DOCSLIB.ORG

Alcoholic Beverages Brandy and Wine Traded Between Bordeaux And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alcoholic Beverages Brandy and Wine Traded Between Bordeaux And Index Page numbers in italic indicate figures and tables. Thus 262f102 refers to figure 102 on page 262. Thus 106–111t4.1 refers to table 4, which spreads across pages 106–111. Thus 262f102 refers to figure 102 on page 262. alcoholic beverages ships arriving in Essequibo and brandy and wine traded between Demerara 1700–1799, 217–218, 217t8.1 Bordeaux and Boston during the French See also American War of Independence Wars 255–256, 270 (1775–1783); asientos; Cadiz; Dutch West brandy smuggled to Britain via India Company (wic); Essequibo and Sweden 241 Demerara; French Wars; Ruiz, Simon; slave exchanged for pirates’ booty and trade slaves 146 Austrian Empire rum 146, 218, 222, 233 prohibition on trade with Asia from the and trade in Brazilian ports 61, 62, 65 Austrian Netherlands Alonso, Martin 14 as a key factor in the formation of American War of Independence (1775–1783) seic’s market niche 239, 240–242, and the decline in the transatlantic slave 251, 251–252 trade 223–224, 261n21, 262f10.2 and the Ostend Company 189, 239, Dutch as arms suppliers to North Ameri- 240, 242 can rebels 218 Southern Low Countries of Flanders effect on seic trade during 243, 249 subject to 168 and French West Indian trade 255–256 and Andalusian commerce 177, 179 Amerindians 226–227 Axelrod, Robert 32n89 Ansell, Christopher K. 27 Antunes, Cátia 98 Batavia asientos as a French puppet state, the Batavian and “licencias de saca” 23–24, 23n47 Republic 219 Portuguese monopolization of 46–47, Jean Abraham Grill’s private investment in 51–52 Cantonese trade with 247 Simon Ruiz’s interaction with 13, Portuguese as the language of merchants 23–24, 26, 30, 35 in 1 Atlantic trade trade to the Coromandel Coast and the 1559 European economic and English control of crisis 22 Bengal 201–202 American shipping to Bordeaux 266– Governor of the Coast’s 272, 267f10.6A 268f10.6B monopoly on 196 cooperation with partners outside of and voc private trade 197, 199–203 natural groups 67, 67n86, 226–227 Battle of Plassey 207, 209–210, 244–246 dependence of early modern American Bengal colonies on smuggling 91 and the Battle of Plassey 207, 209–210, Gradis family of Bordeaux 265, 265n27, 244–246 271–272, 274 tax revenues and profits collected mercantilist logic of 238 by the eic and private British and Porto merchants 26 merchants 244–245 301935 Index 301 Benton, Lauren A. 215 Chaudhuri, K.N. 192–193 Bethencourt, Francisco 279 Cheney, Paul 258 Bourdieu Chollet & Bourdieu 265 China Bowen, H.V. 189, 193 Chinese Junk trade, and trade in Boyajian, James, C 23 Batavia 247 brandy and wine. See alcoholic beverages Chinese pirate Zheng Jing’s control of bribery Fujian 116n65, 121 of company officials 56, 64 and the eic of Portuguese royal officials inspecting intra-Asian trade 198–199, 244–245 slave vessels 64–65 pepper trade 188, 198–199, 199n38 related to the establishment and gover- use of bills of exchange 192–193, 199, nance of an empire 207–208 245 See also gifts and gift exchange Japanese smuggling cases 95f4.1, 96–97, business partners selection, choice of individ- 98 uals outside of natural groups, by private Maritime Prohibitions of Ming-Qing entrepreneurs 63–64, 66–67, 67n86 China 88 and the Ostend Company 239 Cadiz private merchants in Nagasaki 90, 92–93 first hospital in Spain founded in 172 and the copper trade 96 as an international commercial Suetsugu Heizō’s illicit trade 114–120, hub 166–169, 184–188, 187f6.1 121 maritime commerce between Amsterdam seic trade in Canton and Macao and Cadiz 182–186, 187f6.1 seic agents on the spot 246–251 and the art market 179–180 tea exports 241 and the Fourchoudt family 179 silver as a requirement for trade protection of Flemish trade during the with 23–24, 192, 245, 249 Spanish War of Succession 170 dac financing via bills of as the official seat of the Carrera de exchange 246n18 Indias 160, 167–169, 180–182, 184 Swedish private trade in Canton and and seic use of silver to trade with Macao 246–251 Asia 243 tribute at the core of power relations Southern Low Countries in 168–169, in 88 173–174, 177 See also tea trade Campbell, Gwyn 147n38 Christian networks 10 chartered monopolies New Christians Danish Asiatic Company (dac) 189, 240, Ruiz’s representative Geronimo 245–246, 246n18 Lindo 35 distinguished from royal monopolies 7 Ruiz’s representatives Filipe Jorge and excluded from the Gold Coast by the Diego Pardo 24 Habsburg takeover 58–59 and the transatlantic slave trade 26, the Ostend Company 189, 239, 240, 242 50–56 and private businessmen, named as coffee trade contratadores 45–47 and the commercialisation of colo- Royal African Company of England nial products during the eighteenth (rac) 61–62, 63 century 178 See also Dutch East India Company (voc); European coffee imports, and the reorga- Dutch West India Company (wic); East nization of international shipping during India Company (eic); Swedish East India the French Wars 262, 263f10.3, 264, Company (seic) 264f10.6 301935301935.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Imperial and Royal Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782-17831 Robert J
    Heinrich Zimmermann and the Proposed Voyage of the Imperial and Royal Ship Cobenzell to the North West Coast in 1782-17831 Robert J. King Johann Heinrich Zimmermann (1741-1805) a navigué sur le Discovery lors du troisième voyage de James Cook au Pacifique (1776-1780) et a écrit un compte du voyage, Reise um die Welt mit Capitain Cook (Mannheim, 1781). En 1782 il a été invité par William Bolts à participer à un voyage à la côte nord-ouest de l'Amérique partant de Trieste sous les couleurs autrichiennes impériales. Ce voyage était conçu comme réponse autrichienne aux voyages de Cook, un voyage impérial de découverte autour du monde qui devait comprendre l'exploitation des possibilités commerciales du commerce des fourrures sur la côte nord- ouest et le commerce avec la Chine et le Japon. Zimmermann a été rejoint à Trieste par trois de ses anciens compagnons de bord sous Cook -- George Dixon, George Gilpin et William Walker, chacun destiné à naviguer comme officier sur le navire impérial et royal Cobenzell. Les lettres et le journal de Zimmermann qui ont survécu fournissent une source valable à cette étude des origines du commerce maritime des fourrures sur la côte nord-ouest. On 24 July 1782, George Dixon wrote from Vienna to Heinrich Zimmermann, his former shipmate on the Discovery during James Cook’s 1776-1780 expedition to the North Pacific: Dear Harry, Yours I Rec‘d, and am glad you have Resolution, like the Honest Sailor which I allways have taken you for, and are willing to be doing sum thing both for your self and the Country.
    [Show full text]
  • Barent Lampe. Het Achtiende Deel of 'T Vervolgh Van Het Historisch Verhael, 1629
    Barent Lampe. Het achtiende deel of 'T vervolgh van het Historisch Verhael, 1629. f. 94 r. Na dat de E .E. Heeren Bewint hebbers van de Geoctroyeerde West-Indische Mart ius 163 0 . Compagnie, inde Vereenighde Nederlande, alles wat tot defensie va Nieu-Neder landt versorght, ende op alles goede ordre gestelt hadden, so hebben sy, con siderende de gelegentheyt der voorsz plaets, de goede temperature des Luchts, ende der Aerde, ende dat aldaer groote negotien ende Goederen, ende vele Coop manschappen van daen soude connen ghevoert werden, eenighe vrywillighe personen derwaerts met alderley Vee, ende ghereedtschappen tot de Land-bouwerije noodt sakelijck gesonden, gelijck dan in het Jaer 1628. op het Eylandt vande Man hattes al reede twee hondert ende tseventich zielen, soo Mannen als Vrouwen ende kinderen, onder den Gouverneur Minut, Successeur van Verhulst, haer resi­ dentie hielden, ende leefden in goede vrede met I nwoonders aldaer: Doch also het landt groot ende op vele plaetsen vol onkruyt ende wild ghewas zijnde, door de kleyne menighte des volcks, niet en conde ghecultiveert werden na be hooren: Soo hebben de gemelde Heeren B ewinthebbers der West-Indische Compagnie, om hare Landen te beter te vermenighvuldighen, ende het Landt tot meerder Vruchtbaerheydt te brenghen, goet gevonden verscheyden Privilegien, Vryheden, ende exemptien aen alle Patronen, Meesters ofte particuliere, die op Nieu Nederlandt eenighe Colonien ende Vee souden p lanten, te gheven, ghelijck sy dan dese volgende e x emptien, om aen een yeder die ghenegen soude zijn, op Nieu- Nederlandt te woonen, ende sijn Colonien te planten, beter lust te maken ende grooter uver te geven, hebben gheconstitueert ende in openbaren Druck uytghe gheven.
    [Show full text]
  • On Subsidies, East Indian Trade, and the Electorate of Hanover in the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
    Brokers of Conflict: On Subsidies, East Indian Trade, and the Electorate of Hanover in the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 1 Max Watson Undergraduate Senior Thesis Department of History Columbia University 28 March 2021 Seminar Advisor: Professor Pablo Piccato Second Reader: Professor Christopher Brown 1 Coat of Arms of the Austrian Ostend Company. Table of Contents: Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4 The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and the Importance of Subsidies ............................................. 8 The East Indies Trade as a Source of Anglo-Austrian Friction ............................................. 23 Hanover: An Economic Union as well as a Personal Union? ................................................. 39 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 47 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 50 Appendix A: European Alliances Before and After the Diplomatic Revolution .................. 53 Appendix B: Timeline of Important Events ............................................................................. 55 2 Acknowledgements As the culmination of my Columbia experience, this
    [Show full text]
  • Angela Schottenhammer, Mathieu Torck, Wim De Winter (Eds.)
    Angela Schottenhammer, Mathieu Torck, Wim De Winter (eds.), Seafaring, Trade, and Knowledge Transfer: Maritime Politics and Commerce in Early Middle Period to Early Modern China [CROS Crossroads – History of Interactions across the Silk Routes] (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2021), forthcoming. Angela Schottenhammer, Mathieu Torck, Wim De Winter, “Surgeons and Physicians on the Move in the Asian Waters (15th to 18th Centuries)”, Haiyangshi yanjiu 海洋史研究 (2020/21), forthcoming. Angela Schottenhammer, “Maritime Disasters and Risk Appraisals in the East Asian Waters”, Paola Calanca, Pierre-Yves Manguin (eds.), Études thématiques, Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême Orient (2021), forthcoming. Ma Guang, Continuity, Evolution, and Rupture: The Shandong Peninsula in East Asian Maritime History During the Yuan-Ming Transition [East Asian Maritime History, 16] (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2020), PhD dissertation, forthcoming. Ma Guang, “Re-evaluating the Wokou Problem in East Asia During the 1220s and 1390s from the Perspective of Environmental History”, Journal of Asian History 54:2 (2020), forthcoming. Angela Schottenhammer, Special commemoration issue for Chen Zhenxiu 陈朕秀 (1991–2019) of Crossroads – Studies on the History of Exchange Relations in the East Asian 17/18 (2018), with contributions of Chen Zhenxiu 陈朕秀, Li Man 李漫, Angela Schottenhammer 萧婷, Maddalena Barenghi, Ilya S. Kolnin, Elke Papelitzky, Cao Jin 曹晉, Niv Horesh, and Sebestyén Hompot, 228 pages, abstracts in English, Chinese, Korean , Japanese, Russian and Persian, online TOC, online abstracts. Angela Schottenhammer, “East Asia’s Other New World, China and the Viceroyalty of Peru: A Neglected Aspect of Early Modern Maritime History”, The Medieval History Journal 23:1 (2020), 1-59. Wim De Winter, “European perceptions of religion and society in 18th century China & Bengal, and their subverted gaze in local art and encounter”, Religion 50:2 (2020), 278-298.
    [Show full text]
  • Delenda Est Haec Carthago: the Ostend Company As a Problem of European Great Power Politics (1722-1727)1
    Delenda est haec Carthago: The Ostend Company As A Problem Of European Great Power Politics (1722-1727)1 Dr. Frederik Dhondt Legal History Institute, Ghent University Summary The Ostend Company (1722-1731) is a symbol of present-day Belgium’s strangling by European Great Power politics in the Ancien Régime, and more specifically of the limitations imposed on the Southern Netherlands by the Dutch Republic in 1648. The present contribution analyses the right of Emperor Charles VI to send out ships to the East Indies. Pamphlets by Abraham Westerveen and Jean Barbeyrac, argued for the exclusion of the Southern Netherlands based on the Treaty of Munster. Against this, Patrice de Neny and Jean du Mont invoked the peremptory character of the natural law-rules governing free trade. However, the Treaty of Commerce concluded between Charles VI and Philip V, King of Spain, on 1 May 1725, constituted a strong basis to refute the Dutch attacks. Yet, norm hierarchy between the balance of power inscribed in the Peace of Utrecht and secondary bilateral treaties between sovereigns dominated multilateral diplomacy after 1713 and prejudiced the “Belgian” East India trade. Keywords International Law, Legal History, International Relations Introduction2 [Les Nations] les plus prudentes cherchent à se procurer par des Traités, les sécours & les avantages, que la Loi Naturelle leur assureroit, si les pernicieux conseils d’une fausse Politique ne la rendoient inefficace. Vattel, Le Droit des Gens3 Concerning the OSTEND COMPANY […] DELENDA EST HAEC CARTHAGO The Importance of the Ostend-Company consider’d, 17264 In Belgian historiography, the Imperial East India Company created in Ostend (1722-1731) is often presented as an example of the sorry fate the Southern Netherlands had to suffer from the Dutch Revolt to the end of the French Revolutionary Wars5.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Economy 43 William A
    The Corporation as a Protagonist in Global History, c. 1550– 1750 Global Economic History Series Series Editors Maarten Prak (Utrecht University) Jan Luiten van Zanden (Utrecht University) Editorial Board Gareth Austin (University of Cambridge) Johan Fourie (Stellenbosch University) Christine Moll- Murata (Ruhr- Universität Bochum) Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (Wageningen University) Şevket Pamuk (Boğazici University, Istanbul) Kenneth L. Pomeranz (University of Chicago) Tirthankar Roy (London School of Economics and Political Science) Peer H.H. Vries (University of Vienna) volume 16 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ gehs The Corporation as a Protagonist in Global History, c. 1550– 1750 Edited by William A. Pettigrew and David Veevers LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC-ND License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover illustration: Kalamkari Hanging with Figures in an Architectural Setting, ca. 1640–50, The Metropolitan Museum, New York, nos. MMA 20.79. URL: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/447118. The figures in this cotton panel were once part of a larger hanging of men and women displayed in Armenian, Indian, Persian and European fashion, originating in the Deccan. They were likely produced either for the Golcondan court or by consumers for circulation and display in India or Europe. They are a striking example of the confluence of cosmopolitan cultural expression prevalent in the Deccan at the time. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Pettigrew, William A.
    [Show full text]
  • From Macau to Rio. the Flemish-Portuguese Relations in the East Indies and Brazil, 1715 - 1745
    FROM MACAU TO RIO. THE FLEMISH-PORTUGUESE RELATIONS IN THE EAST INDIES AND BRAZIL, 1715 - 1745. JAN PARMENTIER ° Introduction Until the first decennia of the 18th century, direct trade between the Southern Netherlands and the East Indies did not exist. Political circumstances such as the devastating Eighty Y ears War ( 1562 - 1648) and the monopolistic attitude of the Dutch and English East India Companies, who claimed trade and shipping towards Asia for themselves, formed abarrier to Flemish participation in this direction. The international commercial relations of the Antwerp, Ghent and Bruges merchanthouses during the second half of the 17 th century were concentrated on the Spanish Empire. In exchange for luxury textiles and art, Flemish merchants principally received colonial products, wool and wine '. Portugal also played an important role in this traffic with Setubal as main saltport and Lisbon as centre for purchasing pearls, diamonds, spices and sugar2. But at the dawn of the 18th century, the War of the Spanish Succession fundamentally altered the trade with the Iberian peninsula. With the revision of the European map in 1713, the Southern Netherlands were allocated to Austria. Although this change at first seemed like an economic disaster for Flemish entrepreneurs, since they lost a privileged position on their major export market, more liberal Viennese perspectives on international commerce soon presented new opportunities. From 1715 on, traders and financiers from Ostend, Antwerp, Ghent and Bruges started the search for alternatives. They enlarged their commercial horizon to the East Indies, probably inspired by the lucrative expeditions of the Saint-Malo armateurs to the South Sea and China.
    [Show full text]
  • Handel's Orientalist Operas the Royal Academy Of
    Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xxxvi:3 (Winter, 2006), 419–443. HANDEL’S ORIENTALIST OPERAS Ellen T. Harris With Eyes on the East and Ears in the West: Handel’s Orientalist Operas The Royal Academy of Music, established in 1719 for the production of Italian opera on the London stage, operated as a full-ºedged business enterprise. Supported by venture capital and created on the model of a joint- stock company, the Academy was managed by a board of directors personally invested in the enterprise. Surprisingly, however, there has been no serious examination of the potential impact of the di- rectors’ ªnancial goals on their artistic management of the opera. Although the effect of individual directors is not easily dis- cernible, board inºuence in general might be revealed in an un- usual artistic feature of the Academy. Throughout the course of its existence (1719–1728), the Academy produced a large proportion of operas with librettos set in the Orient, particularly in its later years when it was suffering successive losing seasons. The direc- tors’ willingness to continue its support of the opera during this period may have been due to the Academy serving as a loss leader for their larger ªnancial investment goals and trade interests. Not only did opera itself, given the large number of ªrst-rate foreign artists attracted to work for it, provide putative value as an em- blem of England’s cultural supremacy in Europe, but also, more speciªcally, the directors’ personal connections to the East Indian trade—through investments, naval operations, or direct management—suggest that librettos with Eastern settings had value as lobbying or marketing tools to keep the image of the East in front of those who might assist them politically.
    [Show full text]
  • Deliberations of the Portuguese Overseas Council on the Estado Da Índia: Survival 1707-50 Yong Huei Sim University of Wollongong
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2007 Deliberations of the Portuguese Overseas Council on the Estado da Índia: survival 1707-50 Yong Huei Sim University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Sim, Yong Huei, Deliberations of the Portuguese Overseas Council on the Estado da Índia: survival 1707-50, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, 2007. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1735 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. DELIBERATIONS OF THE PORTUGUESE OVERSEAS COUNCIL ON THE ESTADO DA ĺNDIA: SURVIVAL 1707-50 Presented to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Wollongong in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by YONG HUEI SIM (TEDDY) FACULTY OF ARTS 2007 CERTIFICATION I, Yong Huei Sim (Teddy) declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Yong Huei Sim 30 May 2007 ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the survival of the Portuguese Empire in the East against the backdrop of the rise of the British Empire in India in the first half of the eighteenth century. The topic is investigated from the perspective of metropolitan Portugal through the central institution of the Overseas Council, based in Lisbon.
    [Show full text]
  • Lost Chances of the House of Habsburg
    Lost Chances of the House of Habsburg WILLIAM O’REILLY F ALL THE GREAT QUESTIONS of Habsburg history, perhaps the greatest is this: What would have been the consequence if Charles V had decided to prioritize differently his Odealings with France, the Ottoman Empire, and Christian reformers? It is certain that the House of Habsburg would have proceeded along a different path, but such a truism hardly advances a better understanding of events in the empire, or in Europe more widely, in the sixteenth century. Charles V, as pater ecclesiae and as head of a monarchia universalis, stands astride the traditional and the modern. To him is attributed the last opportunity for Habsburg universal empire, with the long hand of the casa de Austria imprinting Habsburg ambitions on the world.1 The sixteenth century was peppered with wasted opportunities, lost chances to end wars, settle religious disputes, and reduce grievances. It was to Charles V’s eponymous heir, Archduke Charles (1685–1740), that the greatest opportunity presented itself—to recreate not just the empire of Charles V, but an imperial domain that might include the lands of the Holy Roman Empire, the Erblande, Bavaria, the East and West Indies, as well as Spain and the Spanish American lands. Such an opportunity was not the stuff of wild flights of imperial fancy. It was discussed at the highest levels of government; and on a number of occasions, it was almost within the grasp of the House of Habsburg, less falling from hold than bullishly pushed away in fits of ill-advised pique.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of the Ostend Company (１７２２-１７３１)
    Politics and commerce: a close marriage? The case of the Ostend Company (１７２２-１７３１) Jelten Baguet TSEG １２ (３): ５１–７５ DOI: １０.５１１７/TSEG２０１５.３.BAGU Abstract In this article, I explore the way in which the various political elites of the Southern Low Countries were interwoven with the Imperial Ostend Company (1722-1731). By looking at the company’s shareholder registers and correspon- dence, as well as by reconstructing various informal networks, I will argue that different types of interaction developed between the Ostend Company and the political establishment. The nature of these relations shaped the political elites’ policy vis-à-vis the Ostend Company. The urban political elites of Ostend and Antwerp held close social, financial and political connections with the Ostend Company, causing them to grant various privileges to the enterprise. However, the entanglement with the local nobility and the officials of the imperial administration was rather weak to sustain the Ostend Company’s long-term development. As such, this contribution sheds new light on the dynamics that underpinned the relations between power and capital.０ This contribution examines the ways in which political elites were socially interwoven with the East India companies by focusing on the case of the Imperial Ostend Company (1722-1731). During the seventeenth and eight- eenth centuries, chartered companies helped shape the ‘Age of Mercanti- lism’１, in which long-distance trade provided income, credit, bullion and 0 The author would like to thank the anonymous referees, the editorial board of TSEG, Frederik Buylaert, Heidi Deneweth, Christian Koninckx, Catharina Lis, Michael Limberger, Wouter Ryck- bosch, Michael Serruys, Hugo Soly, Anne Winter and the members of the HOST research group in Brussels for feedback on earlier drafts of this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • OWNERSHIP in EAST INDIA COMPANY SHIPPING : PRUSSIA, SCANDINAVIA and the AUSTRIAN NETHERLANDS in the 18Th CENTURY*
    OWNERSHIP IN EAST INDIA COMPANY SHIPPING : PRUSSIA, SCANDINAVIA AND THE AUSTRIAN NETHERLANDS IN THE 18th CENTURY* BY C. KONINCKX ^ Where the 17th and 18th centuries are concerned, the practice of fitting out ships for long-distance trade is best exemplified in the numerous East and West India companies. Particular attention will be given here to the 18th-century East India companies and will, furthermore, be focused primarily on the companies set up in the Austrian Netherlands, in Prussia and Scandinavia. To justiiy this choice, we recall that until now considerable interest has been shown in the large companies in England, France or Holland, far less interest in the smaller ones. This has meant that generalizations have been arrived at that have obscured genuine differences. We have chosen to concentrate on the 18th century, because in that very period each and every maritime power could boast the existence of at least one company for trade with the Far East. Accordingly, comparison of well-known with less well-known types of shipowning companies within a single period will prove all the more revealing. Nevertheless, it would be a mistake to regard the smaller companies as being of no importance. In their own national context, such companies were not infi-equently lasting and successful business ventures. The Swedish East India Company was first established in 1731 for a 15-year period, which, at its expiration, was renewed four more times. The company remained in existence until 1813 '. The Danish East India Company, which had come into being as early as the 17th century, was reorganized in 1732, the charter granted for a period of 40 years being renewed in 1772.
    [Show full text]