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The Catholic Church in Polish History, Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-40281-3 272 APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016

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The Catholic Church in Polish History, Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-40281-3 272 APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016 APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016 966: Duke Mieszko’s conversion to Christianity 997: Beheading of Bishop Adalbert of Prague (known in Poland as Wojciech) 1022: Revolt against the Piast dynasty, with pagan participation 1066: Revolt by pagans 1140: Arrival of the Cistercian Order in Poland 1215: The Fourth Lateran Council, which made annual confession and communion mandatory for all Christians 1241: Invasion of Eastern Europe, including Poland, by a Tatar (Muslim) army 1337–1341: Renewed war with the Tatars 1386: Founding, through marriage, of the Jagiellonian dynasty 1378–1417: The Great Schism, with rival popes sitting in Avignon and Rome and, beginning in 1409, with a third pope residing in Pisa 1454–1466: The Thirteen Years’ War 1520: The Edict of Thorn (Toruń), by which the King of Poland banned the importation of Martin Luther’swritings into Poland 1529: The first siege of Vienna by Ottoman forces 1551–1553: New Testament published in Polish 1563: First translation of the entire Bible into Polish 1564: Arrival of the Jesuit Order in Poland © The Author(s) 2017 271 S.P. Ramet, The Catholic Church in Polish History, Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-40281-3 272 APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016 1569: The Union of Lublin, merging the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single, federated Commonwealth 1577–1578: Lutherans granted freedom of worship in Poland 1596: The Union of Brest, bring a large number of Orthodox parishes into union with Rome as Eastern-Rite Catholics 1655–1660: The Second Northern War (between Sweden and Poland) 17 July–12 September 1683: The second siege of Vienna by Ottoman forces, ending with a victory over the Ottomans by Christian forces com- manded by King Jan III Sobieski of Poland 1716: A ban on the construction of any further Protestant churches in Poland 1772: First Partition of Poland, between Prussia, Russia, and Austria 1781: Edict of Toleration issued by Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, abolishing most forms of discrimination against Protestants in the Habsburg crown lands 1788–1791: The first Russo-Turkish War, ending with Russia’s annexa- tion of Crimea and other territories 1791: Passage of a new constitution for Poland, establishing a hereditary monarchy and abolishing the liberum veto 1793: Second Partition of Poland, between Prussia and Russia 1795: Third Partition of Poland, between Prussia, Russia, and Austria 1807–1813: The Duchy of Warsaw, functioning as a partially autonomous French satellite 1815–1848: The Grand Duchy of Posen, functioning as an autonomous unit with the Kingdom of Prussia. 1815–1867: The Congress Kingdom, existing as a partially autonomous region within the Russian Empire, with the Tsar of Russia serving also as King of Poland 1817: Reestablishment of the University of Lemberg (Lwów) 1830–1831: The November Uprising against Russian rule 1846: Revolt in Kraków 1848: Revolutionary upheaval across much of Europe 1849: Conclusion of a Concordat between the Holy See and Russia 1850: The April Ordinances, issued by Kaiser Franz Joseph of Austria, regulating Church-state relations 1855: Conclusion of a Concordat between the Holy See and Austria 1863: The January Uprising against Russian rule 1866: Cancelation of the Concordat by the Tsar of Russia; the Austro- Prussian War, ending in Prussian victory APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016 273 1867: The Ausgleich, dividing the Habsburg Empire into Austrian and Hungarian units, thereby creating Austria-Hungary 1869: Closing of the University of Warsaw for the second time; Polish introduced as the language of public instruction in Austrian Galicia 1870 or 1871: Launch of the Kulturkampf by Berlin with the dual objective of undermining Polish national consciousness and subordinating the Catholic Church to the German bureaucratic apparatus 1871: German unification under the Hohenzollern dynasty = the Second Reich 1872: The Jesuit Order banned in Germany 1873: German mandated as the language of instruction in all schools in Germany 1875: Repudiation of the 1596 Union of Brest by Russia 1886: Passage of a settlement law allocating funds for the German govern- ment to purchase Polish estates and turn the land over to German settlers 1907: Introduction of universal male suffrage in Austria 1914: Outbreak of World War One 1916: Establishment of a Regency Council by Germany and Austria, as a provisional government for a future Polish state 1918: The Regency Council transferred authority to Marshal Piłsudski; end of World War One 1918: Restoration of Polish independence 1919: Recognition of Polish independence by the Holy See 1919–1920: The Russo-Polish War, ending in significant territorial gains by Poland 17 March 1921: Adoption of interwar Poland’s first constitution 18 March 1921: Treaty of Riga, ending the Russo-Polish War 1925: Conclusion of a Concordat between the Holy See and Poland 12–14 May 1926: Marshal Piłsudski’s coup d’état 23 April 1935: Adoption of interwar Poland’s second constitution 12 May 1935: Death of Marshal Piłsudski September 1939: Nazi invasion of Poland, initiating World War Two 1944: A left-wing front backed by the Soviets, calling itself the Polish Committee of National Liberation, presented its claim to govern Poland, subsequently declaring itself the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland May 1945: End of World War Two in Europe 12 September 1945: The communist regime declared the 1925 Concordat null and void 274 APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016 1946–1947: Nationalization of Church printing presses and suppression of various Catholic periodicals, dissolution of Catholic lay organi- zations, seizure by the regime of 375,000 hectares of land belong- ing to the Church January 1947: Rigged elections, with official results claiming that the communist-led bloc had won 80.1% of the vote; after the elections, Peasant Party leader Stanisław Mikołajczyk fled the country 1948: Upon the death of Cardinal Hlond, Pope Pius XII turned to then-Bishop Wyszyński to succeed as Primate of Poland and inherit the office of Archbishop-Metropolitan of Gniezno and Warsaw 1 July 1949: The Vatican issued Acta Apostolicae Sedis, a decree threaten- ing with excommunication any Catholics cooperating with com- munists or defending communist ideas 1949: Nationalization of the Church’s hospitals by the communist regime 23 January 1950: Seizure of the property of the Catholic charity “Caritas” by the regime; Church-state agreement 14 April 1950: Signing of an agreement between the Polish Episcopate and the Polish government July 1952: Passage of a new constitution, identifying the country as the People’s Republic of Poland August 1952: Closure of the theological faculties at the universities of Kraków and Warsaw 25 September 1953: Arrest of Cardinal Wyszyński 26 October 1956: Release of Cardinal Wyszyński from detention 1971: Transfer of German ecclesiastical properties in the Oder-Neiße region to the Catholic and Evangelical Churches of Poland 17 October 1971: Beatification of Maximilian Kolbe 1975: Publication of draft amendments to the Polish constitution, referring to Poland’s “unbreakable fraternal bond with the Soviet Union” 16 October 1978: Election of Archbishop Karol Wojtła of Kraków as Pope, taking the name John Paul II June 1979: First papal visit to Poland by Pope John Paul II Summer 1980: Emergence of the Independent Trade Union Solidarity 13 December 1981: Proclamation of martial law and the suppression of Solidarity 10 October 1982: Canonization of Maximilian Kolbe June 1983: Second papal visit to Poland by Pope John Paul II June 1987: Third papal visit to Poland by Pope John Paul II April 1989: Relegalization of Solidarity APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016 275 May 1989: Passage of three laws guaranteeing the Church’s legal status and right to organize radio and television programs, and guarantee- ing religious freedom May 1989: Semi-free elections, ending communist rule in Poland September 1990: The Senate passed a restrictive bill on abortion December 1990: Lech Wałęsa elected president of Poland 1991: Establishment of Radio Maryja by Fr. Tadeusz Rydzyk October 1991: Parliamentary elections, with the Democratic Union, Democratic Left Alliance, Catholic Election Action, Center Civic Alliance, Polish People’s Party, and Confederation of Independent Poland winning at least 46 seats each in the lower house of parliament, the Sejm December 1992: The Sejm voted to institute a new law requiring that radio and television broadcasts respect Christian values February 1993: President Wałęsa signed into law a strict bill outlawing abortion with only a few exceptions July 1993: Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka signed the Vatican draft text of a Concordat September 1993: Parliamentary elections, with the Democratic Left Alliance winning 171 seats in the 460-seat Sejm, followed by the Polish People’s Party with 132 seats, and the Democratic Union with 74 seats November 1995: Aleksander Kwaśniewski (SLD) elected president of Poland September 1997: Parliamentary elections, with Solidarity Electoral Action winning 201 seats in the 460-seat Sejm, followed by the Democratic Left Alliance with 164 seats, the Freedom Union with 60 seats, and the Polish People’s Party with 27 seats 25 March 1998: Ratification of the Concordat between the Holy See and the government of Poland October 2000: Aleksander Kwaśniewski (SLD) re-elected president of Poland September 2001: Parliamentary elections, with the Democratic Left Alliance winning 216 seats in the 460-seat Sejm, followed by the Civic Platform with 65
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