Beam Tracking Strategies for Fast Acquisition of Solar Wind Velocity Distribution Functions with High Energy and Angular Resolutions

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Beam Tracking Strategies for Fast Acquisition of Solar Wind Velocity Distribution Functions with High Energy and Angular Resolutions Ann. Geophys., 36, 1285–1302, 2018 https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-1285-2018 © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Beam tracking strategies for fast acquisition of solar wind velocity distribution functions with high energy and angular resolutions Johan De Keyser1, Benoit Lavraud2, Lubomir Prechˇ 3, Eddy Neefs1, Sophie Berkenbosch1, Bram Beeckman1, Andrei Fedorov2, Maria Federica Marcucci4, Rossana De Marco4, and Daniele Brienza4 1Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium 2Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Univ. Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, Toulouse, France 3Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic 4Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali (INAF/IAPS), Rome, Italy Correspondence: Johan De Keyser ([email protected]) Received: 6 June 2018 – Discussion started: 20 June 2018 Revised: 9 August 2018 – Accepted: 17 September 2018 – Published: 2 October 2018 Abstract. Space plasma spectrometers have often relied on 1 Introduction spacecraft spin to collect three-dimensional particle velocity distributions, which simplifies the instrument design and re- The plasma in the outer layers of the solar atmosphere is so duces its resource budgets but limits the velocity distribution hot that even the Sun’s gravity cannot restrain it. The Sun acquisition rate. This limitation can in part be overcome by therefore produces a persistent stream of plasma that flows the use of electrostatic deflectors at the entrance of the anal- almost radially away in all directions. This “solar wind” con- yser. By mounting such a spectrometer on a Sun-pointing sists of electrons and ions (protons with a limited admix- spacecraft, solar wind ion distributions can be acquired at ture of alpha particles and trace amounts of highly ionized a much higher rate because the solar wind ion population, heavier elements) and constitutes an overall electrically neu- which is a cold beam that fills only part of the sky around its tral plasma. The solar wind can be regarded as a turbulent mean arrival direction, always remains in view. The present medium that is driven by free energy from the differential paper demonstrates how the operation of such an instrument motion of plasma streams that cascades via Alfvén waves can be optimized through the use of beam tracking strate- down to kinetic scales where it is dissipated (e.g. Coleman gies. The underlying idea is that it is much more efficient to Jr., 1968; Tu and Marsch, 1995; Bruno and Carbone, 2005). cover only that part of the energy spectrum and those arrival Studies of solar wind turbulence at kinetic scales require directions where the solar wind beam is expected to be. The the acquisition of full three-dimensional velocity distribu- advantages of beam tracking are a faster velocity distribu- tion functions (VDFs) with high energy resolution and high tion acquisition for a given angular and energy resolution, or angular resolution at a rapid cadence to be able to observe higher angular and energy resolution for a given acquisition various signatures of the underlying processes in the VDFs rate. It is demonstrated by simulation that such beam track- (e.g. Marsch, 2006, 2012; Kiyani et al., 2015; Valentini et al., ing strategies can be very effective while limiting the risk of 2016) while maintaining a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. losing the beam. They can be implemented fairly easily with Also, the study of plasma waves and instabilities requires de- present-day on-board processing resources. tailed and fast solar wind VDF measurements (e.g. Marsch et al., 1982, 2006; Matteini et al., 2013; Malaspina et al., 2013). Achieving all these objectives at the same time is a daunting task that places stringent performance requirements on plasma spectrometer hardware. On early solar wind missions such as Helios-1 and -2 (Porsche, 1981), where the satellite spin axis was perpendic- ular to the ecliptic, the plasma instruments actively scanned Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 1286 J. De Keyser et al.: Beam tracking strategies over energy by rapidly stepping the analyser potential, si- Table 1. Solar wind parameters at 1 au (in roman type) and instru- multaneously measuring over a range of angles in the plane ment requirements (in italics). containing the spin axis, while scanning over angles in the plane perpendicular to the spin axis with spacecraft rota- Parameter slow wind fast wind tion (Rosenbauer et al., 1977, 1981). The spacecraft spin rate Speed (km s−1) 350 800 (60 s in this case) is the maximum solar wind VDF time reso- ICME speed (km s−1) < 2000 < 2000 lution that can be achieved with such a setup, unless multiple Shock speed jumps (km s−1) < 200a < 200a instrument heads are installed (as has been done, for instance, Proton thermal speed (km s−1) 20–40 40–80 for the Fast Plasma Investigation instruments on NASA’s Tangential speed jumps (km s−1) < 80 < 80 Magnetospheric MultiScale spacecraft; Pollock et al., 2016). A similar situation occurs on the Cluster satellites (Escou- Energy range (eV) 640 3330 bet et al., 2001). Their 4 s spin period thus leads to a cor- ICME maximum energy (eV) < 20 000 < 20 000 Shock energy jumps (eV) 900 1900 respondingly better time resolution for solar wind measure- Proton thermal energy (eV) 2–8 8–33 ments with the CIS-HIA instrument (Rème et al., 2001). The Required energy range (eV) 600 to 20 000 PESA detectors in the 3DP instrument on Wind (Lin et al., Minimum energy windowb 5 % 1995) utilize a variable angular resolution (higher resolution Recommended energy windowb 20 %–30 % near the ecliptic plane) to optimize solar wind beam measure- Solar wind aberrationc (◦) 3–7 1–3 ments, but remain limited by the 3 s spin period. To do even ◦ better, one must ensure that the solar wind always remains in Range of direction ( ) −13 to C13 −6 to C6 ◦ − C − C the field of view of the detector. This can be achieved with Thermal beam width ( ) 7 to 7 6 to 6 Required angular range (◦) −24 to C24 a three-axis stabilized platform (e.g. Solar Orbiter; Müller Minimum angular windowb (◦) 24 et al., 2013) or with a spinning spacecraft that has its spin axis pointing toward the Sun (e.g. as was proposed for THOR; a Most of the time; occasionally, shock speed jumps can be higher; see https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/shocks/wi_data/ (last access: 9 August 2018). Vaivads et al., 2016). An instrument that always looks at the b Windows are computed between ±2 standard deviations. c The solar wind Sun, however, must create a VDF by sampling different en- aberration is the angle between the apparent solar wind direction and the Earth–Sun line and is 3◦ on average. It is assumed that the instrument axis is pointing toward ergies and directions simultaneously by using multiple de- the aberrated solar wind direction to within a few degrees. tectors or by actively scanning over energies and directions, or a combination of both. For example, the BIFRAM spec- trometer on Prognoz 10 used a hybrid approach, with multi- pected to be found. Indeed, at any given time only a fraction ple analysers simultaneously sampling along the Sun–Earth of all possible energy–elevation–azimuth voxels contain a line and scanning over energy in a time-shifted way to ob- significant number of particles. It is therefore natural to sam- tain a 63 ms time resolution, and at the same time using sev- ple the solar wind beam only around the expected energy and ◦ eral detectors pointing from 7 to 24 away from the solar orientation, a process called “beam tracking”. The purpose direction along different azimuth angles; while not cover- of this paper is to examine beam tracking strategies for elec- ing the full sky, combining these data leads to representative trostatic plasma analysers. Both energy tracking and angu- energy spectra with a time resolution of 640 ms (Vaisberg lar tracking are considered (Sect.2). We describe how these et al., 1986; Zastenker et al., 1989), a rate much faster than strategies can be implemented (Sect.3). The performance of the spacecraft spin (118 s). Another approach is to have mul- these strategies is then tested in Sect.4 with synthetic data, tiple detectors over only one angular coordinate (azimuth) some of which are based on actual high-cadence solar wind but to scan actively over energy and the other angle (eleva- data. A summary of the capabilities of beam tracking tech- tion). This can be implemented by placing a deflector system niques and an outlook on other domains in which they can be in front of the spectrometer entrance, as has been done for applied is presented in Sect.5. SWA-PAS on Solar Orbiter (Marsden and Müller, 2011) and as has been envisaged for the THOR-CSW ion spectrometer (Cara et al., 2017). Such instruments need a high geometric 2 Beam tracking factor to ensure an appropriate signal-to-noise ratio even with short exposure times. Short exposures are a necessity if the Plasma spectrometers build up a VDF by detecting particles full VDF must be obtained rapidly, especially if the number while scanning through three-dimensional velocity space. of energy and elevation bins is high. Plasma spectrometers typically gauge particles using an en- To meet these requirements, a variety of technologies must ergy filter in the form of a quadrispheric electrostatic anal- be considered, not only to build the instrument but also to yser (e.g. Carlson et al., 1982; Bame et al., 1992; Rème operate it. In the present paper we address techniques for et al., 2001), although some new designs are emerging (e.g.
Recommended publications
  • Fast Solar Wind Monitor (BMSW): Description and First Results
    Space Sci Rev (2013) 175:165–182 DOI 10.1007/s11214-013-9979-4 Fast Solar Wind Monitor (BMSW): Description and First Results Jana Šafránková · Zdenekˇ Nemeˇ cekˇ · Lubomír Prechˇ · Georgy Zastenker · Ivo Cermákˇ · Lev Chesalin · Arnošt Komárek · Jakub Vaverka · Martin Beránek · Jiríˇ Pavl˚u · Elena Gavrilova · Boris Karimov · Arkadii Leibov Received: 4 September 2012 / Accepted: 19 March 2013 / Published online: 6 April 2013 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Abstract Monitoring of solar wind parameters is a key problem of the Space Weather pro- gram. The paper presents a description of a novel fast solar wind monitor (Bright Monitor of the Solar Wind, BMSW) and the first results of its measurements of plasma moments with a time resolution ranging from seconds to 31 ms. The method of the fast monitoring is based on simultaneous measurements of the total ion flux and ion integral energy spectrum by six nearly identical Faraday cups (FCs). Three of them are dedicated to determination of the ion flow direction, whereas other three equipped with control grids supplied by a re- tarding potential are used for a determination of the density, temperature, and speed of the plasma flow. The paper introduces not only the measuring methods, the FCs design, and modes of operation, but brings the examples of time series of measurements and their com- parison with the observations of other spacecraft as well as the first results of an analysis of frequency spectra of solar wind fluctuations within the ion kinetic scale, examples of rapid measurements at the ramp of an interplanetary shock and investigations of fast variations of alpha particle content.
    [Show full text]
  • Annexe: Summary of Soviet and Russian Space Science Missions
    Contents Introduction by the authors ..................................... ix Acknowledgments ............................................ xi Glossary .................................................. xiii Terminological and translation notes ..............................xv Reference notes .............................................xvii List of tables ............................................... xix List of illustrations ......................................... xxiii List of figures .............................................xxvii 1 Early space science ........................................... 1 Space science by balloon....................................... 3 Scientific flights into the atmosphere: the Akademik series..............14 Scientific test flights with animals ................................20 The idea of a scientific Earth satellite .............................23 Scientific objectives of the first Earth satellites . ....................25 Key people .................................................25 Instead, Prosteishy Sputnik .....................................27 PS2......................................................29 Object D: the first large scientific satellite in orbit....................33 Early space science: what was learned? ............................37 References .................................................39 2 Deepening our understanding ....................................43 Following Sputnik: the MS series ................................43 Cosmos 5 and Starfish: introducing Yuri Galperin
    [Show full text]
  • Yakutia) “…The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Is the Largest Region in the Russian Federation and One of the Richest in Natural Resources
    Investor's Guide to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) “…The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is the largest region in the Russian Federation and one of the richest in natural resources. Needless to say, the stable and dynamic development of Yakutia is of key importance to both the Far Eastern Federal District and all of Russia…” President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin “One of the fundamental priorities of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is to develop comfortable conditions for business and investment activities to ensure dynamic economic growth” Head of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Egor Borisov 2 Contents Welcome from Egor Borisov, Head of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 5 Overview of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 6 Interesting facts about the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 7 Strategic priorities of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) investment policy 8 Seven reasons to start a business in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 10 1. Rich reserves of natural resources 10 2. Significant business development potential for the extraction and processing of mineral and fossil resources 12 3. Unique geographical location 15 4. Stable credit rating 16 5. Convenient conditions for investment activity 18 6. Developed infrastructure for the support of small and medium-sized enterprises 19 7. High level of social and economic development 20 Investment infrastructure 22 Interaction with large businesses 24 Interaction with small and medium-sized enterprises 25 Other organisations and institutions 26 Practical information on doing business in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 27 Public-Private Partnership 29 Information for small and medium-sized enterprises 31 Appendix 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Eyes for Gamma Rays” Though the Major Peaks Suggest a Periodic- Whether These Are Truly Gamma-Ray Bursts for a Description of This System)
    sion of regularity and slow evolution in the They suggested that examination of the Vela exe-atmospheric nuclear detonation. Surpris- universe persisted into the 1960s. data might disclose evidence of bursts of ingly, however, the survey soon revealed that The feeling that transient cosmic events gamma rays at times close to the appearance the gamma-ray instruments on widely sepa- were rare was certainly prevalent in 1959 of supernovae. Such searches were con- rated satellites had sometimes responded when summit meetings were being held be- ducted; however, no distinctive signals were almost identically. Some of these events were tween England, the United States, and found. attributable to solar flare activity. However, Russia to discuss a nuclear test-ban treaty. On the other hand, there was evidence of one particularly distinctive event was dis- One key issue was the ability to detect treaty variability that had been ignored. For exam- covered for which a solar origin seemed violations unambiguously. A leading ple, the earliest x-ray data from small rocket inconsistent. Fortunately, the characteristics proposal for the detection of exo-at- probes and from satellites were often found of this event did not at all resemble those of a mospheric nuclear explosions was the use of to disagree significantly. The quality of the nuclear detonation, and thus the event did satellites with instruments that included de- data, rather than actual variations in the not create concern of a possible test-ban tectors sensitive to the gamma rays emitted sources, was suspected as the reason for treaty violation. by the explosion as well as those emitted these discrepancies.
    [Show full text]
  • Expedition 11
    EXPEDITION 11: Opening the Door for Return to Flight WWW.SHUTTLEPRESSKIT.COM Updated April 4, 2004 Expedition 11 Press Kit National Aeronautics and Space Administration Table of Contents Mission Overview .................................................................................................... 1 Crew .......................................................................................................................... 5 Mission Objectives ................................................................................................ 10 Spacewalks ............................................................................................................ 19 Russian Soyuz TMA................................................................................................ 20 Science Overview ................................................................................................... 42 Payload Operations Center.................................................................................... 47 Russian Experiments ............................................................................................ 50 U.S. Experiments .................................................................................................... 58 Italian Soyuz Mission Eneide................................................................................... 92 Media Assistance.................................................................................................. 111 Media Contacts ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Gamma Ray Bursts and Their Optical Counterparts∗
    Vol. 37 (2006) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 1 GAMMA RAY BURSTS AND THEIR OPTICAL COUNTERPARTS∗ G. Wrochna A. Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies Hoża 69, 00-681 Warsaw, Poland (Received December 1, 2005) Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) have been discovered 38 years ago and still remain one of the most intriguing puzzles of astrophysics. In this paper we remind briefly the history of GRB studies and review the current experimental evidence with the emphasis on GRB optical counterparts. At the end we introduce “π of the Sky” project designed to catch prompt optical emission from GRB sources. PACS numbers: 98.70.Rz, 95.75.Rs, 95.55.Aq 1. Introduction Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB) stands for one of the greatest puzzles of con- temporary astrophysics. The term is used today to name the phenomenon involving a powerful explosion followed by emission of all sort of radiation from radio waves to TeV photons. The name refers to the most characteris- tic signature of the phenomena, namely short and strong gamma ray pulses. The pulses last 0.01–100 s and they are often brighter than all other gamma sources in the sky taken together. Observing all sky one could detect as much as 2–3 bursts per day. The sources are randomly distributed over the whole sky. The GRB phenomenon was discovered 38 years ago. Over 3000 GRB’s have been observed so far and almost 100 of them have been seen in visible light. The number of papers per year devoted to GRB’s is approaching 300 and still growing.
    [Show full text]
  • CIS (USSR) Spacecraft Designations the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Became the Confederation of Independent States (CIS) on December 25, 1991
    CIS (USSR) Spacecraft Designations The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) became the Confederation of Independent States (CIS) on December 25, 1991. ALMAZ: Study geology, cartography, oceanography, ecology, and agriculture. MOLNIYA (Lightning): Part of the domestic communications satellite system. BURAN (Snowstorm): Reusable orbital space shuttle. NADEZHDA: Navigation satellite. COSMOS: Designation given to many different activities in space. OKEAN: Oceanographic satellite to monitor ice conditions. EKRAN (Screen): Geosynchronous comsat for TV services. PHOBOS: International project to study Mars and its moon Phobos. ELECTRO: Geosynchronous meteorological satellite PION: Scientific satellite for research of the upper atmosphere. ELEKTRON: Dual satellites to study the radiation belts. POLYOT: Maneuverable satellite capable of changing orbits. FOTON: Scientific satellite to continue space materials studies. PROGNOZ (Forecast): Scientific interplanetary satellite. GALS: Geosynchronous Direct Broadcast TV satellite. PROGRESS: Unmanned cargo flight to resupply manned space stations. GAMMA: Radiation detection satellite. PROTON: Scientific satellite to investigate the nature of Cosmic Rays. GORIZONT (Horizon): Geosynchronous comsat for international relay. RADIO: Small radio relay satellite for use by amateurs. GRANAT: Astrophysical orbital observatory. RADUGA: Geosynchronous comsat for telephone, telegraph, and domestic TV. INFORMATOR: Collect and transmit information for the Ministry of Geology. RESURS: Earth resources satellite. INTERCOSMOS: International scientific satellite. SALYUT: Manned scientific space station in Earth orbit. ISKRA: Amateur radio satellite. SOYUZ (Union): Manned spacecraft for flight in Earth orbit. KORONAS: Earth orbiting satellite for scientific study of the sun. SPUTNIK: Early series of satellites to develop manned spaceflight. KRISTALL: Module carrying technical and biomedical instruments to MIR. VEGA: Two spacecraft international project to study Venus and Halley's Comet. KVANT: MIR space station astrophysics module.
    [Show full text]
  • Of International Publications in Aerospace Medicine
    DOT/FAA/AM-07/2 Office of Aerospace Medicine Washington, DC 20591 Index of International Publications in Aerospace Medicine Melchor J. Antuñano Katherine Wade Civil Aerospace Medical Institute Federal Aviation Administration Oklahoma City, OK 73125 January 2007 Final Report NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents thereof. ___________ This publication and all Office of Aerospace Medicine technical reports are available in full-text from the Civil Aerospace Medical Institute’s publications Web site: www.faa.gov/library/reports/medical/oamtechreports/index.cfm Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. DOT/FAA/AM-07/2 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Index of International Publications in Aerospace Medicine January 2007 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Antuñano MJ, Wade K 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute P.O. Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125 11. Contract or Grant No. 12. Sponsoring Agency name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Office of Aerospace Medicine Federal Aviation Administration 800 Independence Ave., S.W. Washington, DC 20591 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplemental Notes 16. Abstract The 3rd edition of the Index of International Publications in Aerospace Medicine is a comprehensive listing of international publications in clinical aerospace medicine, operational aerospace medicine, aerospace physiology, environmental medicine/physiology, diving medicine/physiology, aerospace human factors, as well as other topics directly or indirectly related to aerospace medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Security 2010
    SPACE SECURITY 2010 spacesecurity.org SPACE 2010SECURITY SPACESECURITY.ORG iii Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publications Data Space Security 2010 ISBN : 978-1-895722-78-9 © 2010 SPACESECURITY.ORG Edited by Cesar Jaramillo Design and layout: Creative Services, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Cover image: Artist rendition of the February 2009 satellite collision between Cosmos 2251 and Iridium 33. Artwork courtesy of Phil Smith. Printed in Canada Printer: Pandora Press, Kitchener, Ontario First published August 2010 Please direct inquires to: Cesar Jaramillo Project Ploughshares 57 Erb Street West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6C2 Canada Telephone: 519-888-6541, ext. 708 Fax: 519-888-0018 Email: [email protected] iv Governance Group Cesar Jaramillo Managing Editor, Project Ploughshares Phillip Baines Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Canada Dr. Ram Jakhu Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University John Siebert Project Ploughshares Dr. Jennifer Simons The Simons Foundation Dr. Ray Williamson Secure World Foundation Advisory Board Hon. Philip E. Coyle III Center for Defense Information Richard DalBello Intelsat General Corporation Theresa Hitchens United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Dr. John Logsdon The George Washington University (Prof. emeritus) Dr. Lucy Stojak HEC Montréal/International Space University v Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 Acronyms PAGE 7 Introduction PAGE 11 Acknowledgements PAGE 13 Executive Summary PAGE 29 Chapter 1 – The Space Environment:
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:Astro-Ph/0610887 V1 30 Oct 2006 Words
    1 Key words. binaries: close — pulsars: general — stars: neutron — X-rays: binaries arXiv:astro-ph/0610887 v1 30 Oct 2006 Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. Kudr October 31, 2006 (DOI: will be inserted by hand later) Transient pulsar dynamics in hard x-rays: Prognoz 9 and GRIF ”Mir” space experiments data M.I. Kudryavtsev1, S.I. Svertilov2, and V.V. Bogomolov2 1 Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Profsoyuznaya st. 84/32, Moscow 117810, Russia e-mail: [email protected] 2 Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Vorob’evy Gory, Moscow 119899, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The long-term observations of the Galactic Centre as well as the Galactic anti-Centre regions in hard X-rays (10-300 keV) were made in experi- ments on board Prognoz-9 satellite and ”Mir” orbital station (GRIF experiment). Some transient pulsars including A0535+262, GS1722-36, 4U1145-619, A1118- 615, EXO2030+37, Sct X-1, SAX J2103.5+4545, IGR 16320-4751, IGR 16465- 4507 were observed. The pulsation flux components of A0535+26 and GS1722-36 X-ray emission were revealed at significant level. For other observed pulsars the upper limits of pulsation intensity were obtained. The mean pulsation profiles of A0535+26 in different energy ranges as well as the energy spectra were obtained at different stages of outburst decreasing. The pulsation intensity-period behavior does not contradict the well-known correlation between spin-up rate and X-ray flux, while the stable character of the energy spectrum power index indicates on the absence of thermal component.
    [Show full text]
  • This Version of the Database Includes Launches Through July 31, 2020
    This version of the Database includes launches through July 31, 2020. There are currently 2,787 active satellites in the database. The changes to this version of the database include: • The addition of 247 satellites • The deletion of 126 satellites • The addition of and corrections to some satellite data Additions and Deletions for UCS Satellite Database Release August 1, 2020 Deletions for August 1, 2020 Release ZA-Aerosat – 1998-067LU Nsight-1 – 1998-067MF ASTERIA – 1998-067NH INMARSAT 3-F1 – 1996-020A INMARSAT 3-F2 – 1996-053A Navstar GPS SVN 60 (USA 178) – 2004-023A RapidEye-1 – 2008-040C RapidEye-2 – 2008-040A RapidEye-3 – 2008-040D RapidEye-4 – 2008-040E RapidEye-5 – 2008-040B Dove 2 – 2013-015c Dove 3 – 2013-066P Dove 1c-10 – 2014-033P Dove 1c-7 – 2014-033S Dove 1c-1 – 2014-033T Dove 1c-2 – 2014-033V Dove 1c-4 – 2014-033X Dove 1c-11 – 2014-033Z Dove 1c-9 – 2014-033AB Dove 1c-6 – 2014-033AC Dove 1c-5 – 2014-033AE Dove 1c-8 – 2014-033AG Dove 1c-3 – 2014-033AH Dove 3m-1 – 2016-040J Dove 2p-11 – 2016-040K Dove 2p-2 – 2016-040L Dove 2p-4 – 2016-040N Dove 2p-7 – 2016-040S Dove 2p-5 – 2016-040T Dove 2p-1 – 2016-040U Dove 3p-37 – 2017-008F Dove 3p-19 – 2017-008H Dove 3p-18 – 2017-008K Dove 3p-22 – 2017-008L Dove 3p-21 – 2017-008M Dove 3p-28 – 2017-008N Dove 3p-26 – 2017-008P Dove 3p-17 – 2017-008Q Dove 3p-27 – 2017-008R Dove 3p-25 – 2017-008S Dove 3p-1 – 2017-008V Dove 3p-6 – 2017-008X Dove 3p-7 – 2017-008Y Dove 3p-5 – 2017-008Z Dove 3p-9 – 2017-008AB Dove 3p-10 – 2017-008AC Dove 3p-75 – 2017-008AH Dove 3p-73 – 2017-008AK Dove 3p-36 –
    [Show full text]
  • Report, National Intelligence Estimate, Subj: Soviet Space
    SANITIZED COPY ~~ ~~~~::~~~~~~~~~:::::.~~~APPEALS PANEL, ~i~~j~:;,7·~·~ '.:;: ·.~: •:.. ,··.. ;-t . :: ·~f. , ~·- ~- "'~: ~--" ~·· ~DECLASSIF ICATION DATE: December 3, 2015 ..... ; .;}<}t+~ -~;~;:\ .·;.. \·._;. "· ·: , _ ·:.~· ·.. .·:--.·.: > .·~":.. : LN~NSC-36~-2-14-6 : SANITIZED . Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 U.S.C., section 403g) NATIONAL . INTELLIGEN ·.· ·· ESTIMATE ce .. ; .. Soviet Spa · · · .,,· · · •_ . ce Programs '·: (Supporting Analysis) .. Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 U.S.C., section 403g) . -- ~ - NIE I 1.1_73 res 8890B0-7" 20 0 .. ecember 1973 . SANITIZED COPY TOP SECRET ., .. THIS ESTIMATE IS SUBMITIED BY THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONCURRED IN BY THE UNITED STATES INTELLIGENCE BOARD. The following intelligence organizations participated in the preparation of the estimate: · The Central Intelligence Agency and the intelligence organizations of the Deport­ ments of State and Defense, ond the NSA. Concurring·: The Deputy Director of Central lntelllgence The Director of Intelligence and Re$earch, Department of Stoto The Director, Defense lnteiligence Agency The Director, National Securi,Y Agency The Assistant General Manager for Notional Security, Atomic Energy Commission Abstaining: The Assistant Director, Federaf"Bureau of Investigation, cmd the Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, Department of the Treasury, the subject being outside of their jurisdiction . ~ Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (SO U.S.C., section 403g) ,. .· ~ ·':. WAl!NING NOTICE SfNSITIVE. JNTEUJGENCf SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVED TOP SECRET Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (50 . '··· . U.S.C., section 403g) - . -- --- NLN-NSC-362-2-14-6 ·-- SANITtZED COPY . :\ SANITIZED ::.~ TOP SECRET/ Withheld under statutory authority of the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 (SO U.S.C., section 403g) .
    [Show full text]