sign in sign up
<<
Home , Adalbert of Prague, Augustus II the Strong, Badeni, Confederation (Poland), Edict of toleration, Hanna Suchocka

APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016

966: Duke Mieszko’s conversion to 997: Beheading of Bishop Adalbert of (known in as Wojciech) 1022: Revolt against the Piast , with pagan participation 1066: Revolt by pagans 1140: Arrival of the Cistercian Order in Poland 1215: The Fourth Lateran Council, which made annual confession and communion mandatory for all 1241: Invasion of Eastern , including Poland, by a Tatar (Muslim) army 1337–1341: Renewed war with the 1386: Founding, through marriage, of the 1378–1417: The Great Schism, with rival sitting in Avignon and and, beginning in 1409, with a third residing in Pisa 1454–1466: The Thirteen Years’ War 1520: The of Thorn (Toruń), by which the King of Poland banned the importation of ’swritings into Poland 1529: The first siege of by Ottoman forces 1551–1553: New Testament published in Polish 1563: First translation of the entire Bible into Polish 1564: Arrival of the Jesuit Order in Poland

© The Author(s) 2017 271 S.P. Ramet, The in Polish History, Palgrave Studies in , Politics, and Policy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-40281-3 272 APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016

1569: The Union of , merging the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of into a single, federated Commonwealth 1577–1578: Lutherans granted freedom of worship in Poland 1596: The Union of Brest, bring a large number of Orthodox parishes into union with Rome as Eastern-Rite Catholics 1655–1660: The (between and Poland) 17 July–12 September 1683: The second siege of Vienna by Ottoman forces, ending with a victory over the Ottomans by Christian forces com- manded by King Jan III Sobieski of Poland 1716: A ban on the construction of any further Protestant churches in Poland 1772: First Partition of Poland, between , , and 1781: Edict of Toleration issued by Joseph II, abolishing most forms of discrimination against Protestants in the Habsburg crown lands 1788–1791: The first Russo-Turkish War, ending with Russia’s annexa- tion of and other territories 1791: Passage of a new constitution for Poland, establishing a hereditary monarchy and abolishing the liberum 1793: Second Partition of Poland, between Prussia and Russia 1795: Third Partition of Poland, between Prussia, Russia, and Austria 1807–1813: The Duchy of , functioning as a partially autonomous French satellite 1815–1848: The Grand Duchy of Posen, functioning as an autonomous unit with the . 1815–1867: The Congress Kingdom, existing as a partially autonomous region within the , with the Tsar of Russia serving also as King of Poland 1817: Reestablishment of the University of Lemberg (Lwów) 1830–1831: The against Russian rule 1846: Revolt in Kraków 1848: Revolutionary upheaval across much of Europe 1849: Conclusion of a Concordat between the and Russia 1850: The April Ordinances, issued by Kaiser Franz Joseph of Austria, regulating Church-state relations 1855: Conclusion of a Concordat between the Holy See and Austria 1863: The against Russian rule 1866: Cancelation of the Concordat by the Tsar of Russia; the Austro- Prussian War, ending in Prussian victory APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016 273

1867: The Ausgleich, dividing the Habsburg Empire into Austrian and Hungarian units, thereby creating Austria- 1869: Closing of the for the second time; Polish introduced as the language of public instruction in Austrian 1870 or 1871: Launch of the Kulturkampf by Berlin with the dual objective of undermining Polish national consciousness and subordinating the Catholic Church to the German bureaucratic apparatus 1871: German unification under the Hohenzollern dynasty = the Second Reich 1872: The Jesuit Order banned in 1873: German mandated as the language of instruction in all schools in Germany 1875: Repudiation of the 1596 Union of Brest by Russia 1886: Passage of a settlement law allocating funds for the German govern- ment to purchase Polish estates and turn the land over to German settlers 1907: Introduction of universal male suffrage in Austria 1914: Outbreak of World War One 1916: Establishment of a Regency Council by Germany and Austria, as a provisional government for a future Polish state 1918: The Regency Council transferred authority to Marshal Piłsudski; end of World War One 1918: Restoration of Polish independence 1919: Recognition of Polish independence by the Holy See 1919–1920: The Russo-Polish War, ending in significant territorial gains by Poland 17 March 1921: Adoption of interwar Poland’s first constitution 18 March 1921: Treaty of , ending the Russo-Polish War 1925: Conclusion of a Concordat between the Holy See and Poland 12–14 : Marshal Piłsudski’s coup d’état 23 April 1935: Adoption of interwar Poland’s second constitution 12 May 1935: Death of Marshal Piłsudski September 1939: Nazi , initiating World War Two 1944: A left-wing front backed by the Soviets, calling itself the Polish Committee of National Liberation, presented its claim to govern Poland, subsequently declaring itself the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland May 1945: End of World War Two in Europe 12 September 1945: The communist regime declared the 1925 Concordat null and void 274 APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016

1946–1947: Nationalization of Church printing presses and suppression of various Catholic periodicals, dissolution of Catholic lay organi- zations, seizure by the regime of 375,000 hectares of land belong- ing to the Church January 1947: Rigged elections, with official results claiming that the communist-led bloc had won 80.1% of the vote; after the elections, Peasant Party leader Stanisław Mikołajczyk fled the country 1948: Upon the death of Cardinal Hlond, Pope Pius XII turned to then-Bishop Wyszyński to succeed as Primate of Poland and inherit the office of Archbishop-Metropolitan of and Warsaw 1 July 1949: The Vatican issued Acta Apostolicae Sedis, a decree threaten- ing with excommunication any Catholics cooperating with com- munists or defending communist ideas 1949: Nationalization of the Church’s hospitals by the communist regime 23 January 1950: Seizure of the property of the Catholic charity “Caritas” by the regime; Church-state agreement 14 April 1950: Signing of an agreement between the Polish Episcopate and the Polish government July 1952: Passage of a new constitution, identifying the country as the People’s Republic of Poland August 1952: Closure of the theological faculties at the universities of Kraków and Warsaw 25 September 1953: Arrest of Cardinal Wyszyński 26 October 1956: Release of Cardinal Wyszyński from detention 1971: Transfer of German ecclesiastical properties in the -Neiße region to the Catholic and Evangelical Churches of Poland 17 October 1971: Beatification of Maximilian Kolbe 1975: Publication of draft amendments to the Polish constitution, referring to Poland’s “unbreakable fraternal bond with the ” 16 October 1978: Election of Archbishop Karol Wojtła of Kraków as Pope, taking the name John Paul II June 1979: First papal visit to Poland by Pope John Paul II Summer 1980: Emergence of the Independent Trade Union Solidarity 13 December 1981: Proclamation of martial law and the suppression of Solidarity 10 October 1982: of Maximilian Kolbe June 1983: Second papal visit to Poland by Pope John Paul II June 1987: Third papal visit to Poland by Pope John Paul II April 1989: Relegalization of Solidarity APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016 275

May 1989: Passage of three laws guaranteeing the Church’s legal status and right to organize radio and television programs, and guarantee- ing religious freedom May 1989: Semi-free elections, ending communist rule in Poland September 1990: The Senate passed a restrictive bill on abortion December 1990: Lech Wałęsa elected president of Poland 1991: Establishment of Radio Maryja by Fr. Tadeusz Rydzyk October 1991: Parliamentary elections, with the Democratic Union, , Catholic Election Action, Center Civic Alliance, Polish People’s Party, and of Independent Poland winning at least 46 seats each in the lower house of , the December 1992: The Sejm voted to institute a new law requiring that radio and television broadcasts respect Christian values February 1993: President Wałęsa signed into law a strict bill outlawing abortion with only a few exceptions July 1993: Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka signed the Vatican draft text of a Concordat September 1993: Parliamentary elections, with the Democratic Left Alliance winning 171 seats in the 460-seat Sejm, followed by the Polish People’s Party with 132 seats, and the Democratic Union with 74 seats November 1995: Aleksander Kwaśniewski (SLD) elected president of Poland September 1997: Parliamentary elections, with Solidarity Electoral Action winning 201 seats in the 460-seat Sejm, followed by the Democratic Left Alliance with 164 seats, the with 60 seats, and the Polish People’s Party with 27 seats 25 March 1998: Ratification of the Concordat between the Holy See and the government of Poland October 2000: Aleksander Kwaśniewski (SLD) re-elected president of Poland September 2001: Parliamentary elections, with the Democratic Left Alliance winning 216 seats in the 460-seat Sejm, followed by the with 65 seats, the Self-Defense Party with 53 seats, the party with 44 seats, and the Polish People’sParty with 42 seats July 2002: The European Parliament called for the legalization of abortion in all current and prospective EU member states 276 APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016

2003: Priestly vocations reached a 50-year high May 2004: Poland joined the 2 April 2005: Death of Pope John Paul II 19 April 2005: Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger elected Pope, taking the name Benedict XVI 25 September 2005: Parliamentary elections, with the Law and Justice party winning 155 seats, followed by the Civic Platform with 133 seats, the Self-Defense Party with 56 seats, the Democratic Left Alliance with 55 seats, the League of Polish Families with 34 seats, and the Polish People’s Party with 25 seats, with two seats reserved for the German minority; no other parties obtained parliamentary representation October 2005: Lech Kaczyński (PiS) elected president of Poland October 2007: Parliamentary elections, with the Civic Platform winning 209 seats in the 460-seat Sejm, followed by the Law and Justice party with 166 seats, the (an alliance of four parties including the Democratic Left Alliance) with 53 seats, and the Polish People’s Party with 31 seats, with one seat reserved for the German minority: no other parties obtained parliamentary representation 6 June 2010: Beatification of Jerzy Popiełuszko 4 July 2010: Bronisław Komorowski (PO) elected president of Poland May 2011: Beatification of Pope John Paul II October 2011: Parliamentary elections, with the Civic Platform winning 207 seats in the 460-seat Sejm, followed by the Law and Justice party with 157 seats, Palikot’s Movement (an anti-clerical party) with 40 seats, the Polish People’s Party with 28 seats, and the Democratic Left Alliance with 27 seats, with one seat reserved for the German minor- ity: no other parties obtained parliamentary representation April 2014: Canonization of Pope John Paul II 28 February 2013: Abdication of Benedict XVI as Pope 13 March 2013: Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglio elected Pope, taking the name Francis May 2015: (PiS) elected president of Poland October 2015: Parliamentary elections, with the Law and Justice party win- ning 235 seats in the 460-seat Sejm, followed by the Civic Platform with 138 seats, Kukiz’15 (a right-wing party led by a rock singer) with 42 seats, Modern (Nowoczesna) with 28 seats, and the Polish People’s Party with 16 seats, with one seat reserved for the German minority: no other parties obtained parliamentary representation APPENDIX – TIMELINE, 966–2016 277

December 2015: The PiS-controlled parliament rushed through changes to the regulations governing the Constitutional Tribunal, intended to undermine its independence March 2016: The Constitutional Tribunal declared that the changes made to its operations were illegal and unconstitutional March 2016: Open letter issued by the Polish Episcopate, calling the 1993 law on abortion a “compromise” and demanding that there be a total ban on all abortions September 2016: The Sejm voted down a pro-choice bill and voted to approve a bill to ban all abortions October 2016: Following protests across Poland by tens of thousands of pro-choice women, the Sejm took a second vote on the bill to ban all abortions and voted it down SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

GENERAL HISTORIES Bain, R. Nisbet. Slavonic Europe: A Political and Russia From 1447 to 1796 (Cambridge and : Cambridge University Press, 1908; reissued in 2013). Davies, Norman. God’s Playground: A History of Poland – Vol. 1, The Origins to 1795, Revised ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005). Davies, Norman. God’s Playground: A History of Poland – Vol. 2, 1795 to the Present, Revised ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005). Halecki, Oscar. A History of Poland (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1955). Lerski, George J. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945. with special editing & emendations by Piotr Wróbel and Richard J. Kozicki (Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press, 1996). Lukowski, Jerzy, and Hubert Zawadzki. A Concise History of Poland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Prażmowska, Anita. A History of Poland (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). Roos, Hans. A History of Modern Poland, trans. from German by J. R. Foster (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1966).

HISTORIES OF THE CHURCH IN POLAND Cywiński, Bohdan. Ogniem Próbowane: Z dziejów najnowych Kościoła Katolickiego w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej, Vol. 1 (Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, 1993).

© The Author(s) 2017 279 S.P. Ramet, The Catholic Church in Polish History, Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-40281-3 280 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Holzapfel, Helmut. Tausend Jahre Kirche Polens (Würzburg: Echter-Verlag, 1966). Kłoczowski, Jerzy. A History of Polish Christianity. trans. from Polish by Małgorzata Sady with the help of Piotr Pienkowski, Teresa Baruk- Ulewiczowa, and Magdalena Kloczowska (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Porter-Szűcs, Brian. Faith and Fatherland: Catholicism, Modernity, and Poland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

FROM THE BAPTISM OF POLAND IN 966 TO 1772 Backus, Oswald P. III “The Problem of Unity in the Polish-Lithuanian State”,in Slavic Review, Vol. 22, No. 3 September (1963): 411–431. Betts, R. R. “Poland, Hungary and ”, in G. R. Elton (ed.), The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. II: The 1520–1559 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968): 198–222. David, Pierre. “The Church in Poland, from its Origin to 1250”,inW.F Reddaway, J. H Penson, and O. Halecki, and R Dyboski (eds.), The Cambridge History of Poland: From the origins to Sobieski (to 1696) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950): 60–84. Deveiké, Joné. “The Legal Aspect of the Last Religious Conversion in Europe”,in The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 32, No. 78 (December 1953): 117–131. Fox, Paul. The Reformation in Poland: Some Social and Economic Aspects (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1924). Fox, Paul. “The Reformation in Poland”, in W. F. Reddaway, J. H. Penson, O. Halecki, and R. Dyboski (eds.), The Cambridge History of Poland: From the Origins to Sobieski (to 1696) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950): 322–347. Frost, Robert. The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: Vol. I, The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1567 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015). Kętrzyński, S. “The Introduction of Christianity and the Early Kings of Poland”,in W. F. Reddaway, J. H. Penson, O. Halecki, and R. Dyboski (eds.), The Cambridge History of Poland: From the Origins to Sobieski (to 1696) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950): 16–42. Knoll, Paul W. “Poland as ‘Antemurale Christianitatis’ in the Late Middle Ages”,inThe Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 60, No. 3 (October 1974): 381–401. Kowalski, Waldemar. “From the ‘Land of Diverse Sects’ to National Religion: Converts to Catholicism and Reformed Franciscans in Early Modern Poland”, in Church History, Vol. 70, No. 3 (September 2001): 482–526. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 281

Narzyński, Janusz. “Zur Geschichte des Luthertums in Polen vom 16. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert”, in Gerhard Bassarak (ed.), Ökumene in Polen (Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1982): 49–102. Porter, Brian. “The Catholic Nation: Religion, Identity, and the Narratives of Polish History”,inThe Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Summer 2001): 289–299. Schramm, Gottfried. Der Polnische Adel und die Reformation, 1548–1607 (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1965). Stone, Daniel. The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2001). Tazbir, Janusz. Poland as the Rampart of Christian Europe: Myths and Historical Reality (Warsaw: Interpress Publishers, N.D, [1984]?). Umiński, J. “The Counter-Reformation in Poland”, in W. F Reddaway, J. H Penson, O Halecki, and R Dyboski (eds.), The Cambridge History of Poland: From the origins to Sobieski (to 1696) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950): 392–415. Vlasto, A. P. The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). Weintraub, Wiktor. “Renaissance Poland and Antemurale Christianitatis”,in Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. III, No. IV (1979–1980), Part 2: 920–930.

THE ERA OF THE PARTITIONS, 1772–1918 Alexander, John T. : Life and Legend (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). Batkowski, Henryk. “Die Polen”, in Adam Wandruszka and Peter Urbanitsch (eds.), Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918, Vol. 3: Die Völker des Reiches, I. Teilband (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1980): 522–554. Bérenger, Jean. A History of the Habsburg Empire 1700–1918, trans. from French by C. A. Simpson (London and New York: Routledge, 2014). Biskup, Marian. “Preußen und Polen: Grundlinien und Reflexionen”,in Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, New series, Vol. 31, No. 1 (1983): 1–27. Bjork, James. “A Polish Mitteleuropa? Upper ’s Conciliationists and the Prospect of German Victory”,inNationalities Papers, Vol. 29, No. 3 (2001): 477–492. Blanke, Richard. “Bismarck and the Prussian Polish Policies of 1886”,inThe Journal of Modern History, Vol. 45, No. 2 (June 1973): 211–239. Blanke, Richard. “The Development of Loyalism in Prussian Poland, 1886– 1890”,inThe Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 52, No. 129 (October 1974): 548–565. 282 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Blanke, Richard. “An ‘Era of Reconciliation’ in German-Polish Relations (1890– 1894)”,inSlavic Review, Vol. 36, No. 1 (March 1977): 39–53. Bled, Jean-Paul. Franz Joseph, trans. from French by Teresa Bridgeman (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992). Broszat, Martin. Zweihundert Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik (Frankfurt-am-Main: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1972). Butterwick, Richard. The Polish Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1788–1792: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). Chvojka, Michal. “Zwischen Konspiration und Revolution Entstehung und Auswirkungen der Revolution von 1846 in Krakau und Galizien Wahrnehmung und Aktionsradius der Habsburger Polizei”,inJahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Vol. 58, No. 4 (2010): 481–507. Corti, E. C. Conte and Hans Sokol. Kaiser Franz Joseph (Graz and Vienna: Verlag Styria, 1960). de Madariaga, Isabel. Catherine the Great: A short history (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990). Dettmer, Günter. Die ost- und westpreussischen Verwaltungsbehörden in Kulturkampf (Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer, 1958). Dixon, Simon. Catherine the Great (Harlow and London: Pearson Education, 2001). Dylągowa, Halina. “Na przełome Oświecenia i Romantyzmu (1795–1831)”,in Jerzy Kłoczowski (ed.), Chrześcijaństwo w Polsce: Zarys przemian, 966–1979 (Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 1992): 373–401. Fejtö, François. Joseph II. Porträt eines aufgeklärten Despoten, trans. from French by Ursula Rohden (Munich: Matthes & Seitz, 1987). Franz, Georg. Kulturkampf. Staat und Katholische Kirche in Mitteleuropa von der Säkularisation bis zum Abschluss des Preussischen Kulturkampfes (Munich: Verlag Georg D. W. Callwey, 1954). Gall, Lothar. Bismarck: The White Revolutionary – Vol. 2, 1871–1898, trans. from German by J. A. Underwood (London: Unwin Hyman, 1986). Hagen, William W. “The and the Crisis of the Old Regime in Prussia 1772–1806”,inCentral European History, Vol. 9, No. 2 (June 1976): 115–128. Jabłońska-Deptuła, Ewa, and Jan Skarbek. “W dobie między powstaniami (1832– 1864)”, in Jerzy Kłoczowski (ed.), Chreścijaństwo w Polsce: Zarys przemian, 966–1979 (Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 1992): 403–452. Jászi, Oscar. The Dissolution of the (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1929; first Phoenix edition, 1961; fifth impres- sion, 1971). SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 283

Judson, Pieter M. The Habsburg Empire: A New History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016). Kann, Robert A. A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974). Kunisch, Johannes. Friedrich der Grosse. Der König und seine Zeit (Munich: C. H. Beck oHG, 2004). Kutscheroff, Samuel. “Administration of Justice under ”,in The American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 7, No. 2 (April 1948): 125–138. Leisching, Peter. “Die Römisch-Katholische Kirche in Cisleithanien”, in Adam Wandruszka (ed.), Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848–1918, Vol. 4: Die Konfessionen (Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1995): 1–247. Leslie, R. F. “Politics and Economics in Congress Poland, 1815–1864”,inPast & Present, No. 8 November (1955): 43–63. Macartney, C. A. The Habsburg Empire 1790–1918 (New York: Macmillan, 1969). Mai, Joachim. Die preußisch-deutsche Polenpolitik 1885/87. Eine Studie zur Herausbilding des Imperialismus in Deutschland (Berlin: Rütten & Loening, 1962). May, Arthur J. The Hapsburg Monarchy 1867–1914 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951). Milne, Andrew. Metternich (London: University of London Press, 1975). Müller, Leonhard. Der Kampf zwischen politischen Katholizismus und Bismarcks Politik im Spiegel der Schlesischen Volkszeitung (Breslau: Müller & Seiffert, 1929). Olszewski, Daniel. “Okres Wzrastającego ucisku i głębokich premian społecznych (1864–1914)”,inKłoczowski (ed.), Chrześcijaństwo w Polsce: Zarys przemian, 966–1979 (Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 1992): 457–504. Pflanze, Otto. Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Vol. 2: The Period of Consolidation, 1871–1880 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990). Pflanze, Otto. Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Vol. 3: The Period of Fortification, 1880–1898 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990). Porter, Brian. “Thy Kingdom Come: Patriotism, Prophecy, and the Catholic Hierarchy in Nineteenth-century Poland”,inThe Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 89, No. 2 (April 2003): 213–239. Porter, Brian. “Who is a Pole and Where is Poland? Territory and Nation in the Rhetoric of Polish National Democracy before 1905”,inSlavic Review, Vol. 51, No. 4 (Winter 1992): 639–653. Ravens, Jürgen-Peter. Staat und katholische Kirche in Preußens polnischen Teilungsgebieten (1772–1807) (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1963). 284 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rosenthal, Harry Kenneth. “The Election of Archbishop Stablewski”,inSlavic Review, Vol. 28, No. 2 (June 1969): 265–275 Sambuk, Daria. “Die russische Frage: Polen in der Reformdiskussion des Zarenreiches (1856–1863)”,inJahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, Vol. 58, No. 4 (2010): 508–536. Schmidt-Volkmar, Erich. Der Kulturkampf in Deutschland 1871–1890 (Göttingen, Berlin, and Frankfurt: Musterschmidt-Verlag, 1962). Shedel, James. “Emperor, Church, and People: Religion and Dynastic Loyalty during the Golden Jubilee of Franz Joseph”,inThe Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 76, No. 1 (January 1990): 71–92. Smith, Helmut Walser. German and Religious Conflict: Culture, Ideology, Politics, 1870–1914 (Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1995). Trzeciakowski, Lech. The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland. trans. from Polish by Katarzyna Kretkowska (Boulder, C.O.: East European Monographs, 1990). Trzeciakowski, Lech. “The Prussian State and the Catholic Church in Prussian Poland 1871–1914”, trans. from Polish by Stanislaus A. Blejwas, in Slavic Review, Vol. 26, No. 4 December (1967): 618–637. Volkmann, Hans-Erich. Die Polenpolitik des Kaiserreichs. Prolog zum Zeitalter der Weltkriege (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2016). Wandycz, Piotr S. The Lands of Partitioned Poland (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008). Wandycz, Piotr S. “The in the Habsburg Monarchy”,inAustrian History Yearbook, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1967): 261–286. Weeks, Theodore R. “Defining Us and Them: Poles and Russians in the ‘Western Provinces’ 1863–1914”,inSlavic Review, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring 1994): 26–40. Wolff, Larry. The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010). Wolff, Larry. “Inventing Galicia: Messianic Josephinism and the Recasting of Partitioned Poland”,inSlavic Review,Vol.63,No.4(Winter2004):818– 840. Wolff, Larry. “Kennst du das Land?’ The Uncertainty of Galicia in the Age of Metternich and Fredro”,inSlavic Review, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Summer 2008): 277–300. Wolff, Larry. The Vatican and Poland in the Age of the Partitions: Diplomatic and Cultural Encounters at the Warsaw Nunciature (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1988). Zawadzki, W. H. “Russia and the Re-Opening of the , 1801–1814”,inThe International History Review, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February 1985): 19–44. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 285

THE INTERWAR REPUBLIC Bender, Ryszard. “I Wojna Światowa i Polska Niepodległa (1914–1939)”,inJerzy Kłoczowski (ed.), Chrześciajaństwo w Polsce. Zarys Przemian 966–1979 (Lublin: Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 1992): 507–551. Benecke, Werner. “Zur Lage der russisch-orthodoxen Kirche in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik 1918–1939”, in Hans-Christian Maner and Martin Schulze Wessel (eds.), Religion im Nationalstaat zwischen den Weltkriegen 1918–1939 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002): 123–143. Biskupski, M. B. “Paderewski, Polish Politics, and the Battle for Warsaw, 1920”,in Slavic Review, Vol. 46, No. 3–4 (Autumn–Winter 1987): 505–512. Chojnowski, Andrej. “The Controversy over Former Uniate Property in Interwar Poland”,inNationalities Papers, Vol. 16, No. 2 (September 1988): 177–190. Fiddick, Thomas. “The ‘Miracle of the ’: Soviet Policy versus Red Army Strategy”,inThe Journal of Modern History, Vol. 45, No. 4 (December 1973): 626–643. Hetherington, Peter. Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland and the Struggle for Eastern Europe, 2nd ed. (Houston, TX: Pingora Press, 2012). Holzer, Jerzy. “The Political Right in Poland, 1918–39”,inJournal of Contemporary History, Vol. 12, No. 3 (July 1977): 395–412. Jędrzejewicz, Wacław. Piłsudski: A life for Poland (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1982). Krasowski, Krzysztof. Episkopat katolicki w II Rzeczypospolitej. Myśl o ustroju państwa – postulaty. —realizacja (Warsaw and Poznań: Radakcja Naukowa, 1992). Leszyński, Paweł A. Stosunki Państwo-Kościoł w Koncepcjach Oraz Praktyce Rządów Obozu Piłsudczykowskiego (Gorzów Wielkopolski: Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim, 2008). Michael, Holger. Marschall Józef Piłsudski 1867 bis 1935. Schöpfer des modernen Polens (Bonn: Pahl-Rugenstein Verlag Nf. GmbH, 2010). Modras, Ronald. The Catholic Church and Antisemitism in Poland, 1933–1939 (London and New York: Routledge, 1994). Pease, Neal. “Poland and the Holy See, 1918–1939”,inSlavic Review, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Autumn 1991): 521–530. Pease, Neal. Rome’s Most Faithful Daughter: The Catholic Church and Independent Poland, 1914–1939 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009). Pease, Neal. “The ‘Unpardonable Insult’: The Wawel Incident of 1937 and Church-state Relations in Poland”,inThe Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 77, No. 3 (July 1991): 422–436. Plach, Eva. The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural politics in Piłsudski’s Poland, 1926–1935 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006). 286 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Polonsky, Antony. Politics in Independent Poland 1921–1939: The Crisis of Constitutional Government (Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1972). Rothschild, Joseph. “The Ideological, Political, and Economic Background of Piłsudski’s Coup D’État of 1926”,inPolitical Science Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 2 (June 1963): 224–244. Sadkowski, Konrad. “From Ethnic Borderland to Catholic Fatherland: The Church, Christian Orthodox, and State Administration in the Chelm region, 1918–1939”,inSlavic Review, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter 1998): 813–839. Strakhovsky, Leonid I. “The Church in Contemporary Poland (1919–1930)”,in The Catholic Historical Review, Vol. 18, No. 3 (October 1932): 328–340. Szeruda, Jan. “The Protestant Churches of Poland”,inThe Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 16, No. 48 (April 1938): 616–628. Zieliński, Zygmunt, and Stanisław Wilk. Kościół w Drugiej Rzeczpospolitej (Lublin: Towarzystwa Naukowego KUL, 1980).

WORLD WAR TWO Broszat, Martin. Nationalsozialistische Polenpolitik 1939–1945 (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1961). Friedrich, Klaus-Peter. “Collaborationina‘Land without a Quisling’: Patterns of Cooperation with the Nazi German Occupation Regime in Poland during World War II”,inSlavic Review, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Winter 2005): 711–746. Kleßmann, Christoph. “Nationalsozialistische Kirchenpolitik und Nationalitätenfrage im GG (1939–1945)”,inJahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas,Newseries,Vol.18, No. 4 December (1970): 575–600. Kochanski, Halik. The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012). Madajczyk, Czesław. Die Deutsche Besatzungspolitik in Polen (1939–1945) (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag GmbH, 1967). Pohl, Dieter. “Polen und Juden under deutscher Besatzung 1939–1945: Zu einigen Neuerscheinungen”,inJahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, Vol. 38, No. 2 (1990): 255–260.

THE COMMUNIST ERA Barberini, Giovanni. Stato socialista e Chiesa cattolica in Polonia (Bologna: CSEO biblioteca, 1983). Chrypinski, Vincent C. “The Catholic Church in Poland, 1944–1989”, in Pedro Ramet (ed.), Catholicism and Politics in Communist Societies (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990): 117–141. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 287

Chrypinski, Vincent C. “Church and Nationality in Postwar Poland”, in Pedro Ramet (ed.), Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics, Rev. & Expanded ed (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989): 241–263. Chrypinski, Vincent C. “Church and State in Gierek’s Poland”, in Maurice D. Simon and Roger E. Kanet (eds.), Background to Crisis: Policy and Politics in Gierek’s Poland (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1981): 239–264. Dahlmann, Hans-Christian. “Die antisemitische Kampagne in Polen 1968”,in Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Vol. 56, No. 4 (2008): 554–570. de Weydenthal, Jan B. The Communists of Poland: An Historical Outline, Revised ed. (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1986). Diskin, Hanna. The Seeds of Triumph: Church and state in Gomułka’s Poland (Budapest/New York: Central European University Press, 2001). Dolan, Edward. “Post-War Poland and the Church”,inThe American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 14, No. 1 (February 1955): 84–92. Dudek, Antoni, and Ryszard Gryz. Komunisci i Kośćioł w Polsce, 1945–1989 (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, 2003). Kenney, Padraic. Rebuilding Poland: Workers and Communists, 1945–1950 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997). Kunicki, Mikołay Stanisław. Between the Brown and the Red: Nationalism, Catholicism, and Communism in 20th-Century Poland – the Politics of Bolesław Piasecki (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2012). Łatki, Rafała (ed.). Stosunki Państwo-Kościoł w Polsce 1944–2010: Studia i materiały (Kraków: Księgarnia Akademika, 2013). Luks, Leonid. Katholizismus und Politische Macht im Kommunistischen Polen 1945–1989. Die Anatomie einer Befreiung (Köln/Weimar/Wien: Böhlau Verlag, 1993). Luxmoore, Jonathan. “The Polish Church Under Martial Law”,inReligion in Communist Lands, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Summer 1987): 124–166. Micewski, Andrzej. Cardinal Wyszyński: A biography, trans. from Polish by William R. Brand and Katarzyna Mroczkowska-Brand (San Diego/New York/London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984). Micewski, Andrzej. Katholische Gruppierungen in Polen. Pax und Znak, 1945– 1976, trans. from Polish by Wolfgang Grycz (Munich/Mainz: Kaiser und Grunewald, 1978). Michnik, Adam. The Church and the Left. trans. from Polish by David Ost (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993). Monticone, Ronald C. The Catholic Church in Communist Poland 1945–1985: Forty years of Church-State Relations (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1986). Osa, Maryjane. Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish Opposition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003). 288 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ramet, Sabrina Petra. Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Consequences of the Great Transformation, 2nd ed. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995). The Roman Catholic Church in People’s Poland (Warsaw: The Central ’ Committee, Affiliated to the Organization of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy, 1953) Rosada, Stefan and Józef Gwóźdž. “Church and State in Poland”, in Vladimir Gsovski (ed.), Church and State behind the Iron Curtain (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1955): 161–252. Siedlarz, Jan. Kirche und Staat im kommunistischen Polen 1945–1989 (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1996). Strassberg, Barbara. “Changes in Religious Culture in Post[-World] War II Poland”,inSociological Analysis, Vol. 48, No. 4 (Winter 1988): 342–354. Szajkowski, Bogdan. Next to God ...Poland: Politics and Religion in Contemporary Poland (London: Frances Pinter, 1983). Valkenier, Elizabeth. “The Catholic Church in Communist Poland, 1945–1955”, in The Review of Politics, Vol. 18, No. 3 (July 1956): 305–326. Wyszyński, Stefan Cardinal. A Freedom Within: The Prison Notes of Stefan Cardinal Wyszyński, trans. from Polish by Barbara Krzywicki-Herburt and Rev. Walter J. Ziemba (San Diego/New York/London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983). Zieliński, Zygmunt with the cooperation of Sabina Bober, Kościoł w Polsce 1944– 2007 (Gdańsk-Zaspa: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 2009)

YEARS SINCE 1989 Daniel, Krystyna. “The Church-State Situation in Poland After the Collapse of Communism”,inBrigham Young University Law Review, Vol. 1995, Issue 2: 401–420. de Lange, Sarah L., and Simona Guerra. “The League of Polish Families between East and West, Past and Present”,inCommunist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 42, No. 4 (December 2009): 527–549. Eberts, Mirella W. “The Roman Catholic Church and Democracy in Poland”,in Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 50, No. 5 (July 1998): 817–842. Graczyk, Roman. Cena przetrwania? SB wobec Tygodnika Powszechny (Warsaw: Wydawca Czerwone i Czarne, 2011). Isakowicz-Zaleski, Fr. Tadeusz Kzięża wobec bezpieki: na przykładzie archidiecezji krakowskiej (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, 2007). Jackowska, Natalia. Kośćiol katolicki w Polsce wobec integracji europejskiej (Poznań & Gniezno: Instytut Zachodniego, 2003). Korbonski, Andrzej. “Poland Ten Years After: The Church”,inCommunist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 33, No. 1 (March 2000): 123–146. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 289

Koseła, Krzystof. “Religijność młodych Niemców i Polaków”,inSocjologia Religii (Poznań), Vol. 2 (2004): 123–154. Koseła, Krzystof, Tadeusz Szawiel, Mirosława Grabowska, and Małgorzata Sikorska (eds.) Tożsamość Polaków a Unia Europejska (Warsaw: Instytut Badań nad Podstawami Demokracji, 2002). Lasota, Marek. Donos na Wojtyłe: Karol Wojtyła w teczkach bezpieki (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, 2006). Leszczyńska, Katarzyna. “The Standpoint of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland and the Towards Europe, the European Union and the European Integration Process”, in Dinka Marinović Jerolimov, Siniša Zrinščak, and Irena Borowik (eds.), Religion and Patterns of Social Transformation (Zagreb: Institute for Social Research, 2004): 253–275. Luxmoore, Jonathan. “Poland Rethinks Supervision of ‘Sects’ After Minority Church Complaints”,inChristianity Today (posted 1 March 2001, http:// www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/marchweb-only/3-5-24.0.html [last accessed on 27 April 2013] Luxmoore, Jonathan. “Poland’s Catholic Bishops Reject Criticism of Dominus Iesus”,inChristianity Today (posted 1 September 2000), http://www.chris tianitytoday.com/ct/2000/septemberweb-only/34.0b.html [last accessed on 27 April 2013] Mazurkiewicz, Piotr. (ed.) Kościoł Katolicki w przededniu wejścia Polski do Unii Eurpejskiej (Warsaw: Instytut Spraw Publicznych, 2003). Ramet, Sabrina P., and Irena Borowik (eds.) Religion, Politics, and Values in Poland: Continuity and Change since 1989 (Basingstoke and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016). Zdaniewicz, Witold, and Sławomir H. Zaręba (eds.) Kośćioł Katolicki na początku trzeciego tysiąclecia w opinii Polaków (Warsaw: Instytut Statystyki Kośćioła Katolickiego, 2004). Zuba, Krzysztof. “The Political Strategies of the Catholic Church in Poland”,in Religion, State & Society, Vol. 38, No. 2 (June 2010): 115–134. INDEX

A B Abortion Bach, Alexander, 93 ban on, 202–209, 241 Badeni, Count Kazimierz, 94 and Radio Maryja, 205–207 Bain, R. Nisbet, 15 revisions to law on, 207–209 Balicki, Zygmunt, 129 Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 157, 266 Baptism, 14–23 Adamski, Bishop Stanisław, 158 Bartel, Kazimierz, 127 Aggiornamento, 193 Baziak, Eugeniusz, 160 Agricultural collectivization, 154 BBWR, 133–134, 136 Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, 51, 53, 69 Beck, Colonel Józef, 137 Alexander III, Tsar of Russia, 59–64 Benedict XV, Pope, 98 Antemurale Christianitatis, 23–26 Benedict, XVI, Pope, 218, 233, 243 Anti-Semitism, 111, 132, 152 Bergoglio, Cardinal Jorge Mario, see Anti-Zionist campaign Francis, Pope of 1968, 167 Berlusconi, Silvio, 214 April Ordinances, 90 Bez dogmatu, 215 Aquinas, Thomas, see Aquinas, Biedroń, Robert, 215, 238 Thomas Bierut, Bolesław, 155 Aryanization, 148 Biłiński, Leon von, 94 Augustus II the Strong, King Biskup, Marian, 73–74 of Poland, 32 Bismarck, Otto von, 76, 79 Augustus III, King of Poland, 32 Blanke, Richard, 76 Auschwitz concentration Blaszyński, Fr. Wojciech, 72 camp, 201–202 Bolesław I Chrobry, Duke, 16 Ausgleich (1867), 93–94 Bolesław II Śmiały, King of Poland, 19 Austrian Galicia, see Habsburg Galicia Bolesław the Forgotten, King Austrian sector (1772-1918), 3, of Poland, 16 82–96 Boniecki, Fr. Adam, 217

© The Author(s) 2017 291 S.P. Ramet, The Catholic Church in Polish History, Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-40281-3 292 INDEX

Brezhnev, Leonid I., 171 Church-state relations Buddhism, 120–121, 140n36 after the collapse Budenny, General Semeon M., 114 of communism, 195–196, Bujak, Zbigniew, 202 202–205, 208–209, 213 in the early 1950s, 160–161 under Gierek, 168–173 C under Gomułka, 162, 163, Calvinism, 26–28, 41, 262 165–167 in Poland, 121 in the Habsburg Empire, 82–96 Caprivi, Leo von, 80–82 in the interwar era, 122–123, Caritas, 158 125–126, 127–133, 137–138 Casanova, José, 193 under Jaruzelski, 174–178 Castlereagh, Lord, 69 in Prussia/Germany, 65–82 Catherine II “the Great”, in Russia, 50–64 Empress, 41, 42, 44, 47 Cimoszewicz, Włodzimierz, 211, 217 Catholic Church Colonization of the eastern agenda, 229–231 territories, 79–80 controversy about Columb, General, 73 collaboration, 231–236 Committee for the Defense of the educational and charitable Country (KOK), 174 engagement, 196–198 Communism, 3–4, 153, 157–158 in the era of Kaiser Franz Concordat with Austria Joseph, 89–92 (1855), 90–91 and parishes, 32 Concordat with Poland and political engagement, 227 (1925), 125–126, 131 polling data, 230, 246 Concordat with Poland post-communist era, 228–229 (ratified in 1998), 195 property restitution, controversy Concordat with Russia (1847), 57 surrounding, 236–238 Concordia, 92 and sex abuse, 238–244 Confessio fidei catholicae christiana Catholic Election Action (Hozjusz), 31 (WAK), 200 Congress of Ems, 84 Catholicism, 8, 14, 113, 132–133 Congress Kingdom, 53, 54 Catholic Reformation, 20, 29–32 , 53, 69–70 Catholic University in Lublin Constance, Council (KUL), 150, 158, 197 of (1414–1418), 23, 31 Catholic Youth Organization, 197 Constitution of March 1849, 93 Center Party, 78 Constitution of 1935, 134 Centessimus annus (encyclical issued Constitution of 1921, 122–123 in 1991), 266 Constitution of 3 May 1791, 47, 49 Christian values, 195 Counter Reformation, 29–32 INDEX 293

Crimean War, 58 Engelberg, Ernst, 75 Cum Primum (encyclical issued Era of reconciliation, 81 in 1832), 55, 57, 263 Eulenburg, Count Botha von, 80 Curzon, Lord, 114 Europeanization, 211 Ćwikliński, Ludwik, 94 European Union (EU), 193 , Prince Adam, 51 and Church, 209–214 Częstochowa, 64, 73, 171, 192 and draft constitution, 212

D F Dąbrowski, General Jan Henryk, 68 Fakty i mity, 215 Dalbor, Cardinal Edmund, 112, Feliński, Archbishop Zygmunt 124–126, 130 Szczęsny, 61 The (Sienkiewicz), 161 Ferdinand I, Kaiser, 89 de Madariaga, Isabela, 41 Flottwell, Eduard, 71 Democratic Left Alliance Forefather’s Eve (Mickiewicz), 98 (SLD), 196, 208, 211 Förster, Bishop Heinrich, 79 Democratic Party, 173 Francis, Pope, 218 d’Estaing, Valery Giscard, 212 Franz, Georg, 75 Dettmer, Günter, 75 Franz I, Kaiser of Austria, 83–86, 89 Die Ostmark, see Ostmark, Die Franz Joseph, Kaiser of Austria Dinder, Bishop Julius, 79 and King of Hungary, 89–92 Divini redemptoris, 266 Friedrich II “the Great”, King Dixon, Simon, 41 of Prussia, 42, 44 Dmowski, Roman, 111–113, 116, Friedrich Wilhelm II, King 124, 129–130 of Prussia, 66, 68 Dominus Iesus, 216 Friedrich Wilhelm III, King , 51, 52, 68–69 of Prussia, 71 Duda, Andrzej, 239 Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King Dunajewski, von, 94 of Prussia, 71 Dymek, Walenty, 150 Fulmann, Bishop, 146 Dziwisz, Cardinal Stanisław, 232

G E Galicia, see Habsburg Galicia Eastern-Rite Catholic Church, 51, 57 Gallicanism, 84 Eberts, Mirella, 216 defined, 107n202 Ecumenism, 194 Galon, Bishop, 19–20 Edict of Toleration (1781), 83 Gamrat, Bishop Piotr, 31 Emigration, 58–59 Garampi, Giuseppe, 44 Endecja, 123–124 Gazeta Polska, 233 294 INDEX

Gazeta Wyborcza, 215, 237 Holy See, 19, 25, 40, 98, Generalgouvernement, 145 131, 235 George III, King of the United Home Army, 149, 152 Kingdom of Great Britain Homophobia, 198–200 and Ireland, 41 Homosexuality, 198–200 Germanization, 74, 76, 148 public attitudes about, 238 German unification (1871), Polish Hoym, Karl George reaction to, 74–75 Heinrich von, 66 Gierek, Edward, 167, 168–173 Hozjusz, Bishop Stanisław, 28, 31 Gilon of Toucy, 19 Human rights, 147, 267 Glemp, Cardinal Józef, 174–177, 192–194, 198, 211, 214–216, 232 I Goldscheider, Max, 24 Innocent III, Pope, 20 Gołuchowski, Count Agenor, 94 Institute of National Remembrance Gomułka, Władysław, 161–167 (IPN), 241 Göral, Suffragan Bishop, 146 Interwar Republic Gossler, Gustav von, 81 (1918–1939), 111–138 Gowin, Jarosław, 216, 240 and anti-Semitism, 111 Grabski, Władysław, 115, 121, 125 and borders, 114–117 Graczyk, Roman, 235 and Church, 113, 122–123, Grand Duchy of Posen, 70, 71 125–126, 127–133, Grande Armée, 68, 69 137–138 Great Novena, 164–165 and Concordat, 125–126, 131 Gregory VII, Pope, 19 and constitution of 1920, 122–125 Gregory XVI, Pope, 40, 59 and demographic and confessional Griffith, Sanford, 116 make-up, 117–121 Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich, 172 and early years 1921–1926, 121–126 Gronkiewicz-Waltz, Hanna, 196 and Protestants in, 121 and rule by the colonels – – H 1935 1939, 135 138 and Sanacja 1926–1935, 126–135 Habsburg Empire, 74, 82–96 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 241–242 Habsburg Galicia, 86–96 Isakowicz-Zaleski, Fr. Tadeusz, 177, Halecki, Oscar, 15 231–235 Herman, Duke Władysław, 19 Herzog, Theodore, 75 Hilberg, Raul, 220n30 Hlond, Cardinal August, J Primate, 128, 130–135, 146 Jancarz, Kazmierz, 234 Hohenzollern, Bishop Johannes Jan III Sobieski, King of Poland, 25, von, 67 132, 262 INDEX 295

Jansenism, 84 Kulturkampf, 75–77 defined, 107n203 Kultusministerium, 71 Jaruzelski, General Wojciech, 173, Kwartalnik Historyczny, 94 175, 176 Kwaśniewski, Aleksander, 196, 200, Jasna Góra, 25, 32, 64 207, 208, 211, 213 Jászi, Oscar, 94–95 Jędrzejewicz, Wacław, 136 Jesuits, 31, 65, 72, 150 L , Nazis and, 151 Landtag, 74, 75 Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 21 Law and Justice party (PiS), 216, John XXIII, Pope, 23, 193–194 230, 239 John Paul II, Pope, 171, 193, 218 Lazarus, 13–14 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 43, League of Polish Families (LPR), 230 47, 83–86 Ledóchowski, Archbishop Josephinism, 84 Mieczysław, 77–78 Lempa, Florian, 199 K Leo III, Pope, 15 Leo IX, Pope, 19 Kaczmarek, Bishop Czesław, 146, Leo XIII, Pope, 78, 79 151, 159–160, 264 Leopold II, Holy Roman Kaczyński, Jarosław, 239 Emperor, 47, 85 Kaczyński, Lech, 244 Lepa, Adam, 230 Kakowski, Cardinal Lepper, Andrzej, 210 Aleksander, 111–112, 117, Leszczyński, Paweł, 114 124–126, 127 LGBT Rights, 239 Kania, Stanisław, 173 , 41–42, 44, 46 Kaunitz, Prince Wenzel Likowski, Bishop Edward, 81, 96 Anton, 43, 86 Lippomano, Luigi, Papal nuncio, 28 Kazimierz I the Restorer, Duke, 16 Lorek, Bishop Jan, 146 Kazimierz III the Great, King , 27, 31, 41 of Poland, 20–21 Łysa Góra, 16 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich, 155 Kietlicz, Archbishop Henryk, 19 Kłoczowski, Jerzy, 72 Komorowski, Bronisław, 244 M Korytowski, Witold von, 94 Mackiewicz, Stanisław, 61 Kościuszko, Tadeusz, 47, 49, 60 Madeyski, Stanisław von, 94 , Bishop Józef, 49 Maliński, Mieczysław, 232 Kotliński, Roman, 215 Maria Theresa, Empress-Consort Krasicki, Bishop Ignacy, 67–68 and Queen, 42–43 Krasowski, Krzysztof, 130 Martial law, 55, 60, 174–178 Kubina, Bishop Teodoro, 146 Marwitz, Bishop Johannes von der, 78 296 INDEX

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 173, 181 Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 53–58 Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa, Paşa, 25 Nicholas II, Pope, 19 Metternich, Count Clemens Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 63 von, 87–88 Nie, 215 Michalik, Archbishop Józef, 231 Niedziela, 198, 215 Mickiewicz, Adam, 98 Norbertines, see Premonstratensians , Duke, 4, 15, 261 Nowa lewica, 215 Mieszko II Lambert, King of Nowicka, Wanda, 203 Poland, 16 Nycz, Cardinal Kazimierz, 241 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 154 Miliutin, N. N., 61 Miller, Leszek, 211 O Mit brennender Sorge (encyclical Obirek, Stanisław, 243 issued in 1937), 266 Ochab, Edward, 155 Moczar, Mieczysław, 167 Okęcki, Bishop Antoni, 67 Morality, religion and, 7, 246–247 Orthodox Church, 56, 57, 62, Morning Courier, 127 63, 129, 237 Mościcki, Ignacy, 127 Ossoliński, Jerzy, 25 Mühler, Heinrich von, 75 Ostgebiete, 150 Müller, Leonhard, 75 Ostmark, Die, 82 Muszyński, Archbishop Ottomans, 5, 24–25 Henryk, 210, 212 Myśl Katolicka, 64 P Paderewski, Ignacy Jan, 115 N Padlewski, Zygmunt, 60 Napoleon Bonaparte, 51, 68 Paetz, Archbishop Juliusz, 234 , 51 Paganism, 18 Narutowicz, Gabriel, 117 Palikot Movement, 239 Nasz Dziennik, 215, 232 Papal visits to Poland, 178–179 National Democrats, 112 Pascal II, Pope, 19 National Rights, 147 Pascendi Dominici Gregis Natural Law, 215–216 (encyclical issued in 1907), 64 Nazis, 145–146, 151 Paskievich, General Ivan, 55–56 and occupation of Patriotic Priests, see Pax Poland, 147–149, 267 Pax, 146, 156 and plans for the Catholic Pease, Neal, 124 Church, 152 Piasecki, Bolesław, 146, 156 and policy regarding the Catholic Pieronek, Bishop Tadeusz, 192–193 Church, 149–150 Piłsudski, Marshal Józef, 97, 111–115 Neo-absolutism, 93 balancing act, 128–130 New Testament, 27 BBWR, 133–134 INDEX 297

Catholicism not under and Seventh Congress, 169 siege, 132–133 and Znak, 163 Church-state relations Politics and religion, see Religion under, 130–132 and Politics crisis and transition, 133–13 Polityka, 215, 244 and Orthodox Church, 129 Poniatowski, Archbishop Michał PiS, see Law and Justice party Jerzy, 67 Pius VI, Pope, 84–85 Poniatowski, Prince Józef, 47 Pius IX, Pope, 40, 78–79, 91 Poniatowski, Stanisław, see Stanisław Pius X, Pope, 64 (Poniatowski), King of Poland Pius XI, Pope, 123–125 Popiełuszko, Fr. Jerzy, 176, 177 Pius XII, Pope, 155, 192 Porter, Brian, 130 Podoski, Gabriel, 44 Potocki, Count Alfred, 47, 94 Poland Poznań baptism of, 14–23 Carmelite monasteries in, 66 borders 1939-1951, 153 monastery buildings in, 67 and Counter-Reformation, 29–32 and Protestant Reformation, 26 double crisis, 20–23 PPS, see (PPS) in medieval Times, 17 Premonstratensians, 19 partition during World War Property restitution, controversy Two, 148 surrounding, 236–238 and Protestant Reformation, 26–29 Protestant Reformation, 2, 26–29 strikes of summer 1980, 172 Protestants, 5, 27–29, 31, 82, Tatar army, 23–24 121, 262 Polish corridor, 118 in Germany Polish-Lithuanian in interwar Poland Commonwealth, 3, 22 Prusinowski, Fr. Antoni, 73 and first partition to May 1791 Prussian Poland (1772–1918), 65–82 constitution, 42–47 Bismarck era, 77–80 population of, 41 Caprivi era, 80–82 second and third partitions confiscations of Church of, 47–50 facilities, 66–67 and World War One, 96–98 eastern territories, colonization Polish News Bulletin, 211 of, 79–80 Polish Peasant Party (PSL), 154–155 1830 uprising in Russia and its Polish Socialist Party (PPS), 95, 97, repercussions among Prussian 123, 154 Poles, 70–73 Polish United Workers’ Party and Germanization, 74, 76, 148 (PZPR), 155 as lingua and Church-state franca, 72 relations, 166 Grand Duchy of Posen, 70 and martial law, 174 Kulturkampf, inception of, 76–77 298 INDEX

Prussian Poland (1772–1918) (cont.) S Revolution of 1848, 73–74 , Cardinal Adam, 112, Przegład Katolicki, 63 124–126, 132, 146 PSL, see Polish Peasant Party (PSL) Schrötter, Friedrich Leopold Puttkamer, Robert von, 80 Freiherr von, 66 PZPR, see Polish United Workers’ Second Vatican Council Party (PZPR) (1962–1965), 13, 216 Security Service (SB), 231–236, 266 Sedlag, Bishop Anastazy, 71, 72 R Sejm, 2 Raczyński, Bishop Ignacy, 67 on abortion, 205, 240 Raczyński, Marshal Kazimierz, 67 broadcasting license, 206 Radio Maryja, 193, 205–207, 215, Calvinists in, 27 240, 248 elections to, 137 Radziwiłł, Prince Edmund, 79 the Four Years’ Sejm, 45–46 Ratti, Msgr. Achille, 116, 123 and the November See also Pius XI, Pope Uprising, 55 Ratzinger, Cardinal Joseph, 242 and Piłsudski, 111, 127, 133 See also Benedict, XVI, Pope and reform, 46 Redner, Bishop Leo, 79 and sex education, 207 Reformation, see Protestant Self-Defense Party, 210 Reformation Sex abuse, 238–244 Re-Germanization, 148 Sexuality and elections, 200–201 Reichspost, 137 Sigismund II Augustus, King of Reichsrat, 95 Poland, 27 Reichstag deputies, 89, 92 Sigismund III, King of Poland, 31 Religion and morality, polling data Sikorski, General Władysław, 115 about, 228–229, 246–249 Sikorski, Jan, 178 Religion and politics, 1–4, 7–9 Simmel, Georg, 7 Religious totalism, 137 Skworc, Bishop Wiktor, 234 Repnin, Nikolai, 44 Sławek, Walery, 135–136 Republic of Kraków, 87 SLD, see Democratic Left Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 43–44 Alliance (SLD) Rural Solidarity, 173 Słowo Powszechne, 156 Russian sector of Poland Sobieski, Jan III, King, see Jan III (1772–1918), 50–64 Sobieski Russo-Turkish war, 45 Socialism, 64, 153, 162 Rydz-Śmigły, Marshal Solidarity Election Action Edward, 135–136 (AWS), 200 Rydzyk, Fr. Tadeusz, 205, 210, 215, Solidarity Independent Trade 244–245 Union, 6, 146, 173, Rzeczpospolita, 208 176, 194 INDEX 299

Sollicitudo rei socialis (encyclical issued U in 1987), 266 Umiński, J., 32 Spying on Wojtyła, 231 United Peasant Party (ZSL), 173, 178 Stablewski, Archbishop Florian, 81 University of Lemberg, 88 Stanisław Augustus, King of University of Warsaw, 40 Poland, 31, 44 Urban, Jerzy, 215, 216 Staszic, Stanisław, 18, 130 Ustinov, Dimtry, 173 Stefan Báthory, Prince of , 31 Stepinac, Cardinal Alojzije, 192 V Summi Pontificatus (encyclical issued Voss, Bishop Otto von, 67 in 1939), 266 Swedish-Polish War, 32 Syllabus of Errors (Pius IX, 1864), W 78–79, 91 Szydło, Beata, 240 Wahl, Adalbert, 76 łę Szyszkowska, Maria, 198 Wa sa, Lech, 173, 176, 194, 196 Wandycz, Piotr, 92 , 135 T Weiglowa, Katarzyna, 31 , 47 Weygand, General Maxime, 115 ł Tatar army, 23–24 Wielgus, Archbishop Stanis aw, 146, Tazbir, Janusz, 263 233 – Teodorowicz, Archbishop Józef Wielopolski, Alexander, 59 60 Teofil, 112, 119, 124–125, Wilhelm I, Kaiser of Germany, 74 126, 134 Willisen, General Karl Wilhelm von, 73 , 24 Witos, Wincenty, 117, 121, 125, 126 ł ł Thiel, Bishop Andreas, 79 W adys aw, Duke, 19 ł ł Thomas, Aquinas, W adys aw IV Vasa, King of , 30, 216 Poland, 25 ł Tischner, Fr. Józef, 218, 234 Wojty a, Cardinal Karol, 193, see John Totalitarianism, 136–137 Paul II, Pope – Treaty of Riga (1921), 116 World War One, 96 98 – Tribuna, 215 World War Two, 145 152, 264, 267 ń – Trybuna Ludu, 160 Wyszy ski, Cardinal Stefan, 146 147, Trzeciakowski, Lech, 76 171, 174, 194 Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail Wyzwolenie, 117 Nikolayevich, 114 Turowicz, Jerzy, 267 Tusk, Donald, 241, 242 Z Tygodnik Powszechny, 155, 159, 163, Zaleski, Wenzel von, 94 235, 236, 266 Zastrow, General Friedrich von, 66 300 INDEX

Zawadzki, Hubert, 53 Zuba, Krzysztof, 231 Zeidlitz-Trütschler, Robert von, 81 Zubrzycki, Geneviève, 9 Znak, 163, 267 Zycie Warszawy, 157, 164 ZSL, see United Peasant Party (ZSL) Życiński, Archbishop Józef, 213