Research on Building Family Networks Based on Bootstrapping and Coreference Resolution

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Research on Building Family Networks Based on Bootstrapping and Coreference Resolution Research on Building Family Networks Based on Bootstrapping and Coreference Resolution Jinghang Gu, Ya’nan Hu, Longhua Qian, and Qiaoming Zhu Natural Language Processing Lab, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006 School of Computer Science & Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006 [email protected], {20114227025,qianlonghua,qmzhu}@suda.edu.cn Abstract. Personal Family Network is an important component of social networks, therefore, it is of great importance of how to extract personal family relationships. We propose a novel method to construct personal families based on bootstrapping and coreference resolution on top of a search engine. It begins with seeds of personal relations to discover relational patterns in a bootstrapping fashion, then personal relations are further extracted via these learned patterns, finally family networks are fused using cross-document coreference resolution. The experimental results on a large-scale corpus of Gigaword show that, our method can build accurate family networks, thereby laying the foundation for social network analysis. Keywords: Family Network, Social Network, Bootstrapping, Cross-Document Coreference Resolution. 1 Introduction In recent years, social network becomes more and more important in people’s daily life with the rapid development of social digitalization, and its analysis and application could help improve the living quality and efficiency. As is known to all, a family is the basic unit of human society, thus family network should be the core of social network. Traditional Social Network Analysis (SNA) focuses on independent individuals and their functions, ignoring the influence of the whole family which is indispensible in social network. This paper starts with extracting family relationships, and then builds rich personal family networks in turn, laying the foundation for the research of constructing large-scale social networks. Social Network Analysis is an active topic in the field of computer science and social science, and the construction of social network is the basis of SNA. Early research in building social networks mainly exploited the co-occurrence of personal names, such as Referral Web/Flink [1, 2]. Recently, machine learning methods come into fashion in order to excavate social networks in some specific fields, such as ArnetMiner [3], a kind of social network in academics; in literature works [4, 5], or in character biographies [6]. Traditional social network construction takes independent G. Zhou et al. (Eds.): NLPCC 2013, CCIS 400, pp. 200–211, 2013. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Research on Building Family Networks Based on Bootstrapping 201 individuals of interest as the central subject and mines mutual relationships between them, without acknowledging families as the core of the social network. In addition, it does not perform well due to the over-simplicity of dealing with the name ambiguity issue. In this paper, we extract personal relationships via bootstrapping with the notion of families as the core of social networks in mind. Then we aggregate these family relationships into family networks by addressing the problems of name variation and name ambiguity, i.e. Cross-Document Coreference Resolution (CDCR), using simple and effective methods. The performance of our work shows that it can construct family networks successfully from a large-scale Chinese text corpus. This paper is structured as follows. After a brief survey of related work in Section 2, we describe our method of constructing personal family networks in Section 3. In Section 4 we present our evaluation measurement. The results of the experiments are reported in Section 5. We discuss our findings, draw conclusions, and identify future work in Section 6. 2 Related Work The primary task of constructing social networks is to extract social relationships between persons, which is a specific branch of semantic relation extraction. Semantic relation extraction is an important part of Nature Language Processing (NLP) and Information Extraction (IE), whose objective is to extract the semantic relations between named entities. When named entities are limited to persons, semantic relation extraction is reduced to personal relation extraction. Most research of relation extraction adopts machine learning approaches. In terms of the scale of annotated labor it needs, we can divide relation extraction methods into supervised learning [7], weakly supervised learning [8], and unsupervised learning [9]. Usually both the quantity and quality of the annotated corpus determine the performance of relation extraction. As a kind of the weakly supervised learning methods, bootstrapping comes into fashion because of its less demand of manual annotations, and can mine a great majority of instances using only a small scale of seeds at the beginning. Hearst [10] took the lead in using bootstrapping to extract the hyponym relation (is-a). It starts with several seeds and discovers more patterns and then more instances in turn in an iterative manner. Pantel et al. [11] proposed a bootstrapping system—Espresso, which is based on the framework in (Hearst [10]). Espresso effectively resolves the problem of the confidence calculation of patterns and instances when extracting relations from a large scale corpus like the Web. Yao et al. [12] and Gan et al. [13] took the advantage of the redundant information in Web pages to discover personal relations by employing a simulated annealing algorithm on top of bootstrapping. Peng et al. [14] explored the tree kernel-based method for personal relation extraction, expanding personal relations to static (family relations and business relations) and dynamic (personal interactive relations) ones. 202 J. Gu et al. In the field of social network construction, early research leverages the statistics of name co-occurrence in web pages to extract the personal relationships. Kautz et al. [1] propose a system named as Referral Web, which is based on personal name co- occurrence in order to automatically mine social networks. Mika et al. [2] adopted the same strategy as Referral Web with the exception of using personal emails as additional source data besides Web pages. Recent research turns to machine learning methods, with the purpose to extract more types of social relations. Tang et al. [3] proposed the ArnetMiner system to build social networks among academic scholars using SVM and CRF classifiers to classify the relations. Elson et al. [4] and Agarwal et al. [5] discuss social networks in literature works. They propose the notion of implicit social relations among different characters participating in the same event, such as Interaction and Observation. Camp and Bosch et al. [6] extract personal relations that entail emotional polarity, and build social networks with SVM classifiers. It is worth noting that the StatSnowball system (Zhu et al. [15]) extracts social relations by bootstrapping in conjunction with Probability Models and Markov Logic Networks. StatSnowball achieves a promising performance on constructing social networks from the large scale Web corpus. Although our paper chooses the same method of bootstrapping as before to mine social networks, we take a different perspective from previous works. We extract personal social relations in a family unit from a large scale text corpus, further, we investigate the issue of person coreference resolution in constructing family networks, laying the foundation for building large scale social networks. 3 Personal Family Network Construction There are three phases in the procedure of constructing family networks from a large scale corpus, including Personal Family Relation Extraction (PFRE), Cross- Document Coreference Resolution (CDCR) and Family Network Aggregation (FNA). Family relations are the ones between persons in the same family, including husband- wife, father-son, mother-son, father-daughter, mother-daughter, brotherhood and sisterhood etc. Cross-Document Coreference Resolution attempts to group personal names from different documents into equivalence classes referred to as “coreference chains” with each chain representing the same person. The task of aggregating personal family networks is to cluster persons having family relationships into the same family network. After the first two phases of relation extraction and coreference resolution, family network construction would become easy and direct. 3.1 Personal Family Relation Extraction In this phase, we adopt a minimally supervised learning method, i.e. bootstrapping, for the sake of reducing the amount of training set. Taking several seed instances of a particular relation type as input, our algorithm iteratively learns surface patterns to extract more instances and vice versa. When extracting patterns and instances, we calculate their reliability scores and retain the ones with high reliability. Research on Building Family Networks Based on Bootstrapping 203 In terms of the importance of family relations, we define two major types of family relationships, i.e. “Parent-Child” and “Husband-Wife”. We further divide “Parent- Child” into four subtypes, such as “Father-Son”, “Father-Daughter”, “Mother-Son” and “Mother-Daughter” to facilitate the bootstrapping procedure. Totally, there are five types of family relations available for bootstrapping. However, the four subtypes should be combined into one just before the phase of Family Network Aggregation. We take Espresso as our prototype system, which include four steps as follows:
Recommended publications
  • China Data Supplement
    China Data Supplement October 2008 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC ......................................................................... 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC ..................................................................... 29 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership ...................................................................... 36 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries ......................................................................... 42 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations .............................................................................................. 45 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR................................................................................................................ 54 LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR....................................................................................................................... 61 LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan .............................................................................................................................. 66 LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 October 2008 The Main National Leadership of the
    [Show full text]
  • Hong Kong SAR
    China Data Supplement November 2006 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries 47 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations 50 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR 54 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR 61 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan 65 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Affairs Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 November 2006 The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU Jen-Kai Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes CCP CC Chinese Communist Party Central Committee CCa Central Committee, alternate member CCm Central Committee, member CCSm Central Committee Secretariat, member PBa Politburo, alternate member PBm Politburo, member Cdr. Commander Chp. Chairperson CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CYL Communist Youth League Dep. P.C. Deputy Political Commissar Dir. Director exec. executive f female Gen.Man. General Manager Gen.Sec. General Secretary Hon.Chp. Honorary Chairperson H.V.-Chp. Honorary Vice-Chairperson MPC Municipal People’s Congress NPC National People’s Congress PCC Political Consultative Conference PLA People’s Liberation Army Pol.Com.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    China Data Supplement March 2008 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC ......................................................................... 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC ..................................................................... 31 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership ...................................................................... 38 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries ......................................................................... 54 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations .............................................................................................. 56 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR ................................................................................................................ 58 LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR ....................................................................................................................... 65 LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan .............................................................................................................................. 69 LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 March 2008 The Main National Leadership of the
    [Show full text]
  • A Parceria Estratégica Entre Brasil E China: a Contribuição Da Política Externa Brasileira (1995-2005)
    0 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL - UFRGS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS PATRÍCIA PALOSCHI DICK A PARCERIA ESTRATÉGICA ENTRE BRASIL E CHINA: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA POLÍTICA EXTERNA BRASILEIRA (1995-2005) Porto Alegre, 2006. 1 PATRÍCIA PALOSCHI DICK A PARCERIA ESTRATÉGICA ENTRE BRASIL E CHINA: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DA POLÍTICA EXTERNA BRASILEIRA (1995-2005) Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Fagundes Vizentini Porto Alegre, 2006. 2 Aos meus queridos pais, Aldino e Eli Maria. 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Registro minha gratidão e meu sincero carinho àqueles que contribuíram de forma extremamente positiva a esta realização. Primeiramente, agradeço a oportunidade aberta pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul ao ingresso nesse programa tão qualificado. Agradeço aos Professores que acompanharam e contribuíram nessa caminhada, em especial, ao Prof. Dr. Paulo Fagundes Vizentini, por todo o apoio e incentivo, que consagraram o privilégio de tê-lo como orientador. Agradeço a ele, a Profa. Dra. Marianne Wiesebron e a Universidade de Leiden, Holanda, a oportunidade de realizar uma ampla pesquisa junto àquela instituição. Sou grata à calorosa acolhida da Professora e de Remon Boef, e à receptividade do CNWS (Research School of Asian, African and Ameridian Studies) e de seus membros. Tal experiência garantiu o acesso a produções acadêmicas, que direcionaram e enriqueceram essa dissertação, e o contato com especialistas da área, por intermédio da Profa.
    [Show full text]
  • WIC Template
    1 Talking Point 5 Week in 60 Seconds 6 Consumer Week in China 8 M&A 9 Property 10 Auto Industry 12 Aviation 14 China and the World 5 April 2013 16 Society and Culture Issue 187 19 And Finally www.weekinchina.com 20 The Back Page High Noon for tycoons m o c . n i e t s p e a t i n e b . w w w Are businessmen the latest target for Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign? Brought to you by Week in China Talking Point 5 April 2013 Flying too close to the sun? Scandals at Suntech, Hanlong, Jointown and Jinye. Has a crackdown started? Suntech’s founder Zhengrong Shi has been told by the authorities he cannot leave China braham Lincoln earned his nick - to petition her husband for addi - merely a coincidence, or another Aname ‘Honest Abe’ for his in - tional funds from Congress. The facet of President Xi Jinping’s anti- tegrity. But as his biographer Doris president was livid and refused, corruption drive. Kearns Goodwin points out, Lincoln’s recognising that such lavish spend - wife Mary was not her husband’s ing on home improvement didn’t First Shi: what’s happened to him? equal in this regard. In fact, she was chime well with the deprivations of Last week Shanghai Securities News – prone to creative accounting. the civil war period. a newspaper run by the Xinhua News When she arrived in the White (For those curious about the out - Agency – reported that Shi would not House in 1861, Mary was dismayed come: French helped Mrs Lincoln be allowed to depart the country by how poorly the place was fur - out of her predicament by persuad - “while authorities investigate the nished.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    China Data Supplement September 2008 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC ......................................................................... 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC ..................................................................... 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership ...................................................................... 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries ......................................................................... 44 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations .............................................................................................. 47 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR................................................................................................................ 48 LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR....................................................................................................................... 55 LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan .............................................................................................................................. 60 LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 September 2008 The Main National Leadership
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the Fashion Images According to the Role Types of the Chinese First Ladies
    J. fash. bus. Vol. 18, No. 6:137-156 Dec. 2014 ISSN 1229-3350(Print) http://dx.doi.org/10.12940/jfb.2014.18.6.137 ISSN 2288-1867(Online) A Study on the Fashion Images according to the Role Types of the Chinese First Ladies Lee Misuk∙ Zhang Wen⁺ Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Chonnam National University, Human Ecology Research Institute, Chonnam National University Dept. of Clothing & Textiles, Chonnam National University⁺ Abstract The purpose of this study is to analyze types of roles and fashion of the Chinese first ladies and provide basic data for fashion image-making of first ladies. As for the research methods, the concepts, role types, and fashion of the first ladies were considered by referring to the precedent studies and relevant literature. Then, the fashion images according to role types were analyzed by collecting the photos of Chinese first ladies from the period of the Republic of China until today. The results were as follows: First, when the roles of Chinese first ladies were categorized based on ceremonial, political, and policy roles, Zhuo Lin and Wang Yeping played a ceremonial role; Wang Guangmei, Liu Yongqing, and Peng Liyuan played a political role; and Soong Qingling, Soong Mayling, and Jiang Qing played a policy role while they were first ladies. While the first ladies of the Republic of China often wore classic Chinese styles like traditional qipao as well as western clothes which contained a western influence, the first ladies of the People’s Republic of China wore more colorful clothes and more accessories in the later period, and also often wore clothes that combined traditional and western elements.
    [Show full text]
  • El Partido Comunista De China En Sus 100 Años Eugenio Anguiano Roch Conferencia Del CECHIMEX, Miércoles 30 De Mayo De 2021 Los Prolegómenos
    El partido comunista de China en sus 100 años Eugenio Anguiano Roch Conferencia del CECHIMEX, miércoles 30 de mayo de 2021 Los prolegómenos • La truncada reforma de los 100 días de 1898 del emperador Guangxu • La rebelión de los boxers, su aplastamiento y el Protocolo de 1901 • Reformas de 1905 en el sector educativo y promesa constitucional, impulsadas por la emperatriz viuda Cixi • La Revolución del 10 de 0ctubre de 1911: surgimiento de una República débil • El movimiento del 4 de mayo de 1919 y la búsqueda de la modernidad • Triunfo de la revolución bolchevique en Rusia y creación de la Internacional Comunista (1919) Nacimiento del Partido Comunista (共产党) de China • Formación en 1918 de círculos de lectura del marxismo en Shanghai (Chen Duxiu); Beijing (Li Dazhao) y en otras dos ciudades • Marzo de 1920 llega a Beijing Grigori Voitinsky (1893-1953) agente del Komintern y establece contacto con intelectuales marxistas. • Junio 22-julio 12 de 1921, III Congreso del Komintern en Moscú • I Congreso Nacional (fundacional) del PCCh, Julio 23-agosto 2, en Shanghai (concesión francesa) y Lago del Sur (Nanhu), distrito de Jiaxing, Zhejiang. 12 delegados, entre ellos Mao Zedong, que representaban a 53 (57) militantes. Dos delegados de la I.C.: Maring (H. Sneevliet) y Nicolski. Chen Duxiu fue electo en ausencia presidente del CC. No hubo ningún manifiesto Unión entre el gongchandang y el guomindang (国民党) • Enero 12-marzo 5 de 1922, huelga de marineros en Hong Kong lanzada por militantes de los partidos nacionalista y comunista • II Congreso del PCCh, Julio de 1922, en Shanghai resuelve hacer causa común con el GMD contra el imperialismo y los caudillos militares (“señores de la guerra”).
    [Show full text]
  • Surviving in Violent Conflicts Chinese Interpreters in the Second Sino-Japanese War 1931-1945
    PALGRAVE STUDIES IN LANGUAGES AT WAR Surviving in Violent Conflicts Chinese Interpreters in the Second Sino-Japanese War 1931-1945 Ting Guo Palgrave Studies in Languages at War Series Editors Hilary Footitt University of Reading Reading , United Kingdom Michael Kelly School of Humanities University of Southampton , United Kingdom Aim of the Series Languages play a crucial role in war, confl ict and peacemaking: in intelligence gathering and evaluation, pre-deployment preparations, operations on the ground, regime-change, and supporting refugees and displaced persons. In the politics of war, languages have a dual impact: a public policy dimension, setting frameworks and expectations; and the lived experience of those ‘on the ground’, working with and meeting speakers of other languages. Th is series intends to bring together books which deal with the role of languages in situations of confl ict, including war, civil war, occupation, peace-keeping, peace-enforcement and humanitarian action in war zones. It will off er an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, translation studies, intercultural communication, his- tory, politics, international relations and cultural studies. Books in the series will explore specifi c confl ict situations across a range of times and places, and specifi c language-related roles and activities, examining three contexts: languages and the military, meeting the other in war and peace- making, and interpreting/translating in war. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14615
    [Show full text]
  • China Digital Times
    China Digital Times En | 中文 Monday, July 12, 2010 Search Home Sections CDT Bookshelf Culture Economy Hong Kong Law Politics Sci-Tech Society Taiwan World News Focus Beijing Olympics 2008 Environmental Crisis Human Rights Information Revolution The Great Divide Special Features CDT Bookshelf 20 Years Ago Today: 1989 Podcast Videos Slideshows Photos Satire Cartoons Notable Quotes About Us About CDT CDT Team Sponsors Contact Us Blocked by GFW A List of Censored Words in Chinese Cyberspace It is an open secret that all Chinese Internet hosting services, including wireless and instant messenger services, filter user communication through key word blocking mechanisms. But overly vague and broad Chinese internet laws and the internet police force never made the forbidden words explicit — Not until some Chinese hackers located a document within the installation package of QQ instant messaging software. The file contains over one thousand words, most of them in Chinese, which will be blocked by the service. Owned by Tencent, QQ is China’s most popular Instant Messenger service. On a regular basis, tens of millions of users use their service. On one day, March 13 , there were more than six million users online using QQ at the same time. Because of its high traffic volume, it is technically much harder to build in the key word filtering mechanism on the server’s end. Instead, Tencent sneaked in a filtering program file in their installation package at the client end. When a client installs the QQ2003 software on their own computer desktop, a program file, called COMToolKit.dll, is automatically included.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    FRAMING THE “SUPERPOWER SUMMIT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHINESE AND AMERICAN MEDIA COVERAGE OF CHINESE PRESIDENT XI’S U.S. VISIT IN 2015 By SHIMENG DAI A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN MASS COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Shimeng Dai To my Dad ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to thank my dad for his unconditional love and encouragement all the time. I could not make it without his support. I am deeply grateful to my thesis committee chair, Dr. Ostroff, for his patient guidance. I thank my committee members. Dr. Roberts and Dr. Wanta’s for their useful advice. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................7 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................9 The Significance of the Research .............................................................................................9 The Historical Background of Xi’s American Trip ................................................................13 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................16
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    Journal of C urrent Chinese Affairs China Data Supplement May 2009 People’s Republic of China Hong Kong SAR Macau SAR Taiwan China aktuell China Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC ......................................................................... 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC ..................................................................... 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership ...................................................................... 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries ......................................................................... 44 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations .............................................................................................. 47 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR................................................................................................................ 51 LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR....................................................................................................................... 58 LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan .............................................................................................................................. 63 LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 May 2009 The Main National
    [Show full text]