July August 2019

A VISION TO ACHIEVE ZERO ROADWAY DEATHS BY 2050 R PAGE 6 RRREVIEW AT THE CROSSROADS

The high costs of SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC disparity

The changing language of NEWS IN AMERICA

Helping SCHOOL PRINCIPALS succeed GETTY IMAGES: 1. ANDREI STANESCU; 2. FATCAMERA; 3. FEODORA CHIOSEA; 4. ALEX POTEMKIN; 5. SIMON MCGILL SIMON 5. POTEMKIN; ALEX 4. CHIOSEA; FEODORA 3. FATCAMERA; 2. STANESCU; ANDREI 1. IMAGES: GETTY RAND Picks Five Ensuring Access Ensuring Access to Timely, High-Quality Health Care for Veterans 4 MORE AT www.rand.org/t/CT508 In April senior 2019, policy researcher Carrie Farmer and senior behavioral scientist Terri submitted Tanielian testimony to the U.S. Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs. Their comments derive from a series of studies about the health VA care system and community care for veterans conducted by RAND over the past several years. Potential Impacts of Single-Payer CareHealth 3 MORE AT www.rand.org/v190123 What do policymakers need to know when single- about thinking payer proposals and their likely effects on cost and access? In this video, policy researcher Jodi Liu discusses key characteristics ofsingle- payer proposals and their potential impact; common misconceptions and areas of uncertainty; and plan details and implementation decisions that would impacts. affect TOOL BLOG VIDEO TESTIMONY BOOK TESTIMONY VIDEO BLOG TOOL Measuring Social and Emotional Learning 2 MORE AT www.rand.org/b190328 Educators have questions about how to measure social and emotional learning topics (SEL) such as relationship skills and self-awareness. The desire to improve SEL for all students is growing, and two newly tools—the developed SEL Assessment Guide and the RAND Education Assessment Finder—can help. As nations develop programs toprevent homegrown terrorism, there is a dearth of understanding about what types of programs to counter violent A Decision Support Tool for the San Francisco 5 1 MORE AT www.rand.org/t/RR2168 Countering Violent Extremism in Australia extremism exist and which approaches are most effective. This project documents an effort to help program directors and policymakers in Australia place their efforts in context and identify promising approaches internationally. MORE AT www.rand.org/t/TL266 Bay–Delta Levees Investment Strategy The risks facing the 100+islands and tracts northeast of the San Francisco Bay are complex and varied: Some are at high risk from flood damage; water supplies, important habitats, and the historicalDelta’s towns, agriculturalland, and public roadways are also at risk. RAND developed a risk modeling framework and decision support tool to help in the formation of an investment strategy. TOOL BLOG VIDEO TESTIMONY BOOK

July–August 2019

RRRREVIEW Smart Investments in School Leadership 10 Helping principals succeed can help students succeed, too

Jessica Coley, a principal-in-training in Prince George’s County, Md., examines student projects on a recent school day. Coley is part of a “principal pipeline” to prepare her to succeed as a school leader. Students in districts with pipelines outperformed their peers in reading and math, a recent RAND study found.

At the The Chronic Crossroads Stress of Inequity What it would take What disparity to drive roadway looks like in one 6 deaths down to 14 American city person you are talking with: different kinds and zero by 2050 amounts of information are appropriate to pass on to strangers, close friends, professional associates, public officials, etc. W ith strangers, probably the less said the better; but you should try to avoid creating an air of mystery about RAND. Where you think it is appropri­ ate, tell people, without evasiveness, the things you can tell them, and simply do not refer to the things you can­ not tell them. Research Commentary Giving A familyHere are some suggested items of unclassified infor­ mation that can be told to people you know to be 2 Briefly 16 Why women 20 commitmentresponsible: for a The value of belong in Coast new generationThe RAND Corporation is an independent nonprofit corporation engaged in research concerning national good teachers, Guard crews security. Most of its effort is devoted to Project RAND, and more an Air Force research program. The RAND Corporation also does research for the Atomic Energy Commission and sponsors research in the public interest with its own funds.

The Q&A POV at RANDom Jennifer Retro RAND: COVER PHOTO BY DKART/GETTY IMAGES; THIS PAGE, JESSICA COLEY BY KAREN SAYRE 4 18 On disagreeing 21 Kavanagh better, not Daddy-o’s (but on truth in disagreeing less no mommy-o’s) journalism in 1957

Project RAND is a broad program of scientific research sponsored by the United States Air Force. Much of its research deals with problems in long-range planning. It was established in 1946, and for almost 3 years was

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C O R P O R A T I O N Research Briefly

The Value of a Good Teacher Good teachers might be even previously thought when you take into account that spillover effect. (The study identified good teach- more valuable than we thought. ers by estimating the value they added to A recent study found they can lift their students’ test scores, over and above what those students would have achieved the achievement of students they otherwise.) never even met. It could be that better-taught students The study looked at data from more than 500,000 spread their knowledge as they make New York City students as they moved from fifth new friends in middle school. The data grade into middle school. That transition brought showed that the effects tend to cluster them into contact with students from other grade by race and gender, which might sup- schools, as they all fed into the same port that peer-to-peer theory. But it middle school. also could be that the better-taught students freed up their teachers in Students who came from an ef- middle school to help students who fective fifth-grade teacher did were further behind. better on their math and reading tests when they got to middle school. The findings have some important policy That makes sense. But the study found implications—from how districts evaluate teach- students also did better when their class- ers to how they weigh the benefits of teacher- mates came from an effective teacher, even improvement programs. If nothing else, the study when they did not. underscores the impact good teachers can have, far beyond their own classrooms. In fact, the study estimated that the value of a good MORE AT teacher could be at least 30 percent higher than www.rand.org/t/EP67831 GOOD TEACHER: TREEMOUSE/GETTY IMAGES

2 RAND.ORG | JULY–AUGUST 2019 GOOD TEACHER: TREEMOUSE/GETTY IMAGES

EDUCATION: IRINA STRELNIKOVA/GETTY IMAGES; OPIOIDS: JENNIFER BORTON/GETTY IMAGES tered a subject skip ahead. skip asubject tered mas already have who those let and struggling, are who students to support extra provide can versions advanced More instruction. math support to cially espe of them, a version use already schools many and 1980s, the since around been They’ve feedback. immediate and tests with pace own attheir algebra like subject a through students walk can not clear why, although the researchers noted it could be be it could noted researchers the why, although not clear It’s states. those in 15 percent jumped for opioid overdoses visits of emergency-room number the time, same the At years. three within percent 34 and years, two within percent 27 of average an by fell deaths opioid overdose found, ers research states, those In own. on their naloxone dispense to pharmacists allow now states nine But authorization. or other adoctor’s prescription require still states Most help. could who of people more hands the it into get to laws passed of states number a growing on record, epidemic drug deadliest the into hardened crisis opioid the as years, recent In responders. first other and paramedics, for police, standard-issue already is drug The found. study arecent athird, than more by fall deaths opioid overdose saw aprescription without naloxone dote opioid anti the dispense to pharmacists allow that States Fatalities Related Opioid- Reduce to An Effective Way term: near the in schools help could intelligence artificial where areas three It identified concluded. paper arecent tively, effec more jobs do their teachers real help could essay an score even and learn, think, can that computers But soon. anytime classroom the over won’t taking teachers be Robot IntelligenceEducation Artificial and same language-processing technology as home assistants home assistants as technology language-processing same the use systems current Some weekend. all papers grade to having without writing more assign to teachers allows 2 1

Automated essay scoring Intelligent tutoring -

systems -

- - - style and organization. and style essay’s an assess also can some voice; passive of the use over and errors grammatical spot can They Siri. and Alexa www.rand.org/t/EP67858 AT MORE 42,000. than more to year a 15,000 nearly from climbed of opioid overdoses died who of people number the at, looked study the period time the 2016, to 2005 From of lives. of thousands tens are stake At room. emergency the to get they when need they help the opioid-use disorders with people of getting concluded—and researchers the naloxone, to access of expanding importance the underscores That adifference. make to appeared pharmacists by dispensing direct allow that laws Only rise. to continue lines trend mortality opioid their saw naloxone, dispense to authorization prior need still macists phar where laws, cess ac weaker with States hospital. a to get to able were overdoses and vived sur states those in people more that a sign www.rand.org/t/PE315 AT MORE students, and parents can trust them. trust can parents and students, 3

of student data to identify students at risk of dropping of dropping atrisk students identify to data of student could scan thousands of lines of lines thousands scan could systems warning Early out or not graduating. That could help educators educators help could That out or not graduating. whys of their systems that schools, teachers, teachers, schools, that systems of their whys get help to students who need it, long before long before it, need who students to help get enough transparency into the hows and and hows the into transparency enough - they would recognize the problem problem the recognize would they - - of bias and accuracy, and provide provide and accuracy, and of bias themselves. But more still needs needs still more But themselves. which students get flagged. get students which potential bias that could influence influence could that bias potential curacy of these systems, and any any and systems, of these curacy ac the done understand be to to will need to address concerns concerns address to need will concluded. As they do, they do, they they As concluded. System developers should should developers System cation like these, the paper paper the these, like cation cutting- on applying focus JULY–AUGUST 2019 JULY–AUGUST edge AI approaches like like approaches AI edge known challenges in edu in challenges known well- to learning machine RAND.ORG 3 |RAND.ORG - - - The Q & A

Senior political scientist Jennifer Kavanagh helps lead RAND’s work on “truth decay,” the diminishing role of facts and analysis in American public life. Her research has helped set a national agenda to better understand and combat the problem, to explore its historical precedents, and to mitigate its consequences. Kavanagh also serves as director of the Strategy, Doctrine, and Resources Program within RAND Arroyo Center, the U.S. Army’s sole federally funded research and development center for studies and analysis. Searching for Truth

Q You recently looked at how jour- have been pretty small; for broadcast, a nalism has changed over time. What little bigger but still small compared with did you find? these cross-platform changes. A We looked at how print and broadcast journalism has changed since the 1980s, Is journalism today less factual than and then compared broadcast and cable it was in the past? since 2000, and print and online journalism If you’re considering the full range of jour- since 2012. What we found overall was a nalism options that we have, we have more shift away from the traditional ‘who, what, choices and different types of information. when, where, and why’ to something that And some of those forms do tend to have is much more subjective. It depends on less fact-based information and more which platform you’re talking about, but opinions and arguments. If you’re choosing there’s more argumentation, more personal to read only online journalism, then you’re perspective, more advocacy, more conver- getting something that looks different than sation. It has the same basic information, newspapers, for example. So is journal- just presented in a very different way. ism less fact-based? Maybe overall, but Those changes are biggest when we com- only because we’re looking at these many pare across platforms—broadcast to cable, different types of platforms, which vary in

print to online. The changes for newspapers how they present information. But sources SIDEBAR: GETTY IMAGES, TOP TO BOTTOM, ARTISTEER, VERTIGO3D (SECOND, FOURTH, AND FIFTH IMAGES), ANDREYPOPOV; TOP: DORI WALKER/RAND PHOTOGRAPHY

4 RAND.ORG | JULY–AUGUST 2019 News in a Digital Age: Comparing the Presentation of News Information over Time and Across Media Platforms is available for free download at www. rand.org/t/RR2960

like newspapers and broadcast television it. One of the drivers is changes in the haven’t changed much and have essentially information environment. We all have a I’ve become really aware of the same amount of facts as ever. sense that the presentation of news has how easy it is to get sucked into changed, but we really wanted to measure reading things that are aligned what has changed. That’s really key to with what I already believe. I’m A frequent criticism of the media is understanding the evolution of truth decay, that it has lost its objectivity. Does trying to be more conscious of and then figuring out what to do about it. your study support that? the need to reach outside and get other perspectives, even No. Criticism of media tends to focus on major newspapers, broadcast television, How were you able to measure when I know I’m not going to and cable. For broadcast and newspapers, what’s changed? agree. we have actually seen only minor changes. We collected text data—whether that’s Yes, there was a shift in print journalism text from newspapers or transcripts from from a more straightforward, event- television—and we ran it through a text- Has any of this changed how you based presentation of news to something analysis tool called RAND-Lex. It allows consume the news? that is more narrative, and in broadcast us to look at 121 linguistic characteristics Definitely. I’ve become really aware of toward something more subjective. But of a given text—emotion, personal how easy it is to get sucked into reading those changes have been pretty small. perspective, subjectivity, uncertainty, things that are aligned with what I already Cable is probably the most subjective and things like that. We can compare two believe. I’m trying to be more conscious sets of data and see whether there are of the need to reach outside and get other meaningful differences across the two perspectives, even when I know I’m not Cable is probably the most samples in linguistic characteristics. So, for going to agree. I want to understand other subjective and filled with the example, we compared newspapers pre- points of view. I am also more attuned most personal perspective, and post-2000 and could assess whether to ‘When am I actually getting facts and there were significant changes across that opinion, and argumentation, when am I not?’ There’s no problem with divide in terms of how news is presented. reading opinion, but it’s important to be but their model is to appeal aware of it. to niche audiences who have What’s next in this line of research? specific preferences. RAND Ventures is a vehicle for investing in policy We have an upcoming study on the role solutions. Philanthropic contributions support our that media literacy might play as a response ability to take the long view, tackle tough and filled with the most personal perspective, to truth decay. We have another study look- often-controversial topics, and share our findings in opinion, and argumentation, but their ing at what media sources people use and innovative and compelling ways. RAND’s research findings and recom­mendations are based on data how they view those sources. We’re also model is to appeal to niche audiences who and evidence, and therefore do not necessarily have specific preferences. looking at media governance—whether reflect the policy preferences or interests of its there are policy or regulatory mechanisms clients, donors, or sup­porters. that could help us reduce disinformation. Funding for this venture was provided by gifts from How does this fit into your research Regulation is often cast as “nothing” versus RAND supporters and income from operations. on truth decay? “Ministry of Truth,” but there’s a whole Our earlier research laid out a framework range of gray, a range of options that could for understanding truth decay, and as part be acceptable, within the bounds of the of that we tried to identify what’s driving First Amendment, that could help.

JULY–AUGUST 2019 | RAND.ORG 5 6 RAND.ORG Silberglitt, W. Richard Steven Popper, Ecola, Liisa Crossroads JULY–AUGUST 2019 |JULY–AUGUST A FOCUS ON THE RESEARCH OF OF RESEARCH THE ON A FOCUS A Bold, and Feasible, Approach to Eliminating and Laura Fraade-Blanar By Doug Irving, Staff Writer Staff Irving, Doug By Roadway Deaths in the United States At the At

BACKGROUND: RELEON8211AND MAXIM PAVLOV/ADOBE STOCK. BACKGROUND ADAPTED FROM RELEON8211/GETTYIMAGES AND MAXIM PAVLOV/ADOBE STOCK; INSET: COURTESY OF LATANYA BYRD IMAGE CREDTIS I differently when they take your family.” take your they when differently that boulevard is crazy,’” Byrd said. “You think “If it doesn’t happen to you, you just say, ‘Oh yeah, accidents.crashes car as technology, and stop accepting car vehicle in investments smart make how we think about road safety, concluded, change we if study the to zero. We could do it by 2050, take to bring that number down study lookedRAND at what it would year. recent A every roads American Tens of thousands of people die on accident. no was it But have should happened. never that died. It was asenseless loss, atragedy speed. She and three of her children a car slammed into them at high walking her four children home when Her niece, Samara Banks, had been “Aunt Tanya, dead.” they’re a phone call, words between sobs: the sweltering heat of Philadelphia in July. And then with water balloons, parents trying to keep cool in remembers. Afamily day: Kids running around t had been agood day, ahappy day, Latanya Byrd took all. them Justof family. our Two generations o Just —LATANYA BYRD —LATANYA JULY–AUGUST 2019 JULY–AUGUST ne swipe. swipe. ne RAND.ORG 7 |RAND.ORG On an average day in America, more than 100 people will lose their lives in a car crash.

A different approach to transportation officials, safety advo- Think about a four-way stop, for cates, traffic engineers, and other ex- example. It takes one mistake, one car and road design perts to develop a plan for how that missed sign, for a car to slam into the Banks and her children had almost could work here. They imagined the side of another. That kind of T-bone reached the median of a 12-lane year 2050 as the first year with not crash causes nearly half of all mov- thoroughfare that cuts through their a single death on American roads. ing, car-to-car road fatalities. Put a neighborhood when a drag-racing Then they asked how we get there. traffic circle there instead, and you Audi S4 crested a hill. She was the People die on the roads every day be- might see more side-swipe crashes heart of her family, the one who cause someone got behind the wheel as drivers try to merge, but you pre- always organized dance contests for drunk, or nodded off, or checked a vent those more serious T-bones. the kids and played princess with phone message, or drifted across a her nieces. She died with her sons, yellow line, or decided to race a car 7-month-old Saa’mir, 23-month-old through a city neighborhood. We Life-saving Saa’sean, and 4-year-old Saa’deem. know that people make the same innovations “Just one swipe,” her aunt says now. mistakes and bad decisions, over and over again. And yet we’ve built That kind of thinking would go a “Two generations of our family. Just long way toward preventing traf- took them all.” a traffic system with so little margin for error that one moment of inatten- fic deaths. If every country road On an average day in America, more tion can kill someone. had raised bumps down the center, than 100 people will lose their lives in drivers would jolt awake the mo- car crashes. In recent years, a grow- What if we designed our cars and ment they drifted into an oncoming ing number of cities have commit- roads for bad drivers, rather than traffic lane. If every traffic light gave ted to building a traffic system that good drivers? pedestrians a few seconds’ head prevents death and serious injuries— start, they’d be more visible by the one that never puts a young mother time cars got the green light, and less on a 12-lane road in the dark with her What if we likely to get hit. children. Their goal is not to reduce “A lot of people think this is too traffic fatalities, but to end them alto- designed big of a problem to eliminate,” gether. If that sounds too ambitious, said Liisa Ecola, a senior policy talk to Sweden. our cars and analyst and transportation plan- In the late 1990s, concerned about ner at RAND, who led the study. its own safety record on the roads, roads for “These ideas are ambitious, but not Sweden enacted a policy that it called eye-rollingly so. They’re not really AMBULANCE: LEOPATRIZI/GETTY IMAGES; ICONS: THE NOUN PROJECT Vision Zero. It was easy to scoff at—a bad drivers, outside of the box. These are actions national promise to eliminate road we could be taking now.” deaths?—except that Sweden now rather than By 2050, the study concluded, cars has one of the lowest traffic mortality themselves might be so advanced rates in the world. good drivers? that they prevent most crashes from Working with the National Safety ever happening. Some might well Council, RAND brought together be fully autonomous, no drivers re- quired. But the real life-savers—the

8 RAND.ORG | JULY–AUGUST 2019 10,000 lives a year At least 7,000 could be saved by drivers could be automatic emergency saved by cars that brakes, lane-departure could sample the air for warnings, and other driver even a whiff of alcohol on backups a driver’s breath

ones that should be a focus of invest- where we haven’t had a fatal crash in ment now—will be much less flashy. 27 days.” Automatic emergency brakes, lane- “We shouldn’t accept deaths or seri- departure warnings, and other driver ous injuries on the road, but we kind backup systems could save 10,000 of do because it happens all the time lives a year. Cars that could sample and you never hear about it,” Ecola the air for even a whiff of alcohol on said. “I wouldn’t say this policy is a a driver’s breath could save at least failure if we only eliminate 90 percent 7,000 more. of car crash deaths. That would be Even when a crash does happen, the an enormous achievement in traffic cars of 2050 might be able to call 911 safety. That would save more than themselves and alert paramedics to 30,000 lives a year.” the type of damage and number of Philadelphia, for one, has a 42-page Banks Way, in Philadelphia, named as a memorial to Samara Banks and her children people involved. By some estimates, action plan to get to zero deaths on half of the people who die on the its roads—not by 2050, but by 2030. roads today survive the initial crash. It calls for new street lights, safer Getting them faster and more effec- sidewalks, lower speeds, and tougher tive trauma care could save thou- enforcement. It singles out one road- sands of lives. way in particular as desperately in need of change: the 12-lane boule- vard where Samara Banks and her A cultural shift children died. Her aunt has become a leading voice in the community, Getting all the way down to zero calling for safer streets. deaths is going to require a society- wide change of attitude, too. Ecola “I feel like I need to jump out of my sees a useful lesson in what happened bed every time I hear that somebody to smoking. It wasn’t one big policy died in a crash,” she said. “Is that

change that removed cigarettes from what we’re supposed to do? Jump and THE ROAD TO airplanes and restaurants. It was run? Eventually, we’re going to have 0 A Vision forZER Achieving Zero Roadway Deaths by 2050 an evolution in both law and public to pull together and do something to opinion that gathered momentum as stop these crashes from happening.”

PHILLYVOICE.COM/PHOTOGRAPH BY THOM CARROLL THOM BY PHILLYVOICE.COM/PHOTOGRAPH each reinforced the other. We need There’s a wide crosswalk now at

to make dangerous and distracted Prepared for Liisa Ecola Steven W. Popper the intersection where she lost her Richard Silberglitt Laura Fraade-Blanar driving as socially unacceptable as niece. There’s a traffic light there, a smoking in public. protected median, and yellow signs warning drivers to watch for pedes- The Road to Zero: A Vision for Achieving At some point, RAND’s study Zero Roadway Deaths by 2050 is imagines, cities might even put up trians. There’s also a small green available for free download at billboards like the ones posted at con- street sign, placed there as a memo- www.rand.org/t/RR2333 struction sites. “Welcome to our city, rial: Banks Way.

JULY–AUGUST 2019 | RAND.ORG 9 A FOCUS ON THE RESEARCH OF Susan M. Gates, Matthew D. Baird, Benjamin K. Master, and Emilio R. Chavez-Herrerias Smart Investments in School Leadership The Wallace Foundation’s Principal Pipeline Initiative Yields Widespread Positive Effects

By Doug Irving, Staff Writer It takes more than good teachers and textbooks to give students the education they deserve. A new RAND study shows just how important principals are, too. Students in districts with carefully selected, prepared, and supported principals outperformed their peers by six percentage points on reading tests and nearly three points in math. Those are hard needles to move at the level of an entire district. “We’re not aware of any other districtwide initiatives with positive effects on student achievement of this magnitude,” said Susan Gates, a senior economist at RAND who led the study.

10 RAND.ORG | JULY–AUGUST 2019 PHOTOS BY KAREN SAYRE Jessica Coley, a resident principal—part of the “principal pipeline”— stands by some student project work in the hallway of her school, Samuel P. Massie Academy in Forestville, Maryland.

JULY–AUGUST 2019 | RAND.ORG 11 Building the principal pipeline Jessica Coley arrives early, long before the doors of Samuel P. Massie Academy in subur- ban Maryland fly open and her 600 students pour through the halls. She likes to walk the building, looking at student projects pinned to the walls, paying special attention to the teacher comments. In a school where more than 80 percent of students don’t meet state standards in reading or math, that has been Jessica Coley visits with students after school. a big push for her: making sure they get the feedback they need to improve. Better outcomes for “They know that I care,” said Coley, in her first year of a “resident principal” program that has students and schools her serve alongside a more experienced school The Wallace Foundation brought in a team of leader. “And because they know that I care, researchers from RAND and Policy Studies they’re willing to work extra hard to make me Associates to evaluate the pipeline initiative. proud and to make their parents proud. Once The researchers looked at data from more than you have that relationship, you can really start 1,000 pipeline schools. Then they compared to see children making the right decisions and those schools with more than 6,000 others in becoming invested in their academic progress.” the same states that also had new principals Studies have shown that hiring good principals but were not part of the initiative. is one of the most important things a district They found that within three years, students in can do for its students, second only to hiring the pipeline schools were doing better than stu- good teachers. Yet the process has too often dents in the comparison schools by an average been haphazard, a scramble to fill vacancies of 6.22 percentile points in reading and with whatever teachers have the right certifi- 2.87 points in math. cates and the most time in the classroom. Put another way: Imagine two schools, both In 2011, the nonprofit Wallace Foundation de- right at the 50th percentile of student achieve- cided to change that. It partnered with six large ment, but only one with a principal that came school districts to develop “principal pipelines” through a pipeline. After three years, that pipe- to cultivate and support up-and-coming prin- line school would be at the 56th percentile in cipals. It backed their start-up efforts with up to reading and approaching the 53rd in math. The $12.5 million each. non-pipeline school would still be at the 50th The idea was to make the districts more deliber- percentile in both. ate in how they selected, trained, placed, and That kind of progress is sometimes found in supported new principals. They set new stan- focused, classroom initiatives, like an intensive dards, provided more opportunities for men- reading program, Gates said—but not in big, torship and on-the-job training, and tracked districtwide initiatives. candidates as they moved through the pipe- The study found that the pipelines had a positive line. One of the districts, for example—Prince and statistically meaningful impact on schools George’s County, Md., where Jessica Coley that needed it the most, those in the lowest works—created what it calls baseball cards on quartile of student achievement. A more lim- its principal prospects, listing their key accom- ited, exploratory analysis suggested the effects, plishments and skills. while still positive, were somewhat smaller in “Districts often haven’t been this thoughtful schools with higher rates of poverty or students Principal Pipelines: about it,” Gates said. “In other sectors, I think of color. And the overall averages masked some A Feasible, people realize that just because you’re a good Affordable, and wide variations in district-by-district results. Effective Way for doer, that doesn’t mean you’ll be a good manager One of the districts underperformed its compari- Districts to Improve of the doers. It’s a different skill set. But in the son schools in math, for example. On the other Schools is available education field, they hadn’t really gotten to that.” hand, one district outperformed its comparison for free download at www.rand. schools by nearly 20 percentile points in reading. org/t/RR2666 The researchers also found that principals who went through the pipelines were nearly

12 RAND.ORG | JULY–AUGUST 2019 8 percentage points more likely to stay at their schools for at least three years. That could be a significant money-saver; by some estimates, it Principal pipelines can cost a district $75,000 every time it has to replace a principal. have four overarching components:

A promising return 1. Leader standards that guided all pipeline on investment activities The findings add to a growing body of research 2. Preservice preparation opportunities that helping principals succeed can improve for assistant principals and principals schools and raise student achievement. Another recent RAND study, for example, also found im- 3. Selective hiring and placement provements in reading and math scores under 4. On-the-job induction, evaluation, a different principal initiative, the New Lead- and support. ers Aspiring Principals program. Other studies have shown that schools led by high-quality In addition, districts participating in the principals tend to retain and recruit high- Principal Pipeline Initiative were expected quality teachers, too. to develop systems to support and “If you have a good leader, people will follow sustain their efforts, such as leader- that leader,” said Richard Carranza, the chan- tracking databases, beyond the time SILHOUETTES: A-DIGIT/GETTY IMAGES cellor of the New York City Department of Edu- frame of the initiative. cation, one of the districts in the pipeline initia- tive. “I mean, they’ll travel across boroughs and pay tolls on bridges to go work in a school with a great leader.” All schools were in The costs of running a principal pipeline amounted to around one half of 1 percent of a minority–majority districts district’s budget, RAND’s study found. Every one of the districts that participated in the Charlotte- initiative has continued to bring its principals Mecklenburg New up through the pipeline, long after the Wallace Schools, North York City Carolina Department funding ran out. Denver Public of Education, Schools, Colorado Some now have a new problem: a surplus of New York Gwinnett County highly qualified candidates coming through Public Schools, the pipeline, and not enough vacancies to Georgia place them. Some also worry that their rookie principals might be getting too much support, a “firehose” of instruction and advice. Jessica Coley will take it. As a resident princi- pal, she might be monitoring the lunch room one minute, drawing up a budget the next, and sitting in a classroom as an instructional coach after that. Last year, when the district suddenly Prince needed someone to register students and make George’s classroom assignments just days before school County started, she jumped in and did that, too. Public Schools, “The principal position, it’s one that sometimes Maryland people can think is about power. It can be glam- Hillsborough County orized,” she said. “I know that the responsibility Public Schools, is heavy. It’s about moving a school, being able Florida to move students and move teachers, in a way that we can see the progress that’s being made.” These six participating districts were all among the 50 largest school districts in the United States and had predominately minority student She’s ready to do just that. She hopes to drop the bodies. Each had demonstrated a commitment to school leadership “resident” from her title as early as this fall, and become a stand-alone school principal. improvement and had undertaken some pipeline efforts before. JULY–AUGUST 2019 | RAND.ORG 13 A FOCUS ON THE RESEARCH OF Linnea Warren May, Serafina Lanna, Jordan R. Fischbach, Michelle Bongard, Shelly Culbertson, Rebecca Kiernan, Ricardo Williams, Elizabeth DeWolf, Jocelyn Drummond, Victoria Lawson, and Julia Bowling The Chronic Stress of Inequity How Pittsburgh Is Using Data and Performance Measures to Prioritize Investments, Reduce Disparities, and Improve Outcomes

By Doug Irving, Staff Writer

Being black in Pittsburgh, RAND research has found, means being six times more likely than a white person to go to bed hungry. It means bringing home less than half as much pay, and seeing your children hospitalized with asthma four times more often.

The city has been taking a hard look at race, wealth, and opportunity, in partnership with researchers at RAND’s office there. It hasn’t just run the numbers on subjects ranging from police contacts to business ownership to graduation rates; it has published them for all to see as part of a commitment to do better.

The results show what disparity looks like in one big American city. But they also provide a case study for other cities, of what they might find if they held up a mirror to their own promises of equity and inclusion. “There are conversations about inequity happening all over the country,” said Linnea Warren May, a policy analyst at RAND who has led the work in Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh Equity “But how do you measure inequity? What are the critical systemic issues that con- Indicators: A Baseline Measurement for tribute to it? Pittsburgh has this narrative of being a city on the rise, but there are Enhancing Equity still people being left behind.” in Pittsburgh is available for free Pittsburgh has asked those questions before. download at www. In the late 1900s, researchers fanned out across the city to document the deep dispari- rand.org/t/EP67846 ties that separated rich and poor, new immigrant and native-born. They found steel workers putting in 12-hour days; children crowded into unlit, unheated classrooms; and poor sanitation marked by “indescribably foul” privies. Their study provided PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY DORI WALKER/RAND FROM HYEJIN KANG AND TEDDYANDMIA/GETTY IMAGES 14 RAND.ORG | JULY–AUGUST 2019 the founda- ity; its score has gone up a few points Taken together, the Pittsburgh indica- tion for years since then. tors provide a proof-of-concept for of reform. It Pittsburgh was one of five cities other cities, RAND’s Warren May became known chosen by the Rockefeller Foundation said—that it’s possible to track dispari- as the Pittsburgh to adapt the New York model to their ties across many fields in a way that is Survey. own communities. Each of the cit- transparent and can help guide good “Distinction lies ies—Dallas, Oakland, St. Louis, and policy. “There hasn’t really been such not in ostrich- Tulsa, in addition to Pittsburgh—put a systematic look at equity” in Pitts- like refusal to its own stamp on the indicators it burgh or other see” the hard- chose. Tulsa, for example, looked at cities, she said. ships faced by how often its Native American resi- “Not something that takes it all One report or so many city dents were denied home loans. Dallas one budget residents, its au- looked at how much more its black together and tries thors wrote, “but residents paid in municipal court fees to see the whole cycle will not in statesman-like than white residents. picture. Tracking undo decades of willingness to these indicators is disinvestment Pittsburgh partnered with RAND a good first step, gauge them and to to develop its indicators and run and systemic understand them, but the results the numbers. The results under- point to addi- structural and so far as it is scored the city’s black–white divide. possible to remove tional work we’d barriers. This Its top-level equality score was 55 like to do to look requires a them.” in 2017, essentially an F-plus. The at root drivers of sustained, Today, Pittsburgh ranks as one of the score didn’t budge when research- inequity.” most livable cities in America, the ers collected and analyzed the data community Paris of Appalachia. Yet more than again in 2018. But that masked some The indicators effort to have already had one-third of its black residents live significant progress made, and lost, improve. in poverty. “Pittsburgh is a very hard in individual indicators. an impact in Pitts- city,” playwright August Wilson once burgh. The city The graduation rate for black high government plans to release millions said of his hometown, “especially if school students went up, for example, you’re black.” of dollars for affordable housing and adding ten points to the “student suc- quality child care. It has launched a RAND researchers, working with the cess” score. At the same time, though, “Stop the Violence” initiative, taken city to anticipate the challenges of black incomes fell, especially com- steps to improve air quality, and the 21st century, put social inequality pared with white incomes, deduct- required bias training for all police near the top of the list. What the city ing ten points from the “income and officers. Earlier this year, it announced needed was a way to not just identify poverty” score. the creation of an Office of Equity. disparities, but to show where it was Black residents were nine times “We are using the Equity Indica- making progress in fighting them, more likely to be homeless, and and where it was not. tors to begin to untangle the deep five times less likely to own their roots of inequality that exist in this In 2015, New York City provided a tem- own businesses. Homicide rates city,” Mayor William Peduto said in a plate, an annual report on inequality. improved across the city, but black statement. “One report or one budget Data point by data point, it charted residents were still nine times more cycle will not undo decades of dis- disparities across the city, compar- likely to die a violent death. Lead lev- investment and systemic structural ing its least advantaged residents to els in children plummeted in black barriers. This requires a sustained, its most advantaged. It looked at how neighborhoods, erasing a disparity community effort to improve.” many low-income residents lacked there, amid efforts to get lead out of reliable heat, how many Muslim resi- homes and water supplies. City officials have talked about dents were hesitant to call the police taking a more neighborhood- The indicators mostly focused on by-neighborhood approach to for help, how many subway stations disparities by race—but not always. were not wheelchair accessible. measuring disparities, of zooming They showed, for example, that low- in on some of the most troubling New York’s report, developed by the income neighborhoods had much indicators. They describe the two- City University of New York, assigned higher rates of diabetes than high- year Equity Indicators project as one each of those indicators a score. Then income neighborhoods. Female high step in a much larger effort to assess it rolled up those individual scores school students were somewhat less the well-being of the city and its into one final grade on equality that likely than their male peers to enroll people, and from there to improve it. the city could track year to year. It in science, technology, engineering, earned a 43 that first year, on a scale and math programs. Peduto, for one, has described that where 100 would be perfect equal- vision as a Pittsburgh Survey for the 21st century.

JULY–AUGUST 2019 | RAND.ORG 15 Commentary Why Women Belong in Coast Retired USCG Vice Adm. Robert C. Parker is an adjunct international and defense researcher at RAND. He was commander of the Coast Guard Atlantic Area from April 2010 to May Guard 2014, with operations responsibility from the Rocky Mountains to the Ara- bian Gulf. Parker’s awards include the Distinguished Service Medal, Defense Superior Service Medal, two Legions Crews of Merit, the Defense Meritorious By Robert C. Parker Service Medal, the 9/11 Medal, two

Coast Guard Commendation Medals, UNITED STATES COAST GUARD the Coast Guard Achievement Medal, As a graduate of the last all-male Coast Guard and various other personal and unit awards. Academy class and the son of a service mom who opposed women in the military, I might seem to be a ripe pick to be a social dinosaur, eager to resist efforts to bring on and keep more women in the service that safeguards U.S. interests on the seas. Far from it. I’ve commanded or served as executive officer on vessels with all-male and A version of this commentary originally appeared on bostonherald.com in April 2019. Commentary gives RAND mixed-gender crews. It isn’t easy and can be experts a platform to convey insights based on their professional expertise complex to have forces inclusive of women and and often on their peer-reviewed research and analysis. members of underrepresented groups.

16 RAND.ORG | JULY–AUGUST 2019 That said, I’d take mixed-gender ment and sexual assault while serving crews in a second, because I’ve seen in the Coast Guard. (Full disclosure: I for decades from the front lines, as reviewed RAND’s recently published well as from leadership posts, what study Improving Gender Diversity in dedicated and capable Coast Guard the U.S. Coast Guard but did not par- women do. ticipate in the research.) I’ve seen them operating on the When the Coast Guard zeroes in on frigid Bering Sea in winter, with evidence-based and appropriate ac- hurricane-force winds gusting and commodations for women and their 40-foot waves crashing around them, physical capacities, and on child- laboring side-by-side with male col- bearing, child-rearing, and family leagues in multiple ocean rescues. life, it will benefit everyone in uni- I’ve watched the female lead of a form. We’re not giving special breaks Coast Guard boarding party back to select groups in examining human down a 6-foot-7, 400-pound, surly, capacities; we’re finding how indi- mouthy suspect and cuff him to a viduals can excel and bring new and boat rail after he thought he could needed skills to our missions. Rising intimidate her from her maritime law generations are emphatic about the enforcement role. I’ve been proud to importance of work–life balance, and help prepare and support the Coast it benefits the services when military Guard women who have excelled at personnel enjoy rewarding home shipboard operations and support in lives with minimal domestic worries. a combat zone in Southwest Asia, and The Coast Guard may be in mea- in intelligence, cybersecurity, and surable terms slightly ahead of its other intense and complex assign- military peers and advanced in its I’ve seen for decades ments around the globe. inclusionary efforts when compared from the front lines, as In my experience, with both sexes with many corporations with similar throughout the ranks, much-needed workforce dynamics. Still, this service well as from leadership candor, directness, and order abound is determined to stay at the fore and in ways they might not when units are be pushed forward even more by its posts, what dedicated packed only with good but rambunc- capable leaders and broader societal tious young men. The Coast Guard changes to reconcile the tough de- and capable Coast benefits from the heightened respect mands of active duty with the real and Guard women do. that I’ve seen colleagues show each specific needs of individuals in unique other in mixed-gender units, giving groups with demonstrated talents. personnel greater opportunity to I’m a retired vice admiral now. It was focus and excel at their tasks at hand. my privilege for decades, at sea and on Obstacles persist to gender equity and shore, to tell those I led that I insisted equality in the Coast Guard. Tradi- simply that they give themselves 100 tions, born of centuries of warfare by percent to their duties with honor, men, die hard. Keeping in mind the ensure leaders were aware when they basic military idea that newcomers were not 100 percent so they could TOP TO BOTTOM: U.S. COAST GUARD PHOTO BY PETTY OFFICER 1ST CLASS MATTHEW S. MASASCHI; U.S. COAST GUARD PHOTO BY PETTY OFFICER 1ST CLASS NICK AMEEN; STEVEN SENNE/AP IMAGES start equal but at the bottom, work- reconcile that or alter expectations, ing their way up over a career with and then go home with pride and give excellence and accomplishment, 100 percent to their loved ones. perhaps now is the time to revisit the The Coast Guard can and should rea- fundamentals of how we select, train, sonably ask for unwavering commit- and retain our Coast Guard members, ment from its people, if it returns it—to as highlighted by the challenges of them all. The U.S. military, history women in the service. teaches, played a model role in ad- Coast Guard leadership had the vancing civil rights and striking down courage to enlist RAND researchers racial discrimination. We need to step to tackle the challenge of retaining up to that tradition anew, bringing in, women in the service. They found that keeping, and raising up all the able women had issues with their fair treat- and dedicated women and men in the ment and prospects for advancement, Coast Guard, because it’s the good and worrying as well about sexual harass- right thing to do.

JULY–AUGUST 2019 | RAND.ORG 17 18 RAND.ORG 18 diversity, real POV and embrace embrace and JULY–AUGUST 2019 |JULY–AUGUST are different friends who who friends diversity of Find more more Find than you, you, than diversity, thinking. which is is which which presented him with its Alumni Leadership Award in Award 2016. Leadership Alumni its him with presented which School, Graduate RAND Pardee the from analysis his in policy Ph.D. earned Brooks is available 2019 iTunes film on society?” in August The and Netflix. to is coming of margins atthe those with starting world, the up “How we lift can question the to answer an seek to in Dharamsala, Dalai Lama’s York the to New monastery City of streets the from world, the around travel and conversations, of research, years Brooks is featured in AEI’s documentary film film in AEI’s documentary is featured Brooks Business School. Harvard and School Kennedy fall of 2019, the In Harvard (AEI). of the faculty will he the join Institute Enterprise American of the aspresident 2019, to served 2009 From Brooks clarity. for edited lightly 2019). his talk, from Books, excerpts are (Broadside Here book, his new discuss to spoke atRAND May 2019,In Brooks Arthur Contempt Not Love, Enemies: How Decent People Can Save America from the Culture of Contempt Contempt of Culture the from America Save Can People Decent How Enemies: The Pursuit, The the culmination of three of three culmination the Love Your Your Love

DIANE BALDWIN/RAND PHOTOGRAPHY On bubbles On higher standards If you’re only around people who agree with Civility is a garbage standard. If I told you my Answering you, you have got to get outside your bubble. wife and I were civil to one another, you’d People are curating their news feeds, and say we need counseling. You want to actually hate with living in neighborhoods where everybody have a better country? We need to live up to a agrees, and going to churches and schools much higher standard. What is it? Love. What love is what and sending their kids to colleges where is love? It’s not a feeling. To love, according to everybody agrees with their politics—this Saint Thomas Aquinas, is to will the good of is a really bad phenomenon that makes us the other. strong weak, makes us unable to debate, makes it When I feel hatred, when I feel contempt, impossible for us to see beyond our ideologi- people do. what should I choose? Answering hate with cal sphere. Proximity to people who think hate is what weak people do. Answering differently than you gives you much more It requires hate with love is what strong people do. It appreciation—certainly tolerance and even requires doing something that is against your doing love if you’re working on it—for people who will, against your habit. That takes a lot of disagree with you. You will recognize that strength. we can have a lot of similarity in the moral something formulae that are animating us and at the On goals same time have different policy prescriptions. Love people who are proximate to you that is This is a long way of saying, Find more friends because those are real human beings, with who are different than you, and embrace whom you can make eye contact. against your diversity, real diversity, which is diversity of thinking. If you’re going to be treated with contempt, will, against you can answer with love. And what are you On disagreement going to get? A chance at being persuasive. your habit. We don’t hate each other in America. We just If you answer hatred with hatred, you will act as if we did, take offense, and believe not persuade anybody, 100 percent guaran- other people are hating us. teed. I ask people all the time and they push One of the things I often ask politicians is, back and say, “But some people deserve our ‘How many of you wish we lived in a one- contempt.” “They’re so bad, they’re hurting party state?’ Zero hands. If you’re grateful for our country.” “They’re so evil.” I reject that, not living in a one-party state, you just told because I think that certain ideas deserve me you’re grateful for the other party. Shock- our contempt but not people, and we have to ing but true. separate ideas from people. Disagreement is good because competition is What’s your goal? Is it to exile somebody? good. Competition lies behind excellence—in Do you wish we would have a regime where the economy, obviously, and in democracy. people just kick out people who disagree with You don’t want uncontested elections; you you? No. You want to take away their vote want a competition of ideas. The idea is not and put them in jail? No. You want to sneak that we have to disagree less—we have to into their house and hurt them while they disagree better. sleep. “Of course not, what kind of person do you think I am?” On political persuasion So what do you want? I ask. They say, “I want My dad used to say, “The mark of moral them to think and act differently.” courage is not standing up to the people with whom you disagree; moral courage entails So how’s your hate working out for that? You standing up to the people with whom you want to have a chance at being persuasive? agree, on behalf of those with whom you Only love will do. disagree.” That’s exactly what we don’t do when we’re in a base-locking exercise that says that the other side is stupid and evil, thus persuading nobody. It’s incredibly impractical, by the way, because nobody in history has ever been persuaded with insults. Nobody in life has ever been convinced with hatred.

JULY–AUGUST 2019 | RAND.ORG 19 Giving

Family legacy: A new generation of Wolfs is helping RAND thrive in the 21st century. DIANE BALDWIN/RAND PHOTOGRAPHY BALDWIN/RAND DIANE Tim Wolf talks about his father at a memorial gathering in 2017.

im Wolf remembers going cant,” said Tim Wolf, president of the the Legacy Society, a group of donors into the office with his investment firm Wolf Interests and who have included the organization father, punching numbers former chief integration officer of in their estate plans. Their $1 mil- into a calculator to keep MillerCoors Brewing Company. lion bequest will help Pardee RAND himself busy. They weren’t attract top students and reimagine “RAND and Pardee RAND were just random digits, though; what it takes to develop good policy important to my father, and I think his father had him working on data in the 21st century. T we’ll all agree they continue to be on foreign aid to South America. important,” he said. “Especially in As much as anyone, Charles Wolf His father was the late Charles Wolf, this world where facts seem to matter represents RAND’s past; his son said Jr., a researcher and economist who less and louder voices seem to carry he wants to represent its future. Tim spent more than 60 years at RAND. the day.” Wolf said he plans to carry on the He is widely recognized as one of family commitment, whether that His father came to RAND in 1955. the intellectual founders of modern means promoting RAND or ensuring His early work focused on Soviet eco- policy analysis. His work on the costs its graduate school can continue to nomics; he correctly predicted that of the Soviet empire was so insightful fulfill his father’s vision. economic exhaustion and ethnic dis- that even the Soviets read it. sension would eventually topple the “RAND is a very, very unique orga- Soviet Union. He also was one of the nization with an amazing collection first economists to anticipate the eco- of very talented people who are all nomic rise of postwar South Korea. about improving policy and moving substantive analytics further,” he In 1970, Charles Wolf success- said. “Adding substance, fact, insight, fully argued for RAND to establish acumen. That is especially important a graduate school in policy analysis. right now, when people who speak Even after he stepped down as dean, with the loudest voice—not necessar- he continued to support the school ily the smartest voice—may be fol- Theresa and Charles Wolf as a donor and advisor. When the lowed more than they should be.” school introduced the slogan “Be the Charles Wolf was also the found- Answer,” he expanded on it: “Before He points especially to the daily head- ing dean of the graduate school at one can Be the Answer,” he wrote, lines about Russia and North Korea. RAND—now known as the Pardee “they must first ask the question.” “RAND provides that historical and RAND Graduate School—which he substantive perspective; you sure don’t led for nearly 30 years and remained Wolf published nearly 300 academic get that in the national discourse. But committed to as a philanthropist. papers and more than a dozen books. they’re the same kinds of issues that He and his wife, Theresa, included He worked almost until his death in my father was thinking about.” a $1 million bequest in their estate October 2016. His last report, pub- plans to support the school and its lished just months before his death, students. It’s a commitment his son described how the United States and Pardee RAND, the largest public policy Ph.D. plans to carry forward. China could hammer out a win–win program in the United States, is building a new future if both made some concessions. “I want to stay connected because model for public policy graduate education. It is the only program based at an independent public policy the research ventures and innova- He and Theresa supported RAND research organization—the RAND Corporation. tions that RAND pursues are signifi- and Pardee RAND, in part, through To learn more, visit www.prgs.edu.

20 RAND.ORG | JULY–AUGUST 2019 RAND’s at RANDom employee handbook from 1957 is virtually a work of art. The text is traditionally corporate, but the When illustrations are as sleek as an Eames lounge chair. It’s almost impossible to read it without Mad Men imagining RAND’s version of “Mad Men,” where Don Draper, Ph.D., and ing telephones and office equipment, and keeping our his colleagues vending machines working. smoked Lucky RoamedDispensary Strikes with a A registered nurse is on duty in the Dispensary to administer first aid, change dressings, aid in personal drink in hand situations involving health problems, and give certain types of follow-up treatment authorized in writing by while they flirted Recreation your personal physician. The Dispensary is responsible for the RAND Blood Bank. When blood is needed by you Various recreational activities are available, and you or your immediate family, call the Dispensary and dis­ with the nearest cuss your needs with the nurse. are invited to join one of our recreational groups or to secretary. start one if there is none in a sport or hobby in which By Melissa Bauman, Staff Writer you are interested. There are more-or-less (usually less) Telephone and Teletype Office RANDorganized groups who play golf and volleyball, bowl, In addition to the dial telephone installation we and sing, and you will find that a number of RAND have teletype service, including a secure circuit for send­ people are interested in chess, Kriegsspiel, bridge, ing classified data to our Washington Office, and West­ skiing, ping-pong, etc. Watch the current issues of ern Union service. The Telephone and Teletype Office the RANDom News (our monthly unclassified news bulletin) and the bulletin boards for notices of such activities.

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TO Part-day Work RAND A Pregnant Pause: If you work for an hour or more on any day, you Off the Hook: are consideredIn the 1950s, to only have been on the job all that day Sure, RAND had office 21 for theabout purposes 1 in 3 Americanof computing pay. Part-day absences phones in 1957. Butof thethe building. All of RAND within the inner doors of for doctor’swomen appointments, was in the etc., are notA You putting subtracted green,Sunk located Myfrom in one... of the patios, is the lobbies is a Secret Area day and night, with the There are parkingopen to everyonelots during the lunch hour. Younorth will find Telephone and Teletypeandexception of the Preclearance south Area and the Personnel of the build­ the basicworkforce, 40-hour which workweek might exceptKriegspiel? for the purpose To balls and putters in a rack near the entrance to the Office handled long-Office, which are in uncleared, but controlled areas. of computingexplain RAND’s overtime most pay forgreen. “nonexempt”draw Chess boardsresearchers are set emup inout­ several conference Because so much of our work is highly classified, it is rooms at noon and you are welcome to participateWashington and Dayton Offices distance calls anda had great convenience to all of us if we know that all either as a player or as a spectator. Ping-pong tables ployees.retro(grade) If you need policy. a whole day off of for their personal shells busiand ­into unescorted persons in the building have an Interim are located in two of the patios; paddles and balls RAND maintains offices in Washington housing the Vice President—Easterna secure Offices, circuit part of for the staff of the ness, youRAND should required take athe woman day as a partare provided.collaborations, of your vacation RAND Secret clearance or higher. This is the reason why you Social Sciencesending Division, and classified some other memberswill data have of the to wait for a period of several weeks (we ing. The north(but to see provide page 11 a doctor’s for authorizedparking note exceptions).has always sponsored lottechnical staff. At Dayton is we have a smallhope office for that’s staff, all the time it will take)Corporation before you will cars, Night and Day: to Washington. be able to move out of the Preclearance Area. For more Whento keep “nonexempt” working after employees her leaveon-site the games, building clubs, and information on the securityRAND’s regulations old in building effect at duringfifth working month of hours, pregnancy. they 28 shouldactivities. tell the While guards RANDites RAND, see the brochure You and Security. (See also page 25 of this brochure.) (and the “new” one) whetherWe’re they all areglad leaving that times on personal canor RAND still play business. table tennis was accessible 24 visitors, and(Also, havethose it helps changed. the guards In 2018, in their who record-keepingat work, Kriegspiel when have assignedhours a day so that parking spaces. W orking Hours anyone51 percent leaving of the our building entire lets themtournaments know approxi have­ fallen night owl researchers, mately how long he expects to be gone.)out of favor. The normal work week for everyone at RAND, in­ workforce and cluding members of the researchwho are staff, often is 40 college hours, 47 percent of new hires 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M., Mondayprofessors through Friday.as well, The lunch hour is from 12:00 to 1:00. But we realize that Everyone else wereuses female. the south parkingthe working habits of memberscould lots. of set our their research own staff may vary. Our building is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and membershours. of the research staff may adjust their working hours to their individual preferences as long as these do not conflict with the requirements of their who, among their other duties, coordinateDivision trips or of w ith the RAND people to Wright Air Developmentspecial Center, projects Air on which ILLUSTRATIONS: RAND ARCHIVES Research and Development Commandthey Detachment are working. People RAND’s No. 1, and Headquarters, Air Materiel inCommand. clerical, craft, We or service Logistics Simulationalso have a representative at Baltimore Laboratory in the Head­ is at 1515 positions are expected to quarters of the Air Research and Development Command.

Fourth Street. If you drive to the Laboratory,3 you may Paydays

Payday comes twice a month, on the fifth and on the twentieth. We are paid for work performed from park free at the firstthe through the commercial fifteenth of the month on the parking lot at the corner of Third and Broadway. 6

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