontidão da Secretária Beatriz Accorsi, e a contribuição de Vera Lúcia Correa da Silva, do CEDEP, nesse período. Por fim, agradeço aos meus pais pelo incentivo e apoio a essa realização e pela compreensão durante essa fase de relativa ausência, mas de grande crescimento e realização pessoal. 4 O futuro não se prevê, apenas se constrói coletivamente. Padre Antônio Vieira 5 RESUMO A identidade compartilhada de países em desenvolvimento confere ao Brasil e à República Popular da China interesses similares no cenário internacional e fortalece os elementos que compõem a relação bilateral, consolidando o caráter estratégico dessa parceria. A complementaridade econômica impulsiona os fluxos comerciais e os investimentos entre esses Países. O anseio pelo estabelecimento de uma nova ordem política e econômica, favorável à realização dos projetos nacionais de desenvolvimento econômico e social, estimula a aproximação e a cooperação em fóruns multilaterais, como na Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) e na Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). A extensão dos campos de cooperação para outras áreas estratégicas, como a ciência e tecnologia, remete ganhos substanciais à indústria, à economia e à comunidade científica dos Países. A parceria estratégica entre o Brasil e a China está centrada nesses aspectos, que podem ser sintetizados em três vertentes: econômica e comercial; política; e científico- tecnológica. Essas vertentes não esgotam a realidade e a capacidade de cooperação entre os Países, mas constituem as áreas que apresentam os resultados mais significativos. Essa dissertação propõe uma leitura sobre as contribuições da política externa brasileira à parceria estratégica, durante o governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-2002) e durante os três primeiros anos do governo Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2005), com base na evolução das três vertentes. Palavras-chave: Brasil, China, parceria estratégica, política externa, comércio bilateral, cooperação política, cooperação científico-tecnológica. 6 ABSTRACT The shared identity of developing countries remits to Brazil and the People’s Republic of China similar interests on the international scene and strengthens the elements that compose the bilateral relation, consolidating the strategic character of this partnership. The economic complementarity drives on the commercial flow and the investments between these Countries. The craving for the establishment of a new political and economic order, favorable to the accomplishment of the national projects of social and economic development, stimulates the approximation and the cooperation on multilateral forums, such as United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO). The extension of the cooperation fields to other strategic areas, such as science and technology, remits substantial gains for the Countries’ industry, economy, and scientific community. The strategic partnership between Brazil and China relies on these aspects, which can be summarized into three tracks: trade and economics; political; and scientific-technological. These tracks do not exhaust the reality and the capability of cooperation between the Countries, although they present the most significant results. This dissertation proposes a reading about the Brazilian foreign policy contributions for the strategic partnership, during Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s government (1995-2002) and the first three years of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s government (2003-2005), based on the evolutions of these tracks. Key words: Brazil, China, strategic partnership, foreign policy, bilateral trade, political cooperation, scientific-technological cooperation. 7 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Gráfico 1 - Intercâmbio Comercial entre Brasil e China, 1974-1994 ....................... 45 Gráfico 2 - Crescimento do PIB (%), Brasil e China, 1995-2002 ............................. 65 Gráfico 3 - Intercâmbio Comercial entre Brasil e China, 1990-2002 ....................... 80 Gráfico 4 - Crescimento do PIB (%), Brasil e China, 1995-2005 ............................. 124 Gráfico 5 - Variação Anual do IPC (%), Brasil e China, 1996-2005 ........................ 125 Gráfico 6 - Principais destinos das exportações brasileiras, 2005 ............................. 136 Gráfico 7 - Intercâmbio Comercial entre Brasil e China, 1995-2005 ....................... 138 Gráfico 8 - Principais destinos das exportações chinesas, 2005 ............................... 138 Gráfico 9 - Exportações brasileiras para a China, por valor agregado (%), 2005 ..... 140 Gráfico 10 - Exportações Totais, Brasil e China, 1996-2005 ...................................... 146 Gráfico 11 - Importações Totais, Brasil e China, 1996-2005 ...................................... 147 Quadro 1 - Módulos e Subsistemas, CBERS 1 e 2 ................................................... 106 8 LISTA DE TABELAS 1 - Zonas, cidades e regiões abertas da China (1995) ........................................ 35 2 - Taxa de Câmbio (média anual), Brasil e China, 1996-2002 ......................... 66 3 - Tarifas médias de Importação (%), China, 1995-2002 ................................. 101 4 - Participação no Comércio Mundial (%), Brasil e China, 1995-2005 ........... 125 5 - Taxa de Câmbio (média anual), Brasil e China, 1996-2005 ......................... 126 6 - Intercâmbio comercial brasileiro com China, RAEs e Taiwan, 2005 ........... 137 9 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS AIEA - Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica ALCA - Área de Livre Comércio das Américas APEC - Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (Fórum de Cooperação Econômica da Ásia-Pacífico) APEX - Agência de Promoção de Exportações e Investimentos ASEAN - Association of the South-East Asian Nations (Associação das Nações do Sudeste Asiático) CAMEX - Câmara de Comércio Exterior CBERS - China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (Satélite Sino-Brasileiro de Recursos Terrestres) CIF - Cost, Insurance and Freight (Custo, Seguro e Frete) COFINS - Contribuição para o Financiamento da Seguridade Social DSN - Doutrina de Segurança Nacional ECOSOC - Economic and Social Council (Conselho Econômico e Social) FMI - Fundo Monetário Internacional FOB - Free on Board (Livre a Bordo) FOCALAL - Foro de Cooperação América Latina - Ásia do Leste G-20 - Grupo dos 20 GATT - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio) IBAS - Fórum de Diálogo Índia, Brasil e África do Sul ICMS - Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Prestação de Serviços IED - Investimento Estrangeiro Direto INPE - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais IPC - Índice de Preços ao Consumidor IPI - Imposto sobre Produtos Industrializados MDIC - Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio MERCOSUL - Mercado Comum do Sul MOFCOM - Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (Ministério do Comércio da República Popular da China) 10 MOFTEC - Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (Ministério de Comércio Exterior e Cooperação Econômica) NAFTA - North America Free Trade Agreement (Acordo de Livre Comércio da América do Norte) NBM - Nomenclatura Brasileira de Mercadorias NCM - Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul OPEP - Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo OMC - Organização Mundial do Comércio ONU - Organização das Nações Unidas OTAN - Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte PCC - Partido Comunista da China PIB - Produto Interno Bruto PIS - Programa de Integração Social PITCE - Política Industrial, Tecnológica
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