GLOSSARY

Dobrovol´nye “voluntaries”—family members who accompanied exiles GUVS Glavnoe upravlenie Vostochnoi Sibiri (Main Administration of Eastern Siberia) GUZS Glavnoe upravlenie Zapadnoi Sibiri (Main Administration of Western Siberia) Katorga “penal labor” and the administrative regime of which it was part Meshchanstvo (meshchanstva, pl.) “urban communal association” MVD Ministerstvo vnutrennykh del (Ministry of Internal Affairs) Obshchestvo (obshchestva,pl.) “peasant communal association” Pood anglicization of pud, unit of measurement equal to 16.38 kg. or 36 lb. Posel´shchik (posel´shchiki, pl.) peasant turned over to the state for administrative exile Poselenie (poseleniia,pl.) “(state-run exile) settlement” Ssylka “exile,” esp. “judicial exile” Szlachta Polish-language collective noun meaning (very broadly) “the Polish nobility” TobPS Tobol´skii Prikaz o ssyl´nykh (Tobol´sk Exile Office)

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 239 A.A. Gentes, The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863–1880, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60958-4 240 GLOSSARY

Verst anglicization of versta, a unit of measurement equal to 1.06 km. or 0.66 mi. Zavod (zavody,pl.) “fortified industrial township” BIBLIOGRAPHY

ARCHIVAL SOURCES

Abbreviations: f.=fond (collection); op.=opis´ (listing); k.=karton (carton); d.=delo (sheaf); t.= tom (volume); l.=list (sheet) BIGU—Irkutsk State University Library (Biblioteka Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta), Irkutsk, Russia: No. RUK. 345, Sakhalin delo, Rare Books and Manuscripts Holdings (Fond staropechatnykh i redkikh knig) GAIO—Irkutsk District State Archive (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Irkutstkoi oblasti), Irkutsk, Russia: Fond 24: Main Administration of Eastern Siberia (Glavnoe upravlenie Vostochnoi Sibiri) 1822–1887 Fond 32: Irkutsk Provincial Administration (Irkutskoe gubernskoe upravlenie) 1834– 1917 Fond 137: Ust´-Kutsk Saltworks (Ust´-Kutskii solevarennyi zavod) 1840–1912 GARF—Russian Federation State Archive (Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii), Moscow, Russia: Fond 122: State Prison Administration under the Ministry of Justice (GTU pri MIu) 1879–1917 OIAK—Society for the Study of the Amur Territory (Obshchestvo izuchenii Amurskogo kraia), Vladivostok, Russia: No. 1598: Collection of Official Data on Amur Territory, Volume 1 (Sbornik ofitsial´nykh svedenii ob Amurskom krae, Tom I) RGB—Russian State Library (Rossiiskaia gosudarstvennaia biblioteka), Moscow, Russia: Books Museum (Muzei knigi)

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 241 A.A. Gentes, The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863–1880, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60958-4 242 BIBLIOGRAPHY

RGIA DV—Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East (Rossiiskii gosu- darstvennyi istoricheskii arkhiv Dal´nego Vostoka), Vladivostok, Russia: Fond 701: Main Administration of Eastern Siberia, City of Irkutsk (Glavnoe upravlenie Vostochnoi Sibiri g. Irkutsk) 1858–1903

PUBLISHED ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS

Dikovskaia-Iakimova, A.‚ and V. Pleskov, eds. Kara i drugie tiur´my nerchinskoi katorgi: Sbornik vospominanii, dokumentov i materialov. Moskva, 1927. Goriushkin, L. M., ed. Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri. Nerchinskaia katorga. Tom I. Novosibirsk, 1993. Matkhanova, N.P., ed. Graf N.N. Murav´ev-Amurskii v vospominaniiakh sovre- mennikov. Novosibirsk, 1998. Pope Pius IX, Levate on the Afflictions of Church [sic] October 27, 1867. (http:// www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9levate.htm). “1863–1864 Uprising in Belarus” http://archives.gov.by/eng/index.php?id= 643796. This site collates documents from the following sources: • Dakumenty i materyialy pa gistoryi Belarusi, T. II (Minsk, 1940) (A published collection of archival documents from the erstwhile LOTsIA—Leningrad Division of the Central Historical Archive [Leningradskoe otdelenie Tsentral´nogo istoricheskogo arkhiva], which existed from 1929 to 1934 and was then split into four separate entities.) • NIAB—National Historical Archive of Belarus (Natsional´nyi istoricheskii arkhiv Belarusi) • Povstancheskoe dvizhenie v Grodnenskoi gubernii 1863–1864 gg. Brest, 2006. • Vosstanie v Litve i Belorussii 1863–1864 gg. Moskva, 1965.

JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS

Clearfield Republican (Clearfield, PA) Daily Dispatch (Richmond, VA) Daily Evening Telegraph (Philadelphia) New York Times Sovremennik The Star (Ballarat, Victoria, Australia) Vestnik Evropy Zhurnal Ministerstva vnutrennykh del BIBLIOGRAPHY 243

MEMOIRS

Drygas, Ignacy. Memoirs of a Partisan: The Polish Uprising of 1863–64. Trans. W. Alexander Herbst. Publ. by the translator @ 1994. [This is a translation of Wspomnienia chłopa-powstańca (z 1863 r.): do druku przygotował i objaśnieniami opatrzył J.S. Kraków, 1913; rpt. Grabonóg, 1992.] Edwards, H. Sutherland. The Private History of a Polish Insurrection. 2 vols. London, 1865. Iakubovich, Pëtr Filippovich. In the World of the Outcasts: Notes of a Former Penal Laborer. Trans. Andrew A. Gentes. 2 vols. New York, 2014. Knox, Thomas W. Overland through Asia. Hartford, 1870. Kropotkin, P. A. Dnevniki raznykh let. Ed. A. P. Lebedevoi, et al. Moskva, 1992. Kropotkin, Pëtr. Memoirs of a Revolutionist. N.l., 1900. O’Brien, Augustin P. Petersburg and Warsaw: Scenes Witnessed during a Residence in Poland and Russia in 1863–4. London, 1864.

BOOKS AND ARTICLES

Adamov, E. A. “Russia and the United States at the Time of the Civil War.” Journal of Modern History 2, no. 4 (1930): 586–602. Adams, Bruce F. The Politics of Punishment: Prison Reform in Russia, 1863–1917. DeKalb, IL, 1996. [Anon.] Materialy po voprosu o preobrazovanii tiuremnoi chasti v Rossii. S.- Peterburg, 1865. Armstrong, John A. “Old-Regime Governors: Bureaucratic and Patrimonial Attributes.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 14, no. 1 (1972): 2–29. Armstrong, John A. “Tsarist and Soviet Elite Administrators.” Slavic Review 31, no. 1 (1972): 1–28. Bazarzhapov, V. B., et al., eds. Poliaki v Buriatii. Ulan-Ude, 1996. Beer, Daniel. “Penal Deportation to Siberia and the Limits of State Power, 1801– 81.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 16, no. 3 (2015): 621–50. Beer, Daniel. The House of the Dead: Siberian Exile under the Tsars. N.l., 2016. Bojanowska, Edyta M. “Empire by Consent: Strakhov, Dostoevskii, and the Polish Uprising of 1863,” Slavic Review 71, no. 1 (2012): 1–24. Bolonev, F. F., et al. Ssyl´nye poliaki v Sibiri: XVII, XIX vv. Novosibirsk, 2007. Braginskii, M. A. Nerchinskaia katorga: Sbornik nerchinskogo zemliachestva. Moskva, 1933. 244 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brus, Anna. “…Et in Arcadia ego… Polish Exiles at Usol in Siberia after the January 1863 Uprising.” Trans. Janina Dorosz. Acta Poloniae Historica, no. 100 (2009): 113–31. Burant, Stephen R. “The January Uprising of 1863 in Poland: Sources of Disaffection and the Arenas of Revolt.” European History Quarterly 15, no. 2 (1985): 131–56. Daly, Jonathan W. “On the Significance of Emergency Legislation in Late Imperial Russia,” Slavic Review 54, no. 3 (1995): 602–29. Daly, Jonathan W. Autocracy under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905. DeKalb, 1998. Dameshek, L. M., and A. V. Remnev, eds. Sibir´ v sostave Rossiiskoi imperii. Moskva, 2007. Davies, Norman. God’s Playground: A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present. Rev. ed. New York, 2005. Day, W. A. The Russian Government in Poland, with a Narrative of the Polish Insurrection of 1863. London, 1867. D´iakonova, N. N., and Iu. N. Ermolaeva. “Poliaki v iakutskoi ssylke: (psikhome- ntal´nyi aspekt problemy).” Rossiia i Polsha: Istoriko-kul´turnye kontakty (sibirskii fenomenon). Ed. P. L. Kazarian, et al. Novosibirsk, 2001. D´iakov, V.A., et al., eds. Russko-polskie revoliutsionnye sviazi 60-kh godov i vosstanie 1863 goda: Sbornik statei i materialov. Moskva, 1962. Dulov, A. V. “Revoliutsionery shestidesiatnykh godov v sibirskoi ssylka.” Ssyl´nye revoliutsionery v Sibiri (XIX v.–fevral´ 1917 g.). Vypusk 1. Ed. T. I. Sizykh. Irkutsk, 1973. Dunn, Dennis J. The Catholic Church and Russia: Popes, Patriarchs, Tsars, and Commissars. Aldershot, Eng., 2004. Dvorianov, V. N. V sibirskoi dal´nei storone… (ocherki istorii politicheskoi katorgi i ssylki). 60-e gody XVIII v.–1917 g. Minsk, 1985. Ekloff, Ben, et al., eds. Russia’s Great Reforms, 1855–1881. Bloomington, 1994. Everett, Wendy, and Peter Wagstaff, eds. Cultures of Exile: Images of Displacement. New York, 2004. Fedorchenko, V. I. Imperatorskii Dom. Vydaiushchiesia sanovniki: Entsiklopediia biografii: V 2 t. Krasnoiarsk, 2001. Flynn, James T. “Uvarov and the ‘Western guberniias’: A Study of Russia’s Polish Problem.” The Slavonic and East European Review 64, no. 2 (1986): 212–36. Foucault, Michel. Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. by Alan Sheridan. New York, 1977. Frank, Stephen P. Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856– 1914. Berkeley, CA, 1999. Gardner, Monica. “An Italian Tragedy in Siberia.” Sewanee Review 34, no. 3 (1926): 329–38. BIBLIOGRAPHY 245

Garland, David. Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory. Oxford, 1990. Gentes, Andrew A. “The Institution of Russia’s Sakhalin Policy, from 1868 to 1875.” Journal of Asian History 36, no. 1 (2002): 1–31. Gentes, Andrew A. “Siberian Exile and the 1863 Polish Insurrectionists According to Russian Sources.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 51, no. 2 (2003): 197–217. Gentes, Andrew A. “Katorga: Penal Labor and Tsarist Siberia.” The Siberian Saga: A History of Russia’s Wild East. Ed. Eva-Maria Stolberg. Frankfurt am Main, 2005. Gentes, Andrew A. “No Kind of Liberal: Alexander II and the Sakhalin Penal Colony.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 54, no. 3 (2006): 321–44. Gentes, Andrew A. Exile to Siberia, 1590–1822. New York, 2008. Gentes, Andrew A. Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823–61. New York, 2010. Gentes, Andrew A. “‘Completely Useless’: Exiling the Disabled to Tsarist Siberia.” Sibirica 10, no. 2 (2011): 26–49. Giergielewicz, Mieczyslaw. “Echoes of the Polish January Rising in ‘Punch’.” The Polish Review 8, no. 2 (1963): 3–27. Goriushkin, L. M., ed. Ssylka i katorga v Sibiri (XVIII–nachalo XX v.). Novosibirsk, 1975. Goriushkin, L. M., ed. Ssylka i obshchestvenno-politicheskaia zhizn´ v Sibiri (XVIII– nachalo XX v.). Novosibirsk, 1978. Goriushkin, L. M., ed. Politicheskie ssyl´nye v Sibiri (XVIII–nachalo XX v.). Novosibirsk, 1983. Goriushkin, L. M., ed. Politicheskaia ssylka v Sibiri XIX–nachalo XX v.: Istoriografiia i istochniki. Novosibirsk, 1987. Gruszczynska, Beata, and Elzbieta Kaczynska. “Poles in the Russian Penal System and Siberia as a Penal Colony (1815–1914): A Quantitative Examination.” Historical Social Research 15, no. 4 (1990): 95–120. Iadrintsev, N. M. Sibir´ kak koloniia: k iubileiu trekhsotletiia. Sovremennoe polozhenie Sibiri. Eia nuzhdy i potrebnosti. Eia proshloe i budushchee. Sanktpeterburg, 1882. Iakovenko, A. V., and V. D. Gakhov. Tomskii gubernatory: bibliografichesii ukazatel´. Tomsk, 2012. Jędrychowska, Barbara. “Learning as a Way to Survive: From the Memories of the 19th Century Exiles to Siberia” [sic.]. Czech-Polish Historical and Pedagogical Journal 4 (2012): 39–50. Kazarian, P. L. Olekminskaia politicheskaia ssylka, 1826–1917 gg. Iakutsk, 1996. Kazarian, P. L. Iakutiia v sisteme politicheskoi ssylki Rossii, 1826–1917 gg. Iakutsk, 1998. 246 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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A Arkhangel Province, 7 Absolute, The, 43 Assad regime, 13 Administrative council, 39 Autocracy, 2, 3, 13, 28, 30, 83, 129 Agricultural Society, 46–51 fight against, 235 Akatui mine, 153 international reputation of, 215 Aleksandrovsk Zavod, 118, 153, 155, punitive power, 108 162, 172, 181, 192, 193, 197, 198 suppression, 234 Alexander I, 30, 39, 105 use of Siberia, 233 Alexander II, 1–10, 63–69, 75, 76, 86, Autocrat, 11 92, 106, 204, 210, 234 ceaseless demands, 24 amnesty, 168 Russian, 22 attempt for constitutional monarchy, state, 21, 22 1–3 Autocratic authority, 5, 83 attitude towards subjects, 50–52 Autocratic power, 21, 32 concessions by, 44–47, 55–57 Autocratic strategies, 13 emancipation of serfs, 5, 46, 47 Autonomy, 39 first amnesty, 80 Awakening, The, 55 Great Reforms, 9, 10 lack of coherent policy, 101 police state, 7–13 B Alexander III, 9 Baikal Circle-Road, 162, 185 Altai, 25 Baikal Circle-Road Revolt, 140, 177, American Civil War, 6 184, 187–193 Amnesties, 200, 211–213, 218, 221, consequences, 191–195 224 Baraba Steppe, 26, 27, 29, 32 Amur Territory, 157 Bashkirs, 107 Anarchism, 2 Battle of Krzywosadz, 66 Antisemitism, 46 Battle of Mishikha, 188 Appleton, John, 49 Belarusians, 85

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 251 A.A. Gentes, The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia, 1863–1880, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-60958-4 252 INDEX

Belitski, Franz, 81 Common laborers, 153 Berg, Fedor, 65, 220 Commoners, 94 Bialobrzeski, Antoni, 53, 54 administratively-exiled allowed to Blaszczynski, Konrad, 61 repatriate, 214 Bobrinski, Vladimir, 84 sentenced to katorga, 153 Bobrowski, Stefan, 66 Commonwealth of Poland, The, 37 Bolshevik coup, 10 Communist Party, 13 Bond program, 145 Communists, 10 Bourdieu, Pierre, 191 Confiscations, 87, 88 Brodiagi, 20 Congress of Vienna, 39 Bureaucracy Congress Poland, 39, 41, 44–46, 50, hampered, 5 56, 65, 70, 78, 79 Siberian, 2, 199 Conspiracy, 41, 77, 113, 191, 178 systematization of, 204 ideological, 187 wheels, 158 Land and Liberty, 56 Bureaucratic fatigue, 199 political, 188, 190 Constitutional monarchy, 1, 5 Convicts, 27 C deported to resettlement, 94 Capitalism, 10 Siberian bureaucracy, 106 Catherine the Great, 20, 25–29, 105 Siberia’s administrators, 107 Catholic church, 85, 210 Cossack garrisons, 24 Catholic clergy, 52, 67, 210 Cossacks, 18, 19, 107 Caucasus, 7 Costs Celinski, Narcyz, 177, 188–190 Eniseisk Province, 206, 207 Central Committee, 61 Irkutsk Province, 206, 207 Certeau, Michel de, 191 Nerchinsk Mining Administration, Cessation of state subsidies, 5 206, 207 Chaadaev, Pëtr, 208 Polish exiles’ stipends, 205 Chauvinistic policies, 83 surveilling political exiles, 206 Chmielenski, Ignacy, 54, 56, 60 Transbaikalia District, 206 Christians, 50, 51 Troitskii Saltworks, 206 Circassians, 4 Court-martial, 190 Circle of God’s Cause, 43 Crimean War, 3, 6, 44 Civil disturbance, 51 Cold War, 10 Colonization scheme, 29 D Commission on Religion and Dabrowski, Jaroslaw, 54–57 Education, 51 Danilowski, Wladyslaw, 54 Committee of Eleven, 58 Death penalty, 190 Committee of Ministers, 82, 83, 90, 94 Decembrist Uprising, 67, 105, 211 INDEX 253

Decembrists, 75, 153 Duchy of Warsaw, 37, 63 Deikhman, Oskar, 82 Diugamel, Aleksandr, 89, 90 Demographic fluidity, 6 Durkheim, Émile, 233 Deportation Dvorianin, 86 by administrative procedure, 26 Dvorianstvo, 39 early months, 102 Dyrberg, Torben Bech, 191 enormity, 103 expanded scope, 117 followed January Uprising, 106 E height, 102, 121 Eastern Europe, 232 process systematized, 108 Emancipation arrangement, 6 rates, 85, 93 Emperor Paul, 28, 30 reverberating effect, 88 Empress Anna Ivanovna, 25 role in spurring telegraph extension, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 25, 26, 28 118 Eniseisk, 25 Deportees, 2, 7, 30 Eniseisk Province, 79, 103, 129 allowed to return to Congress Enlightenment, 11, 42 Poland, 213 Enserfment, 19, 37 as colonists, 93 Ethnic cleansing, 19, 104 convicted by courts of criminal Ethnic groups, 85 offences, 31 Ethnic Russians, 19, 86 female, 105 Ethnic Ukrainians, 19 from the Kingdom of Poland, 70 European national movements, 42 male, 105 Executions, 189 Polish foisted upon Siberian Exile peasantry, 134 administrative, 8, 26 sub-categories, 130 authority, 7 transform into peasants, 33 beginning of, 19 Despot-Zenovich, Aleksandr Ivanovich, central role, 17 80–82 increasing use of, 7 Diplomatic pressure, 210 journey, 108 Directory, The, 54 judicial, 8 Dissidents, 76, 104 land of, 21 Dobrovol´nye, 105 march, 108 Dobrovol´tsy, 130 obshchestva, 8 Dolgorukov, Vladimir, 89, 94 Polish conspiracies, 183 Dostoevskii, Fëdor, 3, 4, 6, 114 political in Western Siberia, 130 Drygas, Ignacy, 64, 65, 79, 88, pre-Soviet Siberian, 17, 23 108–114, 137, 138, 216–218, 231, reactive use of, 31 232 rebellion, 184 254 INDEX

Exile (cont.) Exiles (cont.) resettlement, 130 sense of human rights, 191; settlements, 30–32 settlement restrictions, 141; settlers, 7, 32, 130, 145 strikes, 184; transported by Siberian, 18, 22, 76, 129 conveyances, 116; uneven system, 8, 18, 101, 110, 170, 233 distribution, 206; work on Great temporary, 134 Siberian road, 90 to residence, 133, 134 political, 18, 103, 104, 116, 117, to settlement, 130 154–158, 161–167, 170, 179; uprising, 177 allowed to return, 219; attitude use as social cleansing mechanism, towards, 164; divided into 31 groups, 158; escorted, 110; used to colonize Siberia, 31 forced to march, 111; guards, Exiled Skoptsy, 122 155; locating, 121; non- Exiles privileged, 166; sentenced to administration of, 2 katorga, 157; sympathizing, 190; administrative, 78, 119 transported separately, 110; with agricultural settlements, 29 longest katorga terms, 162 bonded, 144 relocated, 122 categories, 118 self-identified as socialists, 223 criminal, 119 the Urals, 31 Crown’s reliance upon, 27, 28 to support naval expedition, 25 destined for Siberia, 119 transfer, 141 escaped, 181 transform into peasants, 31 as food producers, 25 treatment of, 18 former, 27, 28, 137 unaccompanied young men, 105 in Ilimsk district, 20 Exile-settlers, 137, 168 in transfer prisons, 157 Eniseisk Province, 163 Irkutsk, 28 from Western Provinces, 116 killed themselves, 225 missing, 199 non-political, 101 Polish absent “by ticket”, 143 participated in revolt, 189 status, 213 peasants, 18 Exilic agricultural settlements, 25 Polish, 75–77, 80–82, 90, 102, 104, Exilic authority, 26 110, 114, 117, 184, 204, 212–215, 220–225, 235; acts of resistance, 177; conditions F improved, 191; insubordination, February killings, 51 184; massive uprising, 189; Feudalist economy, 3 political, 82; in private gold- Fijalkowski, Archbishop, 49, 52, 53 mining, 145; repatriated, 75, Finns, 4 221; repatriation of, 214, 220 Forced colonists, 30 INDEX 255

Forced migration, 79 Human rights, 192, 236 Forced settlement, 81, 132 Hussein, Saddam, 13 Forced settlers, 27, 92, 130 Foreigners eligible for repatriation, 216–218 I Fortress peasants, 30 Iakubovich, Pëtr, 159, 160 Foucault, Michel, 191 Iakutiia, 133 French Revolution, 42 Iasak, 18, 21 Illegal political parties, 178 Imperial Treasury, 6 G Insurgents, 61, 62, 177, 197, 199 Georgians, 4, 67 Insurrection Germans, 4 military, 61 Gershtentsveig, Aleksandr, 53, 54 spread to Western provinces, 62 Giller, Agaton, 66 support, 62, 70 Glasnost, 5 suppression, 65 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 5 szlachta joined, 63 Gorchakov, Mikhail, 45, 48–53 as veritable religious war, 64 Governing Council of Western Siberia, Insurrectionists 90 administratively deported, 91, 213 Government alternatives for dealing with, 33 censorship, 190 arrived in Siberia, 103 funds, 145 assigned as colonists, 122 imperial, 32 assigned to countryside, 139 loans, 3 assigned to remote regions, 223 reforms, 13 autocracy and, 151 Russia’s natural form of, 10 completed labor terms, 163 Great Northern Expedition, 25 condemned to katorga, 162 Great Reforms, 5, 10, 209 conspirators, 184 Great Russians, 4 convicted by courts, 104 Great Siberian Road, 26, 27, 90 decimation of, 171 Guerilla tactics, 62 departure form Siberia, 218 Guliashchie liudi, 20 deported through administrative GUVS, 116, 120, 121, 139, 154, 162, measures, 104, 111 171, 204, 206–208, 216 deported, 84, 85, 101 GUZS, 8, 119, 120, 139, 141, 204 died in exile, 224 earn a living, 135 eligible for repatriation, 214, 221 H escaped, 179 Hapsburg Empire, 58 exiled, 80, 81, 101, 132; Hoene-Wronski, Joseph Maria, 43 conspiratorial activities, 178; House of Romanov, 17, 32 from non-privileged 256 INDEX

backgrounds, 166; gold-mining Investigatory committees, 94 industry and, 145; milost, 211;to Investigatory tribunal, 188, 189 katorga, 132; to residence, 132; Irkutsk, 134 to settlement, 132 Exile Bureau, 155 first arrivals in Siberia, 106 province, 7, 30 foreign exiled, 215 provincial administration, 171 foreign restored privileges, 215 Saltworks, 105, 155, 186 from foreign countries, 122 Ivan the Terrible, 17 from privileged estates, 133 fugitive, 179, 181, 182 held by the Ministry of war, 91 J influential, 153 Jankowski, Michal, 222 laboring in Akatui and Kadaia mines, January Uprising, 8, 12, 37, 42–47, 68, 162 75, 77, 92, 178 large proportion in fortress katorga, consequence, 69, 232–236 89 finished, 70 leading, 110 ideas and, 42 listed as absent “by ticket”, 142 Jewish leaders, 54 married local women, 144 Jews, 4, 51, 56 penal labor, 151 relatives, 102 released from katorga, 199 K revolutionaries, 184 Kadaia mine, 153 Romantics, 184 Kara goldfields, 198 saved from deportation, 102 Katorga seed money to start farms, 136 administering, 156 sentenced to compulsory settlement, administrative reorganization, 198 152 completed terms, 134 sentenced to katorga, 89, 151, 152, conditions, 164 157, 161, 186, 203 exilic community, 165 social heterogeneity, 154 families, 161 solicitude towards, 82 fortress, 88–90 total numbers deported to Siberia, labor, 169 103 mining, 88–90 transferred, 142 political administration, 158 transform into settlers, 203 Siberia, 105 travel for work, 142 Sites, 107, 160, 170, 198, 154 Western Siberia administratively terms, 89, 106, 110, 152, 168 deported to resettlement, 131 transfer the institution to Sakhalin, Western Siberia, 131 198 young, 132 types, 88 Intermarriage, 222 zavod, 88–90, 162 INDEX 257

Katorzhnye, 23 M Kazakhs, 4, 26, 77 Magna Carta, 21 Kazan Circle, 113, 233 Majewski, Karol, 47–49, 54 Kingdom of Poland, 41, 45, 51, 57, 61, Maladministration, 171 63 Malfeasance, 171 courts, 75 Malnutrition, 139, 171 formation of, 39 March-route, 110, 114–117, 226 Kirgiz, 4 Poles hospitalized, 115 Knoblokh, Adol´f, 194, 195 through Western Siberia, 116 Knox, Thomas, 142 Martyrological politics, 44, 47 Konstantin, Viceroy, 56, 57, 65, 69 Marxism, 178 Korsakov, Mikhail, 118, 121–123, 151, Mass deportation 156, 159, 170, 172, 181, 185–190, autocracy and, 134 206, 208 burden on Siberia, 211 Krasnoiarsk, 134 costs, 186, 187 Kraszewski, Jozef Ignacy, 46 critical years, 118 Krizanic, Juraj, 22 managing, 111 Kronshtadt Fortress, 91 nature of, 235 Kropotkin, Pëtr, 1–3, 10, 78, 83, 84, of Poles, 2, 8, 9, 17, 19, 31, 32, 68, 101, 103, 107, 109, 111, 166, 79, 83, 105, 129, 232–235, 236 186–191 of Polish insurrectionists, 17, 82 Krzyzanowski, Seweryn, 105 Mass executions, 234 Kurowski, Apolinary, 61 Massacre, 52–54, 64 Meshchanstva, 7, 8, 78 Messianic national role, 44 L Mickiewicz, Adam, 43 Lambert, Karl, 53, 54 Mieroslawski, Ludwik, 60, 61, 66 Land and Liberty, 55 Military conscription, 57 Land reform, 46, 47, 50 Military courts, 92, 93, 122 Landed gentry, 46 Military government Transbaikalia, 156 Landed nobility, 3, 5 Military justice, 122 Landowners, 46 Miliutin, Dmitrii, 158 Langiewicz, Marian, 61, 66 Milost, 211 Ledyard, John, 28 Mining Administration, 156, 157, 159 Legal consciousness, 11 Mining prison, 110 Legal framework, 139 Ministry of Finance, 90, 157, 164 Lerkhe, German G., 81, 82 Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), 7, Lewandowski, Walery, 61 9, 27, 83, 92, 140, 156, 205, 207, Liberal agenda, 9, 13 213–215, 220–222 Liberal ideals, 9 administering the exile system, 107 Lithuanians, 12, 85 Ministry of State Domains, 86, 87 258 INDEX

Ministry of War, 90, 91 Pacification techniques, 69 Minusinsk District, 143 Padlewski, Zygmunt, 58, 59 Modernization paradigm, 10 Paskevich, Ivan F., 45 Mortality rates, 114, 116, 223, 225 Peace courts, 5 Murav´ëv, Mikhail, 67–69, 80, 83–86, Peasant uprising, 177 92–94, 129, 234 Penal administration, 91 Muscovite Era, 17–22 Penal battalions, 91 Muscovy, 105 Penal laborers, 23, 90, 110, 143, 151, Mutineers, 92, 104, 111, 154, 211 152, 159 Mutual aid society, 123, 165 Aleksandrovsk Zavod, 197, 198 assigned to Western Siberia, 114 criminal, 160, 166 N elderly and disabled, 198 Na poruchitel´stvo, 144 Polish, 153, 157, 158; assigned to Napoleon III, 1, 63, 234 Kirensk, 170, 171; assigned to Napoleonic wars, 37 Transbaikalia, 162; cheap labor National Committee, 55, 56, 58 force, 185 National self-consciousness, 37, 41, 209 political, 105, 153; assigned to Kara, National self-determination, 235 199 Nerchinsk, 118 assigned to Nerchinsk District, 156 mines, 107 Penal system, 107, 203 Mining Administration, 123 Penology, 24 Mining District, 29, 82, 154–157 Perestroika, 5 zavody, 154, 155 Perevedentsy, 19, 20 Nicholas I, 31, 39, 75, 77, 105, 107, Peter the Great, 29 111 Petersburg Era, 17, 23, 25–33 Nicholas II, 1 Petitions, 139–141 Niedzinski, Jozef, 166 Petrovsk Ironworks, 155 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 44, 233, 235 Physiocracy, 29 November Uprising, 13, 39–42, 46–48, Podlias´e, 61 55, 59, 75, 105 Poland Nowakowski, Karol, 52, 76, 77 independent, 54 Russian occupation, 80 serf emancipation in, 37 O territorial integrity, 234 Obshchestva, 7, 8, 78 Poles, 4, 12, 54, 63 Ogryzko, Iosifat, 192, 193 allowed to leave Siberia, 212 Old Believers, 28, 131 assigned to hard labor, 155 assigned to Kultuk, 188 died attempting to repatriate, 226 P exiled under Nicholas I, 165 Pacification, 13 highly educated, 143 INDEX 259

in Siberian exile, 42 Political dissidents, 9 relocated, 141 Political exiles, 154 resistance, 179–182 Political prisoners, 193 rights distinct from criminal convicts, confinement of, 171 183 exiled to Eastern Siberia, 120 sentenced to katorga, 185 sentences, 200 Western Provinces, 85 social origins, 163 Police practices, 13 Polizeistaat, 1, 12, 236 Police reforms, 13 Polizeiwissenschaft, 11, 12 Police state, 8, 77, 78, 83, 236. See also Posel´shchik, 26, 27 Polizeistaat Poseleniia, 25, 28, 29, 30 Polish Democratic Society, 42 Post-Mao China, 13 Polish deportation impact, 233 Potapov, Aleksandr, 215 Polish deportees, 88, 129, 134, 225 Potocki, Tomasz, 48 hospitalization rates, 116, 117 Priests, 166, 210 Polish exiled population gender Primary Chronicle, 11 comparison, 104 Prisoners Polish exiles’ destinations, 143 hospitalized, 116, 205 Polish insurrection, 1, 110 political, 102 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 42, rights of state peasants and, 213 85 Prisons specially-built, 199 Polish nobility, 39, 44, 49, 59. See also Promyshlenniki, 20 Szlachta Provisional National Government, 61, Polish patriotic movement, 41 62, 66 Polish patriotism, 42 Prussia, 58 Polish patriots, 59 Pushkin, Aleksandr, 41 Polish prisoners, 108, 154 Polish radicals, 75 Polish revolutionaries, 178 R Polish Romanticism, 60 Rebellion, 24, 59, 183, 190 Polish State Council, 51 Akatui, 192, 193 Polish Uprising, 1, 2, 8, 13, 67 Amchinsk mine, 195 Political crimes, 75, 76 prisoner, 177 Political criminals, 77, 144, 153, 156, Pugachëv, 27 169, 199 putting down, 62, 63, 67 assigned to hard labor, 170 Rechtsstaat, 11 assigned to Siberian saltworks, 164 Reconciliation of Poles and Russians, 43 assigned to state factories, 156 Reds, The, 47, 49, 52, 55–58, 61, 66 guarding, 158 moderate, 60, 66 sentenced to katorga, 162 extreme, 60 social origins, 152 Reforms Political crisis, 58 administrative, 5 260 INDEX

Reforms (cont.) S conservative, 9 Sakhalin penal colony, 9 liberal, 2 Sequestration of properties, 68, 87 Siberian Committee and, 85 Serf emancipation, 5, 46, 68, 82 systematized the exile system, 85 Serf owners, 5, 7, 8 Regional governors, 94 Serfdom, 3, 7, 27, 44 Reglamentstaat, 12 Serfs emancipation, 5, 209 Riedel, Felix, 81 Service-state ethos, 18 Repatriation Settlements. See also Poseleniia disorder, 221 agricultural, 29 financial costs, 204 Eniseisk, 32 insurrectionists from privileged exile, 30–32 classes, 222 exilic, 25, 30, 31 international opinion and, 208 penal, 30 limited, 214 proactive, 30 suspended, 215 reactive, 30 Returnees, 220 separate, 32 Revolutionaries, 47, 191, 224 Shelashnikov, Konstantin, 117–119, Revolutionary government, 60 156–158, 170, 172, 181–185, 187, Revolutionary movements, 104 192–195, 208 Roma, 4 Siberia, 2, 7, 8, 13, 18, 31, 67 Roman Catholicism, 42, 63 administratively-united, 30 Romantic ideal, 224 bureaucracy, 122 Romanticism, 41, 44, 61, 63, 232 colonizing with exiles, 29, 30 Romer, Seweryn, 80 Eastern, 89 Ruprecht, Karol, 66, 67 exile population, 106 Rural administration, 7 exile system, 235 Rural associations, 26 meagre medical facilities, 117 Rurikid dynasty, 2 mines, 145 Rus, 11 police apparatus, 77 Russia, 2, 22 positive view, 138 Emancipation Commission, 46, 47 russifying, 26 international condemnation, 204 saltworks, 164 literati, 209 transformation, 27 serf emancipation of, 50 Western, 103 Russian criminal code, 75 Siberia Committee, The, 85 Russian governance, 11 Siberian peasantry, 19 Russian nobility. See Dvorianstvo Siberian pestilence, 138 Russian Realpolitik, 44 Siberian Reforms, 108 Russians, 3, 53, 54 Sibir Khanate, 18 Russification, 39, 41, 88 Sibiriaki, 20 INDEX 261

Skorniakov-Pisarev, Grigorii, 25 Territorial expansion, 19 Slowacki, Juliusz, 43 The Romanovs, 4, 32, 33 Society of Usol´e Exiles, 165 Tickets of leave, 144 Sonderweg, 9 Tobol´sk, 31, 134 Soslovie, 12, 21 Exile Office, 6, 103, 119 Soviet Union, 5, 10 prison, 6, 115 Speranskii, Mikhail, 108, 119 Province, 79, 80, 103, 121, 135, Ssyl´nye, 20 142, 212, 214, 221 Stalinism, 10, 13 TobPS, 6, 103, 114, 119–121, 157, Stalinist Gulag, 23 169, 198 State bureaucrats, 121 anthropomorphized, 22 Exile bureaus, 119 crime, 77 Tomsk District, 19 criminals, 104, 199 Tomsk Province, 79, 81, 84, 103, 129, institutions, 12 135, 136, 140 policy, 28 Towianski, Andrzej, 43 Stipends Transbaikalia, 2, 24, 28–30, 76–78, families of exiled Polish noblemen, 118, 154 212 Transfer problems, 194 food, 101, 102, 108, 116, 155, 170, Transferees, 142, 144 171, 187, 195, 212, 219 Transfers, 142 government, 138, 145, 198, 205, Treaty of Nerchinsk, 4 208, 212 Treaty of Paris, 4 subsistence, 203 Tsarism, 10 withholding, 102 opponents, 224 Stroganov family, 18 overthrow, 55 Surveillance, 75, 76, 122, 140 struggle with, 188 Szaramowicz, Gustaw, 177, 188–190 Tsar-Liberator, 10, 211 Szlachta, 39, 42, 54, 55, 62, 67, 86 belief, 44 commoners and, 46 U deported, 120 Übermenschen, 44 exiled administratively, 94 Ukase, 49, 56, 183 plans to wipe out, 51 Ukrainians, 4, 85 political prisoners and, 45 Ulozhenie, 21, 22 power, 41 Union of the Polish People, 106 Uprising by Tatars and Poles, 113 Urban communal associations, 7, 26 T Usol´e, 161, 164–170, 198. See also Tatars, 4 Irkutsk Saltworks Tax levy, 6 Ust´-Kutsk Saltworks, 162, 167, 193 Taxes, 3, 46, 58, 86, 107, 206, 207, 214 Utopianism, 11 262 INDEX

V russification of, 88 Valuev, Pëtr, 82, 83, 88–92, 101, 102, Western reforms, 83, 234 220 Whites, The, 47, 56, 57, 63, 66, 68 Village communal associations, 7 extreme, 59 Volynia Province, 37, 62, 106, 152, moderate, 59 209 Wielopolski, Aleksander Ignacy Jan- Votchina, 29 Kanty, 48–58 Wojewodztwa, 39 Wygodowski, Pawel, 77 W Wages, 141, 143, 144 Waszkowski, Aleksander, 70 Z Way-stations, 107, 108, 186, 226 Zakrzewski, Ignacy, 76, 77 Western Committee, 83, 84 Zamoyski, Andrzej, 48, 49, 51, 60 Western democracies, 9 Zavody, 29 Western Europe, 28 made of wood, 161 Western European legal systems, 21 prison, 161 Western norms, 9 state-owned, 161 Western Provinces, 37, 39, 41, 44, 65, Zelenoi, Aleksandr, 82, 83, 84, 87, 94 68, 70 Zyberg-Plater, Leon, 68 rid of Poles, 86