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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ACTORS, LEGAL FORMATION AND AUTHENTICITY IN ISLAMIC BANKING AND ORGANIC AGRICULTURE! IN TURKEY ! ! ! by ÖZGÜR RAHŞ!AN ÇETREZ ! ! ! ! Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of! Philosophy ! ! Sabancı University January! 2016 i ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "ii ! ! ! ! ! ! ! © Özgür Rahşan Çetrez 2016 All Rights Reserved ! "iii ABSTRACT! ! ACTORS, LEGAL FORMATION AND AUTHENTICITY IN ISLAMIC BANKING AND ORGANIC AGRICULTURE! IN TURKEY ! ÖZGÜR RAHŞ!AN ÇETREZ Ph.D. Dissertation,! January 2016 Supervisor: Assoc. Prof.! Özgecan Koçak ! !Keywords: organizational forms, authenticity, Islamic banking, organic agriculture, Turkey ! This dissertation investigates how new organizational forms with explicit moral claims take shape as various actors make, revise, and evaluate symbolic claims and concrete practices. To this end, I inductively examine Islamic banking and organic agriculture in Turkey throughout their history spanning three decades to understand how Islamic banking and organic agriculture are conceptualized, codified into law, translated into commercial products, and communicated to various audiences. I find that in both industries the question of ‘alignment’ to an ‘ideal’, the ideal being informed by the alternative codes of, Islamic law in the case of Islamic banking, and the rules of Nature in the case of organic agriculture was persistent throughout the history of these industries. Debates over authenticity of practices, definitions and purposes in relation to the ‘ideal’ included deliberate discussions of the sources and the nature of that ‘ideal’ facilitating ever detailed accounts of the ‘ideal’ and influencing the practices and the law and regulations along the way. In explicating the connection between construction of meanings and practices and their relation to authenticity, this dissertation provides insights into how authenticity concerns as conforming to a sacralized ideal play out in the trajectory of new organizational forms with moral claims. ! "iv ÖZET! ! TÜRKİYE’DE KATILIM BANKACILIĞI VE ORGANİK TARIMDA AKTÖRLER, KANUNİ OLUŞUM! VE OTANTİSİTE ! ÖZGÜR RAHŞ!AN ÇETREZ Doktora Tezi,! Ocak 2016 Tez Danışmanı: Doç.! Dr. Özgecan Koçak ! Anahtar Kelimeler: örgütsel biçimler, otantisite, Katılım Bankacılığı, organik tarım, Türkiye ! ! Etik değerlere dayalı yeni örgütsel biçimlerin nasıl şekillendiğine odaklanan bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de katılım bankacılığının ve organik tarımın başlangıçlarından itibaren otuz yıllık süreçleri tümevarım kalitatif çalışma yöntemi ile incelenmiş ve katılım bankacılığının ve organik tarımın nasıl kavramsallaştığı, kanunlarla nasıl tanımlandığı ve çeşitli aktörlerce nasıl anlaşıldığı ve anlatıldığı araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, katılım bankacılığında İslam Hukukuna dayalı bir ideal banka ve ekonomi anlayışının ve organik tarımda Doğanın işleyiş kanunlarını temel alan bir ideal tarım ve üretim anlayışının bu iki endüstrinin şekillenmesindeki çok boyutlu rolleri bulunmuştur. Her iki endüstride de uygulamaların, tanımların ve benimsenen etik değerlerin ideal modellere uygunluğu, bir başka ifadeyle otantikliği hem şekilleri hem maksatları yönünden tartışılagelmiş ve ideal modellerin kendileri ve dayandığı temeller de bu tartışmalara konu edilmiştir. Çeşitli aktörlerin dahil olduğu bu tartışmalar hem katılım bankacılığında hem organik tarımda uygulamaları ve kanuni süreç ve tanımları etkilemekle kalmayıp, ideal modellerin de zamanla daha ayrıntılanmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Uygulamalar, tanımlar ve bunları ideal modellere uyumlu kılma çabaları arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya koyan bu çalışma, otantisite kaygısının etik değerlere dayalı yeni örgütsel biçimlerin şekillenmesindeki rolününün anlaşılmasına! katkıda bulunmaktadır. "v ! ! ! ACKNOWLEDGMENTS! ! My obligation to the mentorship provided by my supervisor Özgecan Koçak is beyond acknowledgement. Her patient comments on my ideas and various drafts provided invaluable moments of learning. I am deeply indebted to her for her guidance, enthusiasm and encouragement that was much appreciated especially at the final stages of my research. Susan Silbey agreed to have me as a visitor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and I am deeply indebted to her for mentoring me. I loved and benefitted from every minute of her lectures and the time she generously spared for me. I am grateful to Behlül Üsdiken and Işın Güler for their time and insightful comments during research progress meetings. I thank my committee members Ateş Altınordu, Ayşe Buğra, Işın Güler and Şükrü Özen for their valuable feedback and suggestions. I gratefully acknowledge the grant by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK). I was funded by TÜBİTAK ‘2214 - International Doctoral Research Fellowship Programme’ to visit Massachusetts Institute of Technology between February 2014 and August 2014 that made it possible to acquire methodological techniques that I used in this dissertation. This work would not have been possible without the generous support of many individuals. I am indebted to my informants - Islamic bankers, scholars of Islamic jurisprudence, organic producers, activists - Osman Akyüz, Levent Gürsel Alev, Güneşin Aydemir, Abdülaziz Bayındır, Servet Bayındır, Defne Koryürek and other anonymous informants who have chosen to share their stories and journeys despite their busy schedules and answered patiently my endless questions. I am grateful to Aydın Yabanlı from Participation Banks Association of Turkey for facilitating my access to key informants and to the Association’s library. Ayn Cavicchi shared her experience with Atlas.ti. Thanks to her, I could handle a huge corpus of data effectively. I thank Eda Aksoy, Nazlı Şenol, Başak Topaler and Türkan Yosun for being ready to listen to and comment on my research. Thanks to Eda’s amazing connections, I could learn from two key informants. I am indebted to my parents, Hacer and Selahattin, and my sister and brother, Özlem and Erdem, for their critical supports when most needed. Thanks to my husband Levent’s technical skills and lighthearted attitude I could keep things in perspective during the perils !of Ph.D. work. And most of all, I thank my son, Kaan, for just being. ! "vi TABLE OF CONTENTS! ! 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Studies Of New Organizational Forms 5 1.2. Contributions To The Literature 13 1.3. Outline Of Dissertation 23 2. Methods 29 2.1. Comparative Case Studies 29 2.1.1. Showing Validity Of Findings In Comparative Case Studies 33 2.2. Case Selection 36 2.2.1. Common Context 39 2.2.2. Organic Agriculture 43 2.2.2.1. Early Beginnings 43 2.2.2.2. Context 46 2.2.2.3. Legislation 48 2.2.2.4. Actors 52 2.2.2.4.1. State 52 2.2.2.4.2. Associations: Eto, Orgüder And Buğday 53 2.2.2.4.3. Producers Who Use Similar Methods To Organic Agriculture But Outside The Certification System 56 2.2.2.5. Growth Over Time 58 2.2.3. Islamic Banking 61 2.2.3.1. Early Beginnings 61 2.2.3.2. Context 65 2.2.3.3. Legislation 66 2.2.3.4. Actors 70 2.2.3.4.1. State 70 2.2.3.4.2. Participation Banks Association Of Turkey 70 2.2.3.4.3. Islamic Law, Islamic Economic Scholars And Advisory Boards 71 "vii 2.2.3.4.4. Presidency Of Religious Affairs Of Turkey 72 2.2.3.5. Growth Over Time 73 2.3. Methods Of Data Collection 78 2.3.1. Archival Data 80 2.3.2. Interviews 84 2.3.3. Observation 85 2.4. Methods Of Data Analysis 87 2.4.1. Archival Data Analysis 87 2.4.2. Interview Data Analysis 91 3. Actors And Roles 94 3.1. State 96 3.1.1. Islamic Banking and the State 97 3.1.1.1. Debates Around The Origins And The Political And Sectarian Connections 97 3.1.1.2. Debates Around Secularism And Islamic Banking 99 3.1.2. Organic Agriculture And The State 105 3.2. Certified Producers 108 3.2.1. Islamic Bankers And Islamic Banks 109 3.2.1.1. Different Views Among Islamic Bankers 110 3.2.1.2. Common Views Among Islamic Bankers 112 3.2.1.2.1. Islamic Banks As Financial Institutions That Are Good For Entire Economy 112 3.2.1.2.2. Islamic Banks As Financial Institutions That Embody Universal Values 113 3.2.1.2.3. Islamic Banks As Financial Institutions Following Islamic Rules 114 3.2.2. Small And Large Organic Producers 114 3.2.2.1. Large Organic Producers 116 3.2.2.2. Small Organic Producers 119 3.3. Non-Certified Producers 119 3.4. Moral Certifiers 122 3.4.1. Informal Regulative Role 123 3.4.2. Moral Certification Role 128 "viii 3.5. Idealists 130 3.5.1. Being Accord With Nature 131 3.5.2. Being Accord With Creation, Fıtrat 132 3.5.3. System Criticism 135 3.5.3.1. System Criticism As A Tool 136 3.5.3.2. Scope Of The System Criticism 138 3.5.4. Idealist Role 140 3.5.5. Relations With Moral Certifiers 142 4. Legal Creation Of An Organizational Form 145 4.1. Different Positions With Respect To Formal Codification 146 4.1.1. Formal Codification As Separation From Conventional Counterparts 149 4.1.1.1. Separation Of Islamic Banking From Conventional Banking 149 4.1.1.1.1. Naming As Separation From Conventional Banking 155 4.1.1.2. Separation Of Organic Agriculture From Conventional Agriculture 158 4.1.2. Formal Codification As Alignment To Ideal Form 161 4.1.2.1. Formal Codification As Alignment To Contractual Forms In Islamic Law 162 4.1.2.2. Formal Codification As Alignment To Nature’s Rules And Models 170 4.1.3. Formal Codification For A Viable Industry 173 4.1.3.1. Moral Certifiers: Leniency And Legal Spaces 174 4.1.3.2. Certified Producers: Law As A Shield 175 4.1.4. Formal Codification As Separation From Similar Ventures 177 4.1.4.1. Separation Of Islamic Banking From Islamic Holdings 178 4.1.4.2. Separation Of Organic Agriculture From Natural, Local And Traditional Labels And Good Agricultural Practices 180 4.2. Alignment In The Legal Space 181 4.3. Influence Of Context On Legal Codification 184 4.4.